The emergence and formation of garden layout forms are inseparable from the comprehensive factors such as cultural traditions and geographical conditions of all nationalities and countries in the world. G.A.Jellicoe, a British gardener, said in his speech at the 4th Congress of the International Federation of Landscape Architects in 1954 that "there are three schools in the history of world gardening: China, West Asia and ancient Greece". Summarizing the above three schools, the forms of gardens can be divided into three categories. These are: conventional, natural and mixed. Conventional gardens are also called holistic, geometric and architectural gardens. The whole plane layout, three-dimensional modeling, buildings, squares, streets, water, flowers and trees, etc. All require strict symmetry. Before the British landscape architecture appeared in the18th century, the western landscape architecture was dominated by rules, among which the Italian terraced gardens in the Renaissance and the plane geometric pattern gardens in Lenotre in the19th century were the representatives. The Tiantan in Beijing and the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing all adopt regular layout. Regular gardens give people a sense of solemnity, grandeur and neatness, and are generally used for memorial gardens with serious atmosphere or buildings with symmetrical axes.

1. Central axis

The whole garden has an obvious central axis in plane planning, which is generally symmetrical or quasi-symmetrical, and the division of the garden is mostly geometric.

Step 2: zone

In an open and flat area, it consists of different horizontal planes and gently inclined planes; In mountainous and hilly areas, it consists of stepped horizontal platform slopes and stone steps of different sizes, and its cross sections are all composed of straight lines.

3. Water body

Its outline is geometric, mainly circular and rectangular, and the water revetment is mostly plastic and sometimes sculptural; The types of waterscape are plastic pools, plastic waterfalls, fountains, wall springs, canals and so on. Ancient mythical sculptures and fountains constitute the main content of waterscape.

4. Square and street

The squares are mostly regular and symmetrical geometric shapes, and the squares on the major axis and the minor axis form a system with a clear priority order. Streets are straight, folded or geometrically curved. Square and street form a grid, ring, radial, symmetrical or asymmetrical geometric layout.

5. Architecture

The main building and single building are mostly designed with symmetrical balance axis, and the main building and secondary building form a major axis and minor axis system that combines squares and streets, forming an overall pattern that controls the whole park.

6. Planting design

In line with the general pattern of symmetry of the central axis, all trees are symmetrically arranged in equidistance determinant, and the pruning and shaping of trees mostly simulate architectural modeling and animal modeling. Hedges, green walls and green columns are prominent features of conventional gardens. Parks often use a lot of hedges, green walls and jungles to divide and organize space. Flower arrangement is often flower beds and flower belts with patterns as the main content, and sometimes it is arranged into a large-scale flower bed group.

7. Garden sketch

Garden sculptures, vases, lanterns and railings decorate and embellish the landscape. Sculptures in western gardens are mainly arranged outdoors with figures, and statues are mostly arranged at the starting point, focus or end point of the axis. Sculptures are often used in fountains and pools, which constitute the main scenery of water bodies.

From another point of view, the design method of formal gardens is that the garden axis is often regarded as the extension of the indoor central axis of the main building to the outdoor. Generally speaking, the main axis of the main building is consistent with the outdoor axis. Natural gardens are also called landscape gardens, irregular gardens and landscape gardens. China gardens began in the Zhou Dynasty and experienced several generations of development. Whether it is the royal court garden or the private house garden, it is mainly based on natural landscape gardens. Royal gardens developed in the Qing Dynasty and have been preserved to this day, such as the Summer Palace and chengde mountain resort. Private gardens, such as Humble Administrator's Garden and Netlion Garden in Suzhou, are all representative works of natural landscape gardens. It was introduced to Japan in the 6th century, and to Britain after18th century. Natural gardens mainly imitate and reproduce nature, rather than pursuing symmetrical plane layout. Three-dimensional modeling and the layout of garden elements are more natural and free, and the relationship between them is more subtle and subtle. This form is more suitable for the environment with mountains, water and undulating terrain, and is famous for its implication, elegance and far-reaching artistic conception.

1. Terrain

The construction of natural gardens pays attention to "proper site selection and proper gardening". The main way to deal with the terrain is "the high side wants to make pavilions, and the low side can open ponds and marshes". The most important topographic feature of natural gardens is "self-contained natural interest". Therefore, in gardens, it is required to reproduce natural landscapes such as peaks, hills, cliffs, hills, ridges, gorges, headlands, valleys, docks, plateaus, caves and caves. In plain areas, natural ups and downs and gentle micro-topography are needed. The outline of the terrain is a natural curve.

2. Water body

The water body of this kind of garden pays attention to "sparse source, examine the source of water" The main types of garden waterscape are lakes, ponds, ponds, marshes, pavilions, streams, continents, lakes, harbors, bays, waterfalls, drowning and so on. In short, the water body should reproduce the natural waterscape. The contour of the water body is naturally tortuous, the water bank is a slope with natural curve, and the revetment is mainly natural rock revetment and stony rock revetment. Near the building or according to the needs of landscaping, use some stones to build a straight or broken line revetment.

3. Square and street

Except that the square in front of the building is regular, the outline of the open space and square in the park is natural. The direction and layout of streets mostly depend on topography, and the plane and section of streets are mostly composed of natural undulating plane lines and vertical curves.

4. Architecture

Single buildings are mostly symmetrical or asymmetrical balanced layout; Buildings or large buildings often adopt asymmetric balanced layout. The whole park is not controlled by axis, but some parts are still handled by axis. The architectural types of natural gardens in China are pavilions, corridors, pavilions, squares, buildings, pavilions, pavilions, pavilions, terraces, towers, halls, halls and bridges.

5. Planting design

Planting in natural gardens requires that the beauty of natural plant communities be reflected, instead of planting in rows and columns. Trees are not pruned, and the main planting forms are solitary planting, clumping planting, group planting and dense forest. The arrangement of flowers is mainly in the form of flowers and flowers There are flower stands in the yard.

6. Garden sketch

Rockery, stone products, bonsai, stone carving, brick carving, stone carving, wood carving, etc. Among them, the pedestal of the statue is mostly natural, and the position of the sketch is mostly arranged at the focus of the perspective line. There are many Greek myths circulating in the west, which deify people and describe the gods who are actually people. Combined with the western sculpture art, many statues are planned in the garden space, most of which are placed on the axis or the intersection center of the axes. However, in China's traditional Taoism, the immortals described in the legend often live in famous mountains and rivers, and all the statues in the garden are generally enshrined in temples, not displayed in the garden space, and there are almost no nude statues. The above facts show the influence of different ideologies on garden forms.