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[Tao]

Peach blossom is a peach (Rosaceae, Peach).

Peach, [1] Latin name: almond (amygdalus persica L.), Rosaceae, Peach, broad crown; The bark is dark reddish brown and rough and scaly when it is old; It is a small deciduous tree with fruit as fruit. Flowers are visible and fruits are juicy. Can be eaten raw, peaches, canned peaches and so on. And nucleoli can also be eaten. The pulp is white and yellow, and the most popular varieties in Asia are mostly white pulp, and the juice is sweet. Originally from China, it is widely cultivated in various provinces. It is cultivated all over the world. People in Europe, Australia and North America have always liked varieties with yellow flesh.

Chinese famous peach

Latin scientific peach

Peach nomenclature

plant kingdom

angisopermae

magnoliopsida

Rosales

Rosaceae

It belongs to peaches.

Planting peaches

The distribution area is native to northwest China, and the main economic cultivation areas are in North China and East China provinces.

catalogue

Morphological characteristics of 1

2 geographical distribution

3 variety classification

4 cultivation techniques

Cultivation method

control of insect

5 main value

nutritive value

Therapeutic value

Medicinal value

6 food guide

Edible method

Suitable crowd

7 plant culture

8 related poems

Morphological characteristics of 1

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Trees, 3-8 meters high; The crown is wide and flat; The bark is dark reddish brown and rough and scaly when it is old; Branchlets are slender, hairless, shiny and green, turn red in the sun and have many small lenticels; Winter buds are cone-shaped, the top is blunt and round, with pubescence outside, usually 2-3 clusters, with leaf buds in the middle and flower buds on both sides. Leaf blade oblong-lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 7-15cm long, 2-3.5cm wide, tapering at the top and broadly cuneate at the base.

peach

Shape, no hair on the top, a little hair between the axils of the veins or no hair on the bottom, fine serrations or coarse serrations on the leaf margin, and glands or glands at the tooth ends; Petiole stout, long 1-2 cm, often 1 to several glands, sometimes without glands. Flowers solitary, leaves open in front, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter; Pedicel very short or almost sessile; Calyx tube bell-shaped, pubescent, sparsely hairless, green with red spots; Sepals ovate to oblong, obtuse at the top, pubescent outside; Petals oblong-elliptic to broadly obovate, pink, rarely white; Stamens about 20-30, anthers deep red; Style almost as long as stamens or slightly shorter; Ovary pubescent. Fruits vary in shape and size, ovoid, broadly ovoid or oblate, with a diameter of (3)5-7( 12) cm, equal in length and width, with the color changing from greenish-white to orange-yellow, the sunny side is often crimson, the outside is densely pubescent, sparse and hairless, the abdominal seam is obvious, and the fruit stalk is short and deep into the fruit depression. The pulp is white, light green white, yellow, orange yellow or red, and the juice is fragrant, sweet or sour; The nucleus is large, detached or sticky, oval or nearly round, flat on both sides, tapering at the top, with longitudinal, transverse grooves and holes on the surface; Seed kernel tastes bitter, thin and sweet. The flowering period is from March to April, and the fruit maturity varies with varieties, usually from August to September. [2]

2 geographical distribution

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The main economic planting areas are in North China and East China, and the relatively concentrated areas are Haidian District, Pinggu County, Jixian County, Tianjin, Mengyin, Feicheng, Yidu, Qingdao, Henan Shangshui, Kaifeng, Funing, Zunhua, Shenxian County, Linzhang, Shaanxi Baoji, xi 'an, Gansu Tianshui, Sichuan Chengdu, Dalian, Fenghua, Shanghai Nanhui and Jiangsu Wuxi.

Originally from China, it is widely cultivated in various provinces. It is cultivated all over the world. [2]

3 variety classification

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Important varieties

The more important varieties of peaches are nectarine, flat peach, longevity peach and peach. Among them, nectarine and flat peach are cultivated as fruit trees, Shouxing peach and Bitong peach are mainly for viewing, and Shouxing peach can also be used as dwarf rootstock of peach. This tree is 4 ~ 5 meters high. Annual branches are reddish brown. The leaves are mostly lanceolate, the leaf margin is serrated, and there are often nectaries at the base of the petiole. There are two patterns: roses and bells. Drupe is mostly round or rectangular except flat peach, and the fruit surface is evenly distributed with fuzz except nectarine. The pulp is white, yellow or flushed, and a few are red; Soft, crisp or dense meat; There are different pits on the nuclear surface, which is an important basis for the classification of species and varieties.

The edible groups of peaches can be divided into two groups: separated group and sticky group, which are briefly described as follows:

7b。 Isolated Peach (China Tree Taxonomy) Isolated Walnut (Handbook of Economic Plants)

Peach variety, a great empire. Fl。 Germ. Forgive me. 1832.—— Prunus. Voss is in Pulitzer & Mayer, Landero. 6: 345. 19 14.

Pericarp pubescent; The pulp is separated from the stone. [3]

7c。 Nectarine (China Tree Taxonomy) Nectarine (Handbook of Economic Plants)

Peach variety aganonucipersica (Stubler & Marten), etc. 1 1 month-peach kernel almond. Martens, Florida. Wurtemb。 305. 1834.—— Prunus mume. var。 nucipersica Schneid。 F. aganonucipersica (Stubler & ampMartens) Rehd. In a magazine. Arne. Arb。 3: 25. 192 1.

The peel is smooth and hairless; The pulp is separated from the stone. [3]

7d。 Sticking Nectarine Peach (China Tree Taxonomy) Sticking Walnut (Handbook of Economic Plants)

Peach variety scleroderma (Reich. ) I am waiting for Lu, combing. November-bitter almond peach. Fl。 Germ. sorry 647. 1832.—— Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch F. Scleropesia (Reich. ) Voss in Pulitzer & Meyer, Landero: 6:345. 19 14.

Pericarp pubescent; The pulp will not separate from the stone. [3]

7e。 Nectarine (China Tree Taxonomy) Nectarine (Handbook of Economic Plants)

Schiebler & Marten, a peach variety, was used as a comb. November-peaches. η. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Martens. Fl。 Wurtemb。 305. 1834.—— peach nucipersica Schneid. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Rehd. In a magazine. Arne. Arb。 3: 25. 192 1.

The peel is smooth and hairless; The pulp will not separate from the stone. [3]

7f。 Flat peach (Jiangsu, Zhejiang)

Peach variety compressa (loudly. ) I am waiting for Lu, combing. 1 1 month-ordinary peach. var。 Press loudly. Arb。 Britt. 2: 680.f. 397。 1838.—— Peach, Jard. Fruit. 7: 42. 1872.—— Decaisne Bailey, circulating. I am. Holt. 4:1457.1902.-peach compressa (loudly. ) beans, trees and; English shrub. Isl。 2: 248. 19 14.—— Peach and almond. )Rehd。 Bibl。 329. 1949.

The fruit is flat; The nucleus is small and round with deep grooves. [3]

Peach cultivation has a long history, and the edible group has cultivated many excellent varieties. According to the fruit characteristics and fruiting habits, Chinese peach varieties can be divided into five varieties groups, which are briefly described as follows:

1. The top of northern peach variety group is pointed and the suture line is deep; The tree is straight; The proportion of medium and short fruit branches is large. Drought and cold resistance, harvest in May-65438+February. Mainly distributed in North China, Northwest China and Central China.

2. The top of southern peach varieties is round and blunt, and the flesh is soft and juicy; Crown development; Usually long branches bear fruit; Most flower buds are compound buds. Drought resistance and cold tolerance are slightly weaker than those of northern varieties. Mainly distributed in East China, Southwest China and South China.

3. Yellow-fleshed peach varieties have golden skin and pulp, and the pulp is dense and tough, which is suitable for processing and canning. There are more plants in northwest and southwest China, but less in north China and east China.

4. The fruit of the flat peach variety group is flat and the two ends are sunken; The crown is developed and the branches are short and dense; More flowers and higher yield. Jiangsu and Zhejiang are the most cultivated, but less in North China and Northwest China.

5. Nectarine varieties have no hair outside. It is produced in northwest provinces, especially in Xinjiang and Gansu. [3]

There are many ornamental tree species of peach trees, which are briefly described as follows:

1, Taoyuan (Qunfangpu) F. Duplex residence. Double pink flower.

2. Fei peach spectrum. Double flower, bright red.

3. safflower peach. Semidouble red flower.

4. Deep red peach (Fang Qunpu) camellia. Semidouble dark red.

5. A heart with thousands of petals (square group spectrum). Semidouble bright red.

6. Single white peach (square group spectrum) is white. )Schneid。 Single flower, white.

7. Thousand-petal white peach (square group spectrum). Semidouble white flower.

8. Sprinkle Coriolus versicolor (Sieb). ) The Voss flower is semi-double, white, and sometimes the flowers on one branch are both red and white, or the white flowers have red stripes.

9. Purple peach. The leaves are purple.

10. Pendulous peach. Branches droop.

1 1. Tower peach. A narrow tower or cone in a tree shape.

12. Longevity Peach (the history of Runan Garden) variety. Densa Makino has a short tree shape and double flowers. It can be used as ornamental and dwarf rootstock. [3]

4 cultivation techniques

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Cultivation method

(1) Seedling raising and planting

Grafting propagation, peach rootstock, seed stratification, sowing in winter, bud grafting in June-August or cutting in early spring of the following year, and then going out of the nursery in winter of the following year. The plant spacing is 4m×5m or 3m×4m, and 500-840 plants are planted per hectare. The planting period can be from defoliation to germination. Taoyuan cannot be continuously cropped, otherwise the young trees will obviously weaken, the leaves will lose their green color, the new roots will turn brown and the branches will flow with glue. This phenomenon is more serious in sandy soil or upper soil with low fertility. The main reason is that the residual roots of previous crops decompose in the soil to produce toxic substances such as benzaldehyde and cyanic acid, which have inhibitory and toxic effects on the roots, and are also related to the reproduction and accumulation of nematodes in the soil during continuous cropping. [4]

(2) Fertilization

The requirement ratio of peach to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is about 1: 0.5: 1. Young trees should pay attention to controlling the application of nitrogen fertilizer, otherwise it will easily lead to excessive growth. After the full fruit stage, nitrogen fertilizer was added to enhance the tree vigor. The content of potassium in peach fruit is 3. Twice as much as nitrogen. If potassium fertilizer is applied, the fruit will be large and the yield will be high. Results The tree was fertilized three times a year: basal fertilizer 10- 1 1 was applied during deep ploughing in June, mainly organic fertilizer, accounting for 50% of the annual fertilization; From late April to May, strong fruit fertilizer was applied during fruit hard core stage, and potassium fertilizer was mainly applied to early-maturing varieties. The application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for middle and late-maturing varieties accounted for 15%-20%, 20%-30% and 40% of the whole year respectively. Fruit picking fertilizer is applied before and after fruit picking, accounting for 15%-20% of the whole year. In addition, the peach garden should be cultivated regularly to weed, keep the soil loose, and drain water in time to prevent stagnant water from rotting roots. [4]

(3) shaping and pruning

Make it more natural and happy. The height of the stem is about 60cm, leaving 3-4 main branches, and the opening angle of the main branches is 50-60. Each main branch should have 1-2 auxiliary branches, and there should be as few branchlets as possible on the main and auxiliary branches. Pruning period includes winter pruning and summer pruning. Although the first-bearing trees (3-4 years after planting) have borne fruit, they grow vigorously with many white branches and dense branches. It is necessary to take summer pruning measures such as wiping buds, pinching branches and twisting branches to suppress the strong and help the weak and maintain the balance of trees. For peach trees in full fruit stage, due to years of fruiting, the tree vigor slows down, the number of long branches and secondary branches is obviously reduced, and the proportion of medium and short branches is increased. It is necessary to give priority to short branches, delete over-dense branches and strong branches at the top, and improve the lighting conditions between branches; Need to update weak branches in time. [4]

control of insect

Peach rot

Peach rot, also known as heart rot, mainly harms branches and heartwood of peach trees, causing heartwood rot. Pathogens overwinter in the diseased parts of the damaged branches, and when conditions are suitable, they produce a large number of basidiospores, which are spread by wind and rain and invade through saws and wounds. The xylem of diseased trees is white and loose, soft and brittle, rotten and brittle. It often leads to weak trees, yellow leaves or premature defoliation, resulting in reduced production or no fruit. [5]

Peach (6)

Prevention and control methods:

1, agricultural control: dead and weak old trees should be dug up and burned as soon as possible. Peach trees with weak trees should be added with organic fertilizer to enhance their disease resistance. When the diseased trees are found to grow fruiting bodies, they should be cut off immediately, burned centrally, and coated with a layer of calluses antiseptic film to protect the wounds, prevent the infection of germs, prevent the damage of rain and dust, and promote the wound healing. [5]

2. Pesticide control: Wounds caused by stem borers such as Apriona germari and Tenebrio molitor are important ways of bacterial infection, so reducing the wounds caused by their hazards can alleviate the occurrence of diseases. Before the peach tree germinates, the whole tree is sprayed with a general solution of 1000 times to eradicate the shallow germs. Sticking an anticorrosive film on the incision can protect the wound from bacterial infection and effectively prevent the occurrence of wood rot. [5]

5 main value

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The gum secreted by peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as adhesive. It is a polysaccharide, which can be hydrolyzed to produce arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and so on. Edible or medicinal, it has the effects of breaking blood, promoting blood circulation and benefiting qi. [3]

nutritive value

Peach is known as "Shoutao" and "Xiantao". Because of its delicious meat, it is also called "the first fruit in the world". Peach meat contains protein, fat, carbohydrate, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, vitamin B 1, organic acids (mainly malic acid and citric acid), sugar (mainly glucose, fructose, sucrose and xylose) and volatile oil. Every 100g fresh peach contains 88% water, protein is about 0.7g, carbohydrate 1 1g, and calorie is only180.0kj. Peach is suitable for patients with hypokalemia and iron deficiency anemia. [6]

Therapeutic value

Peach meat is sweet and sour, warm, and enters the stomach;

Has the effects of nourishing yin, promoting fluid production, moistening dryness and promoting blood circulation;

Indications: thirst, constipation, dysmenorrhea, fatigue, asthma and cough, hernia pain, nocturnal emission, spontaneous sweating, night sweats, etc.

The gum secreted by peach tree trunk, commonly known as peach gum, can be used as adhesive. It is a polysaccharide, which can be produced by hydrolysis. Arabinose, galactose, xylose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, etc. It can be eaten and used as medicine, and has the effects of breaking blood, promoting blood circulation and benefiting qi. [2]

Practical guidance

1. Fresh food, pickled food, or fried soup, soup to eat meat.

2. Wash the peach hair before eating, so as not to prick the skin and get a rash; Or inhaled into the respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as cough and itchy throat. [7]

Edible skill

1. Skillfully remove peach hair: put a little edible alkali in clear water, soak fresh peaches for 3 minutes, stir a few times, let the peach hair float automatically, and then wash it for a few times.

2, choose peaches: touch by hand, the surface is hairy and tingling, and it has not been watered. It is advisable to have low pressure and moderate hardness, too soft and easy to rot. Red peaches are not necessarily sweet. Don't buy peach kernels with separated pulp. When nuts and pulp stick together, the pulp is sweeter.

Medicinal value

Functional indication

Promoting fluid production and moistening intestines, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. [8]

1 Cui Yuxi's "Food Classics": nourishing liver qi. [8]

Peach (tree)

② Southern Yunnan herbs: menstruate, moisten the large intestine and relieve depression. [8]

③ Diet spectrum of fun life: nourishing the heart, promoting blood circulation, promoting fluid production and clearing away heat. [8]

Attachment ① Treatment of beriberi, hydronephrosis in the waist and bladder, and excessive phlegm: peach blossom, dry in the shade, measure one liter and pound into powder. Warm sake is harmonious, killing two birds with one stone and profitable. If you eat on an empty stomach, you will soon be able to switch to line six or seven, but if you don't digest something, you will always have diarrhea. If you feel hungry halfway, eat some soft rice and porridge. ("Outside Taiwan" Taohua San) [9]

2 defecation is difficult to cure: take peach blossoms with water. (Qian Jin Fang) [9]

(3) Treating dry stool and intestinal obstruction without pain: one or two peaches (wet) and three or two noodles. Take the medicine, knead the dough, cook it and eat it on an empty stomach. By the next afternoon, my stomach was like thunder, and now I was evil. ("Sheng Huifang") [9]

4 treatment of postpartum constipation: peach blossom, sunflower seed, talc, betel nut each one or two. Apply the medicine, mash it carefully and let it disperse. Adjust two yuan with onion soup before taking it. ("Sheng Huifang" peach blossom powder) [9]

⑤ Treatment of low back pain: one barrel of peach blossom, three barrels of well water, six liters of Qu and six barrels of rice. When you cook one, it is cooked, but it is bad. Take one liter a day, three times a day. If you eat or drink, use river water, which is forbidden to be used as medicine; (Qian Jin Fang) [9]

peach

⑥ Abdominal pain treatment: peach blossoms are dried and pestle. Take two yuan for water and half for children. (Party) [9]

⑦ Constantly treat malaria: peach blossom is the end, and wine is the square inch. (The Prescription of Shimeiji) [9]

⑧ Treatment of back sores and carbuncles: Peach blossoms are taken from Pingdan, ground with vinegar, and juice is applied to the sore surface. ("Records of Sheng Jizong") [9]

9. Treatment of alopecia: Dry unopened peach blossoms in the shade, divide them with mulberry red and mix them with pig fat. Wash the scab with gray juice first, that is, apply the medicine. (Party) [9]

Attending to treat upper sores and eye sores with yellow water: peach blossoms are not counted, but counted carefully. Drink half a glass of water after eating and take a square knife for three days. (Limitation of Maritime Collection) [9]

medical science

Pharmacopoeia, Tibetan standard. Dai medicine ephedra: the stem wood is used for wind disease and stomachache. Hemp mine, ephedra: stem wood cures common cold and stomachache. Tibetan medicine Kamburu Rouxia: Seed treatment for blood stasis, amenorrhea, abdominal pain, hematocele, trauma, intestinal dryness and constipation. Kangbu fever: a guide to treating tumors with seeds in Qinghai-Tibet medicine Kambureha: flowers, young fruits and seeds treat boils, yellow water disease and chiba disease. Chinese and Tibetan medicine for treating alopecia with peach kernel oil. Kangbu: seed kernel to treat mass (forbidden for pregnant women); Flowers treat ascites edema; Eczema, hemorrhoids and head lice in Ye Zhi. At the beginning and end of Mongolian medicine Tao Runyi: seeds treat amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abdominal mass, traumatic injury, intestinal dryness and constipation; Leaves treat malaria, carbuncle, hemorrhoids, eczema and trichomonas vaginalis. Uyghur doctor Ye Tao treats wind-heat cold and cough [22]. Taochao Medicine: Treating eczema with Ye Jin. Yi medicine Maotao, Shan Tao and Sio: Leaves, flowers or gum treat abscess, ascaris pain, abdominal distension, edema, emaciation, toothache, malaria, rubella and cough. Leaves are used for damp-heat urinary incontinence and nephrosis edema. Wei Zeri (peach parasitism): the whole plant is used for gynecological adnexitis and infertility. Nyuil duil baengl, Dong medicine, Duil daoc: Leaves and seeds are mainly used to bite snakes and scare guests. Baiyao master: Ye treats sweat ulcer, eczema and dermatitis. Seed kernel is used to treat dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, abdominal distension, fever and hematocele, wind arthralgia, cough, traumatic injury, blood dryness and constipation; Leaves treat head wind, relieve constipation and stop cholera abdominal pain; Flowers treat edema, beriberi, phlegm, stagnation, unfavorable stool and amenorrhea; Treating heart, abdominal pain and hemorrhoids with twigs; Root and stem bark treat jaundice, hematemesis, nosebleed, toothache, amenorrhea, carbuncle and hemorrhoids; Peach gum is used to treat stranguria, bloody stranguria and dysentery. Traditional Chinese medicine for treating headache, malaria, eczema, dermatitis and tinea. Textual research: Stems and wood treat stomachache caused by common cold. Water medicine for women: planting seeds to treat gum swelling and pain. Hani medicine Yong: Banna Hani medicine for curing enteritis and gastritis. Awei: Bark is used for diarrhea, colds, body aches, tuberculosis and malaria. Yili: Seed kernel cures amenorrhea, traumatic injury, blood dryness and constipation. Mai Le Tao: Root bark cures dental caries pain; Removing blood stasis from seeds should be compiled. Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao, Yao. Mai Peng, Zhuang medicine: Ye treats vaginitis and cervicitis. Jingpo medical sawum tum: treating dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, traumatic injury, blood stasis and swelling and pain. Achang medicine peach kernel: its function is the same as that of Dehong Medicine Record of Jingpo nationality. Ang medicine Ang Bie Kong: Its function is the same as that of Dehong medicine record of Jingpo nationality. Keno medicine produces smoke: bark washing is used to treat skin itching; External use of "Jinuo medicine" to treat beriberi. [2]