A brief history of development
At the end of 19, the root nodule aphid spread from the United States to European grape-producing areas through France, and it was rampant rapidly, causing a grape cultivation crisis in Europe. France, which bears the brunt, had to use resistant rootstocks to graft European grape varieties. Firstly, resistant rootstocks were screened by introducing American grapes. /kloc-at the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, G.Conderc, A.Siebel and others in France carried out river bank grape (V.riparia Michx. ) and V.repestris Scheele, and American sand grape and European grape, and many so-called French hybrid rootstocks resistant to root nodule aphids were obtained before 2000. At the same time, Milad carried out interspecific hybridization in Europe and America with the goal of cultivating disease-resistant varieties. Although the ideal scion variety was not obtained, the rootstock resistant to root nodule aphid, downy mildew and powdery mildew was obtained. These achievements make breeders not only pay attention to the selection of grape scion varieties, but also start the breeding work with rootstock as the goal.
Breeding goal
① The plant has strong growth potential and can produce a large number of branches and vines for grafting under extensive management conditions; ② Cuttings are easy to take root and grow vigorously, and have good affinity with scion varieties; (3) cold resistance, resistance to soil pests such as nodule aphids and nematodes; ④ Resistant to soil conditions such as high calcium, high salt and drought; ⑤ Brewing ordinary wine with average quality only requires the strongest growth potential and the highest yield, but producing early-maturing original grapes and high-grade wine requires short rootstock plant type, good light interception of leaves and fruits and moderate growth potential. In order to cultivate grape rootstocks with different goals, the available grape resources are extremely rich. Among them, there are round-leaf grapes, riverside grapes, sand grapes and winter grapes (V. Berlandieri Planch. ) is resistant to nodule aphids. Cutting is easy to take root, such as Eurasian grape, riverside grape, sand grape and American grape. Drought-resistant grapes include sand grape and winter grape (V.brelandieri Planch. ), frost grape (V.Cordifolia Michaux), sweet mountain grape (V.montico-la Buckley), summer grape (V.aestivalis Michaux) and blue-leaf grape (v.bicolor le conte); Cold-resistant grapes ), American grapes, riverside grapes; There are American grapes and thorn grapes. These plants are resistant to waterlogging.
Grape breeding method
In addition to introduction, there are mainly: ① Seed selection pays attention to the utilization of natural grape resources, from which rootstocks that meet the needs are selected. For example, D.Ridge and S.Creck selected two rootstocks resistant to nematodes from V.Champini Planch and V.do-aniana Munson. China, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other provinces specially chose Vitis amurensis as cold-resistant rootstock to reduce or prevent the freezing injury of grapes. ② Cross breeding. Many grape rootstocks are bred by hybridization. Among them, Milad selected 4 1B rootstock from European grape Shazila× Winter Grape; Richter bred 99 rootstocks of lime-resistant soil through interspecific hybridization between winter grape and sand grape. In California, USA, Coudec 16 13 was bred by crossing Solonis, a rootstock resistant to nematodes and nodule aphids, with Othello. Harmony rootstock is a hybrid of Caltex 16 13 and Richie grape seedlings from Fraineau experimental station in California, USA. The rootstock is resistant to root nodule aphids, has strong growth potential and is easy to propagate, and has been adopted in production.
Seedling identification
In order to speed up the process of grape rootstock breeding, it is generally necessary to cultivate miscellaneous seedlings in greenhouse without soil, and at the same time identify the resistance to downy mildew, phylloxera, nematodes, lack of green and drought. Among them, the early identification of resistance to root nodule aphid mainly includes two methods: greenhouse identification at seedling stage and Petri dish identification at root. Identification of nematode resistance should also be carried out in the greenhouse. In addition, the grafting affinity and rooting ability of cuttings need to be identified early. From the fourth year of planting, according to the requirements of breeding objectives, the promising strains were compared and further regional tests were carried out to determine whether the new rootstock could meet the expected requirements.
Grape germplasm resources
The general name of plants with certain genetic material and valuable for grape production and breeding. Grape is one of the oldest flowering plants. Before the Quaternary Ice Age, the ground climate was warm, and many plants of Vitis were widely distributed in Europe, northern Asia and Greenland in North America. After the ice age, due to the cold temperature and continental changes, many species became extinct because they did not adapt to the new environmental conditions, and the original distribution area of grape plants changed. The existing grape plants are mainly distributed in the following three areas: ① Caucasus, Caspian Sea and Black Sea coastal areas; ② East Asia; ③ North America.
Types of grapes
There are more than 70 species of Vitis, belonging to 2 subgenera.
Muscadinia subgenus is distributed in the southeastern United States and the subtropical region of Mexico, with 3 species, all with 2n = 40 chromosomes, namely Vitis rotundifolia Michaux, V.munsoniana Simpson and V.popenoi Fennell. It is easy to cross each other and produce normal offspring. Small ear and few fruit grains. The fruit is fleshy, with little juice and low sugar content. It can be eaten fresh and is not suitable for brewing. Cutting is not easy to take root, and grafting with European grapes is not easy to survive, so layering propagation is used. Because round-leaf grape is immune to grape root nodule aphid, nematode and downy mildew, breeders have been trying to cross with European grape for a long time to cultivate new grape varieties resistant to root nodule aphid. However, due to sexual isolation, it is difficult to obtain hybrid seeds or hybrids with normal development. At present, although the fertile hybrid between round-leaf grape and European grape has been obtained, the strain with economic value has not yet been obtained.
Subgenus Vitis
There are about 70 species, the chromosome number 2n = 38, and interspecific hybridization within subgenus is easy. According to geographical origin, it is divided into three populations: ① North American population. Originating in the United States and eastern Canada, there are 28 varieties, including Vitis Labrusca L., ripa-riamichaux, Vitis Sandland (V. Rupestrischeele) and Vitis V.berlandieri Planch. ), summer grape (V.aestivalis Michaux), V. LincecumiBuckley, V.champini Planch, V.cinera Engel, V.cordifolia Michaux, etc. Due to the cold climate in the origin and birthplace of grape root nodule aphid and some fungal diseases, some species in this population have multi-resistance characteristics. ② East Asian people. Originated from China, the Far East of the Soviet Union, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, India and Indonesia. There are more than 40 species, 27 of which are native to China. Heilongjiang grape. (see photo), Sting (V.thunbergii Sieb.et Zucc. ), pueraria lobata (V.coigne-tiae. ), compound leaf grape. ), autumn grape (v. grape (V.quinquangula-ris Rehd). ), East China Grape, North China Grape. ), thorn grapes (V.davidii Foex. ), and V.flexuosa Thunb. The population is distributed in different geographical and climatic regions from cold temperate zone to tropical zone, and there are often great differences in morphological, economic or biological characteristics among species. ③ Eurasian population. Originating in Europe, West Asia and North Africa, there are two kinds of wild forest grapes and cultivated European grapes (V. vinifera L.). The latter evolved from the former through natural and artificial selection.
Grape cultivars
Grape varieties cultivated in production can be divided into the following categories according to their genetic relationship:
European species
Grape has the highest yield, the best quality and the widest use, so it is also the most cultivated variety. However, the ability of cold resistance and disease resistance is weak, and it is not resistant to phylloxera. According to the different origins, European species can be divided into three geographical ecological groups: ① there is no hair in the east. Originated in Central Asia, Caucasus, Afghanistan, Iran and countries in the Near East. Leaves smooth, hairless or only bristles on the back. Ears are big, loose and multi-branched. The flesh is fleshy or crisp, and there is no fragrance. The fruit branch rate is low, and each fruit branch is usually only 1 ear. Trees have strong vitality, long growth period and weak cold resistance. A few varieties have strong drought resistance, salt and alkali tolerance and strong adaptability to desert hot air. Suitable for cultivation, shed reform and long shoot pruning in areas with less rainfall, dry climate, sufficient sunshine and good irrigation conditions. Most varieties in this group are suitable for fresh food or sun drying. The main varieties are seedless white, seedless black, milk (mare's milk), delicious sweet (катактргаn) and pink toffee (тт). Longan, Pinger, Hotan Red Grape, Kashigar, White Mulage, etc. People from China also belong to this product group. ② Proletarians with pons black. Originated in the countries along the Black Sea and the Balkans. The denser the ear, the milder or more vigorous the tree, and the stronger the cold resistance. Most varieties are suitable for brewing wine, such as white feather (ркацителй) and late red honey (саперави). A few are suitable for fresh food, such as Tchaouche. ③ Western grapes. Originated in France, Italy, Spain, Austria and other countries. There is fluff on the back of leaves; The ears are small and compact, and the flesh is juicy. The tree has moderate potential, short growth period and relatively cold tolerance. The fruit branch rate is high, the fruit ears are many, and the yield is medium or high. Most varieties are suitable for wine making, such as Riesling, Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenning Blanc and Italian Riesling. A few are fresh, such as Italia, Imperior, Ribier and so on.
American hybrid
A few varieties obtained by free pollination or interspecific hybridization of American species are edible, and most of them are rootstocks. Concord is the main cultivated variety in new york, Washington and Michigan. It can be eaten fresh or brewed and juiced. Cold tolerance, disease resistance and high yield. Fruits often have a strong strawberry flavor, and the quality of fresh food and brewing is poor.
European-American mixed blood
American species or their hybrids with European species. Although the quality of fresh food and wine making is worse than that of European grapes, they have strong disease resistance, moisture resistance and cold resistance, such as Campbell Zao, Delaware, Kyoho and white banana. French Baco Noire and phyll are also European and American hybrids.
Oushan hybrid
China, the Soviet Union and other countries planted a certain area of hybrid varieties of European grapes and wild grapes. These varieties have high yield, strong cold resistance and disease resistance, but the quality of fresh food and wine making is not as good as that of European grapes.
Characteristics of Main Wild Species of American Grape
Native to the eastern United States, with thick pure hair on the back of leaves. Tendril continuity. The fruit is medium-sized, thick-skinned, fleshy and has a special body fragrance or strawberry flavor. It can resist the low temperature of -30℃ in winter and has strong ability to resist fungal diseases. It can be used as a parent for cold-resistant and disease-resistant breeding.
Riverbank grape
Native to the western and southern United States. Leaves are smooth and teeth are sharp. It can resist the low temperature of -30℃ in winter and has strong resistance to nodule aphid, downy mildew and powdery mildew. Cuttings take root easily. It can be used as a rootstock of European grape resistant to root nodule aphid, and it is also an important parent of root nodule aphid resistant rootstock breeding.
Sandy grape
Native to the central and southern United States. Ye Guang is heart-shaped, smooth and lint-free. Cutting is easy to take root, has strong cold resistance and drought resistance, and is extremely resistant to nodule aphids, powdery mildew and downy mildew. Mainly used as breeding parents of root nodule aphid resistant rootstocks.
Winter grape
Native to the southern United States and Mexico. Ye Guang has a heart. It has strong resistance to root nodule aphid, powdery mildew and downy mildew, but poor cold resistance, and it is difficult to take root by cutting. It is an excellent germplasm for cultivating rootstocks resistant to root nodule aphids and calcareous soil.
Ampelopsis stem
It is distributed in the northeast of China, the Far East of the Soviet Union, Korea and Japan, and it is the most cold-resistant grape variety. Its branches can tolerate -40 ~-50℃ and its roots can tolerate-15℃. More efficient. Fruit has low sugar content (10 ~ 15%) and high acid content (2 ~ 3%), so it can brew high-quality wild wine. Bisexual Shuangqingshan grape varieties and some excellent female flower types were screened from natural variation strains.
grape
Also known as Dongshi Grape, it is native to China, Korea and Japan. High yield and strong cold resistance. Fruits are easy to drop seeds when they are ripe and take root when they are cut. It can be used as a breeding parent with high yield and cold resistance.
Thorn grape
China's Qinling Mountains and some southern provinces (autonomous regions) are distributed. New branches and branches are densely covered with hard thorns. The fruit is large, the leaves are resistant to downy mildew, and the fruit has strong resistance to white rot. Cutting is difficult to take root. From the natural variation of this variety, the bisexual grape variety Tang Wei was selected.
Hairy grape
China Qinling Mountains, Mount Tai and many provinces (autonomous regions) south of it are distributed. White hairs are densely distributed on the back of leaves and annual branches. The flowering period is very late and the fruit ripens very late. A fruit branch has at most 6 ears and is prolific. The wine is mellow and has strong antioxidant capacity. Leaves are susceptible to downy mildew, and some strains are more resistant to white rot. Cutting does not take root. Found a precious ginkgo fruit line.
Huadong grapes
Branches are angular. The ear is small and compact, and the leaves have strong resistance to downy mildew. Qinling Mountain and its southern provinces are all distributed, which can be used as parents for downy mildew resistance breeding.
Autumn grape
Trees are thriving. The leaves are big and complete. Annual branches and petioles are densely glandular hairy. The germination period and flowering period are very early. The fruit setting rate is low. The sugar content of fruit can reach 18 ~ 19%.
research progress
The research on grape germplasm resources, especially wild species, began in17th century. After the discovery of the American continent, European immigrants tried to introduce European grapes to the eastern part of North America, but failed because of the cold winter climate and the serious harm of nodule aphids and downy mildew. Therefore, people began to study and make use of local wild grapes. Ca-tawba is a variety of local grape branches collected at 18 19. 1843, natural pollinated seeds of wild species were sown with Ephraim W.Bull, and in 1849, seedlings were selected and named Kangke. In the same year, wild seedling rose dew also came out. In order to obtain varieties with strong stress resistance and good quality, Americans chose local wild species or their natural hybrids to cross with European grapes, and successively cultivated a number of European and American hybrid varieties such as Mills and Kangbaier Zaosheng. Since the 20th century, Japan has also cultivated a number of European and American hybrid varieties to adapt to Japan's humid climate.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the grape nodule aphid was introduced into western Europe from the United States, which brought a devastating disaster to grape production in Europe, especially in France. French grape breeders not only use American wild species resistant to nodule aphids as rootstocks of European grapes, but also use these species to cross with European wine varieties, hoping to cultivate direct production hybrids resistant to nodule aphids and capable of brewing high-quality wines. Barco and Sai phyll were bred according to this breeding goal. They once played a certain role in the occurrence areas of nodule aphids in Europe, but they were gradually eliminated because of their poor wine quality.
After the 20th century, it was found that Vitis amurensis not only has strong cold resistance, but also the fruit quality of European-American hybrids is better than that of European-American hybrids. Therefore, many grape breeders hope to breed cold-resistant and high-quality new varieties by crossing European grapes with wild grapes, and Soviet scholars have also cultivated a number of high-quality and multi-resistant European-mountain hybrid varieties. Since the 1950s, China has also done a lot of work in the research and utilization of Vitis amurensis, and bred the bisexual flower variety Shuangqing, which was hybridized with Vitis amurensis by using the fragrance of roses, and cultivated cold-resistant and high-yield varieties such as Beichun, Gongniang 1 and Gongniang No.2. The Institute of Specialty Products of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences also used different strains of Shuangqing and Vitis amurensis to carry out interspecific hybridization, and obtained a batch of bisexual flowers with large panicle and high yield. China is one of the most important origins of wild grape species. Therefore, the collection, research and utilization of these germplasm resources have attracted the attention of domestic experts, and bisexual prickly grapes and ginkgo hairy grapes have been discovered. China has done a lot of work in collecting and researching grape germplasm resources, and established national grape germplasm resources gardens in Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute and Shanxi Fruit Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and collected more than 900 grape germplasm resources. A number of varieties and strains resistant to downy mildew, black pox, white rot and anthracnose were screened out, and a Yanshan grape with cold resistance was screened out, which was second only to wild grapes.