Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds generally mature from mid-August to the end of September. Seedling seeds should be selected from 10 ~ 15 mature mother trees with vigorous growth, good quality and no diseases and insect pests, and harvested when the peel is purple and the inner seed coat turns blue-black. Spread the picked ear in a cool, ventilated and dry room, dry it in the shade, and turn it frequently. When most of the peel is cracked, tap it gently with a wooden stick, then remove impurities with a dustpan and take out clean seeds. Seeds should not be exposed to the sun, because exposure makes seeds lose most of the volatile oil, thus losing their germination ability. It is best to dry in the shade 1 ~ 2 days before doing other treatments. Pepper sowing can be divided into autumn sowing and spring sowing, that is, from September to March the following year. If you want to sow in spring, you need to store the seeds. Because of the high oil content of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seeds, if the seeds are exposed to the air for too long, the oil in the seeds will easily go rancid, which will make the seeds die and affect the emergence rate. Generally, clay adobe is made of soil for dry storage, that is, 1 part of seeds and 1 ~ 2 parts of loess, cow dung and plant ash are mixed with water to make fist-sized adobe, dried in the sun, soaked in soil, dried in the shade, and stored in a cool, dry and ventilated place. Pepper is often sown in autumn because it is troublesome to store and easy to deteriorate. Before sowing, soak the seeds in 1% ~ 2% soda ash for 48 hours, then mix the seeds with fine sand and rub the seed coat until it turns white. Then according to 1 layer of seeds, put 1 layer of fine sand into a pool of 50 cm× 50 cm or a laundry list, and put it indoors, paying attention to water spraying and moisturizing. After 35 ~ 45 days in sand storage, 30% seeds can be sown when flowering begins. This method can also be used for spring sowing. Choose a plot with flat terrain, leeward and sunny, sufficient water, good drainage and loose and fertile soil as the nursery ground. The seedbed is built as an east-west high bed, with a bed width of 1.0m ~ 1.5m, and the length depends on the terrain, with a footpath of 30cm. At the same time, apply sufficient base fertilizer. Sowing can be done by drilling holes. Dig a ditch with a row spacing of 20 cm and a depth of 5 cm on the seedbed. Seeds were evenly sown in the ditch, covered with soil 1.0 ~ 37.5 cm, and the sowing amount was about 75kg/hm2. After watering, cover the arch film with a height of 30cm to increase the soil temperature and prevent rodent damage.
Pay attention to water management after sowing and keep the seedbed moist. After emergence, it is necessary to properly control the number of watering and the amount of water, and open the film to harden the seedlings; Cover with film in the afternoon to prevent low temperature injury. At the same time, loosen the soil and weed, and apply 0. 1% urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate alternately for foliar fertilization, generally at 10d/time. Seedlings can be moved to nutrient bags for continuous culture about 30 days after emergence.
According to the biological and ecological characteristics of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, choose a place with gentle slope, sunny and leeward, warm and humid, and deep soil layer when planting. The plant spacing is 4m×5m or 3m×4m, and the planting area is 495 ~ 840 plants /hm2. Deep ploughing and hole expanding are generally carried out from fruit harvest to late autumn, when the overground part of Zanthoxylum bungeanum grows slowly, and deep ploughing is the third peak of its root growth, which can stimulate the growth of new roots.
Cover in autumn, dig relatively fertile mountain turf soil nearby, and then spread the soil evenly in the pepper garden in the following spring, which not only thickens the soil layer, but also increases the soil fertility. At the same time, hoe 1 time at least in spring, before rainy season and after harvest every year. After deep ploughing in autumn and soil thawing in spring, organic fertilizers such as ring fertilizer, compost and human urine manure were applied 1 time respectively. The amount of fertilization depends on the age of the tree and the amount of fruit bearing, which is generally above 25kg/ plant. Combined with irrigation or rainfall before and after flowering, appropriate amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be topdressing. Top dressing outside the root starts from flowering, and is sprayed every 15d 1 time, 2-4 times a year.
According to the growth and soil characteristics of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, water it after germination, flowering 15d, fruit picking and defoliation in late March. Zanthoxylum bungeanum is characterized by its strong branches and good fruit setting. In the case of natural growth, due to many branches, the nutrients are too scattered, the fruit branches grow thin and weak, the fruiting ability is correspondingly weakened, and the ear is small and light. Through integer pruning, the skeleton can be firm, the layers are clear, the branches are strong, the light is sufficient, the contradiction between growth and nutritional conditions can be adjusted, and high yield, stable yield and high quality can be achieved year after year. Pruning and shaping can be carried out from harvesting to germination in the spring of the following year, and pruning after harvesting is appropriate. Young trees should be pruned early, weak trees and old trees should be pruned during dormancy.
1. The pruning of young trees should follow the principle of paying equal attention to shaping and results. After planting, remove the branches at the base of the trunk as required, and leave 3 ~ 5 branches for short cutting. For strong branches, more branches should be left to improve the early yield.
2. Results With the increase of tree age and the expansion of crown, the redundant branches should be gradually sparse, and the plastic work should be completed, thus stabilizing the tree potential. The branches on the crown of the tree should be carefully pruned. Sparse the branches of diseases and pests, cross branches, overlapping branches, dense branches and long branches, and create good conditions for ventilation and light transmission of the crown. As a result, the branches should be strengthened and left weak, so that they occupy space alternately and leave branches evenly inside and outside. The nutrient branches with moderate growth are slowly released first, and then retracted into the branches to occupy space for the fruit. First, the branches that grow vigorously in space are cut off, and the strong ones are removed in the second year, leaving the weak ones, and then the branches are cultivated into groups. Branches that have no room for growth should be removed.
3. Pruning of old trees Generally, the 25-year-old Zanthoxylum bungeanum tree begins to age and enters old age. At this stage, the crown of the tree has been closed, the branches overlap, and a large number of branches in the inner chamber die, which leads to the outward movement of the fruiting parts, leading to severe baldness on the back, deterioration of lighting conditions and serious decline in the health of the tree. When pruning, big branches should be drawn, weak branches should be removed, strong buds should be left, rejuvenation groups should be updated in time, and the old and young should be raised. For old trees, on the one hand, we should pay attention to the utilization of long branches, on the other hand, we should alternately update the skeleton to ensure the yield. Pests and diseases of Zanthoxylum bungeanum mainly include aphid, Zanthoxylum longicorn, scarab, butterfly, golden flower worm, Zanthoxylum bungeanum brown spot and so on.
(1) aphids. Harm buds, leaves and flowers. Tobacco leaves 1kg were soaked for 24 hours and then sprayed with water for 30 ~ 50 kg, with good results. Spraying with 40% omethoate EC or chrysanthemum emulsion 1200 ~ 1500 times.
(2) Cerambycidae. The larvae of longicorn beetles eat the trunk, while the adults eat the leaves, which leads to the death of trees and affects the yield of pepper. When adults appear in summer, they can be captured manually; Larvae can be killed by wire hook or put into the wormhole with aluminum phosphide, and the wormhole can be compacted with mud. Cut down dead trees in time to reduce insect sources.
(3) Scarabs aeruginosa. Scarab larvae eat the cortex below the green tip. The roots can be watered with medicine to kill the larvae; Adults can use suspended animation and phototaxis to be caught by artificial electric shock or trapped by black light; When adults occur, 40% dimethoate EC 1200 ~ 1500 times can be sprayed.
(4) Paprika Papilio. Papilio larvae eat buds and leaves, and can eat up the whole leaf when the damage is serious. Artificial removal of overwintering pupae in winter and spring; Larvae can also be removed manually if it is large; In case of major outbreak, spray 50% dichlorvos or 50% trichlorfon 1000 ~ 1200 times. (5) golden flower worm. Its adults and larvae are harmful to leaves and buds. Can spray 800 ~ 1000 times of 40% dichlorvos EC.
(6) Pepper brown spot. It mainly harms leaves, petioles and fruits. Remove diseased leaves in time, reduce the source of infection, clean diseased leaves at any time, burn them centrally and bury them deeply. Drug control, 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder can be sprayed 800 ~ 1000 times, and the drug can be evenly applied to both sides of the leaves when spraying. Dried prickly ash peel contains 2% ~ 5% volatile aromatic oil, which is a cheap raw material for seasoning and making spices. The production cost of 1 kg Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil is less than that of 500 yuan. Flavoring agent (oleoresin) is extracted from dried Zanthoxylum bungeanum and modified into a new flavoring agent, which can not only be added value through deep processing, but also be added as a new food flavoring agent. Zanthoxylum bungeanum oleoresin has many advantages: (1) meets strict hygiene requirements; (2) The utilization rate of effective components reaches 95%; (3) Long-term storage does not deteriorate; (4) It can be evenly distributed in seasoned food with elegant appearance; (5) The product has small volume and low storage and transportation cost. Therefore, replacing solid spices with liquid turpentine and essential oil is to meet the needs of food industry and fast food industry.
Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil has strong bactericidal, repellent and insecticidal activities. It is an ideal protective agent for family grain storage and can also be made into a new air freshener if it is combined with an odor slow-release device.
Zanthoxylum bungeanum is not only an edible fruit, but also its tender stems and leaves are a high-grade food and condiment. In Japan, green pepper (immature fruit) and pepper bud occupy a certain proportion in the production and cultivation of pepper, especially the pricklless strain of mountain pepper is very suitable for producing pepper bud. Deng et al. analyzed the buds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum plants growing in April. The results showed that the contents of protein, fat, cellulose, calcium, phosphorus and iron in Zanthoxylum bungeanum bud were 5.8, 2. 1, 2.6, 1.7, 4 and 1.4 times that of Lentinus edodes, respectively, and the amino acids were 4 times that of Lentinus edodes. nervous system
Anesthetic and analgesic effects of nervous system: In clinic, the ether extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum or Zanthoxylum bungeanum oil is used as an analgesic instead of clove oil in stomatology to relieve the inflammation and pain of dental caries. Local anesthesia can produce analgesic effect, and artemisinin contained in Zanthoxylum bungeanum may be one of its analgesic active components. Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract can reversibly block the impulse conduction of nerve trunk and reduce the excitability of nerve trunk.
digestive system
Treatment of digestive system diseases: Zanthoxylum bungeanum can treat spleen and stomach deficiency and cold syndrome such as vomiting, warming qi, diarrhea, epigastric cold pain, loss of appetite and so on. It can also be used for treating gastric ulcer, liver injury, inflammation and gastrointestinal dysfunction abdominal pain due to invasion of cold pathogen and stagnation of yang qi.
Thrombosis inhibition
Inhibition of thrombosis: The water extract and ether extract of Zanthoxylum bungeanum have obvious inhibitory effects on thrombosis in rats. Jin et al. determined the inhibitory effect of Zanthoxylum bungeanum oil on platelet aggregation induced by ADP, AA and thrombin in rabbits by turbidimetry. Zanthoxylum bungeanum oil can significantly inhibit platelet aggregation induced by ADP, AA and thrombin in rabbits. The volatile oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum has anti-atherosclerosis effect in guinea pigs, which is related to its reduction of serum lipid peroxide level and anti-lipid peroxide damage.
Antibacterial and antioxidant properties
Barret isolated phenylpropanolamine, a ciliary alkaloid from Zanthoxylum bungeanum, which had high activity on mouse leukemia cells P-338, L- 12 10. The life extension rate of leukemia mice was 26.5% at the dosage of 100, 50 mg/kg and 25mg/kg, respectively. Zanthoxylum heterophyllum contains high anti-hepatic fibrosis active components. MunSI and others also found that Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil, a volatile component of Zanthoxylum bungeanum, had obvious inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation and carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in mice. In addition, Brazil, India and other countries have also conducted some studies on the pharmacological effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum. The bactericidal and insect-proof function of Zanthoxylum bungeanum extract is also the main research field of pharmacological action and application. Pharmacological experiments show that piperine has selective bacteriostatic effect and strong inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria. Liu Suolan and others isolated schisandrin A, limonene, umbelliferone, skinnin and N- methyl -2- heptyl -4- quinolone from pericarp. Some components in the pericarp of Zanthoxylum bungeanum can inhibit the growth of microorganisms in food and can be used as antibacterial agents. In 1999, SeoKL et al. separated volatile Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil from Zanthoxylum bungeanum peel by steam distillation, thin layer chromatography and spectral analysis. Yamazaki et al. extracted antioxidant active factors from Zanthoxylum bungeanum peel. The main active ingredient is methanol, whose antioxidant activity is similar to that of vitamin E, and it has stable characteristics in thermal environment.
Drug abuse by ethnic minorities
Drug thief: fruit cures stomach cold and acid swallowing, roundworm abdominal pain, wind-fire toothache and eczema.
Gega (Dai Xi), a Dai medicine, treats epigastric pain, intestinal dysfunction, ascaris abdominal pain, wind-cold headache, wind-cold cough, rheumatoid arthritis and snake bite with root fruit; Ye treats chills, pains and coughs; External use of eczema and itching. Gemajia: the fruit is used to dispel cold, relieve pain and remove contraction. Gange (Xidai): Roots and leaves treat chills and pains, relieve cough and show rashes and itching.
Yerma, Tibetan Medicine: China Tibetan Medicine for External Treatment of Gastropathy, Insect Diseases, Alcoholism and beriberi. The function of fruit and stem bark is the same as that of Zanthoxylum bungeanum in Tibetan medicine Yerma: Fruit is used in pesticides on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
Ginza, a Hani medicine: Roots and leaves treat stomachache and rheumatoid arthritis.
Wild Zanthoxylum bungeanum has the same root function as Ailao Zanthoxylum bungeanum.
Tujia medicine Wawu Huazhen: The whole herb is mainly used to treat abdominal cold pain, vomiting and diarrhea, cough with excessive phlegm and malnutrition.
Jinuo medicine is a pen: Jinuo medicine can treat irregular menstruation, epigastric cold pain, cold headache, rheumatic back and leg pain.
Snake medicine shell is used to treat colds, indigestion and abdominal distension.