There are about 70 kinds of grape plants in the world, which are mainly native to some parts of Asia, Europe and America. At present, the main varieties used for production and cultivation are European grapes, American grapes and wild grapes. ), round-leaf grape (V.rotudofplia Michaux. ) and some interspecific hybridization.

Grape is one of the oldest flowering plants. Regarding the origin of the genus Vitis, according to the paleontological study of fossils, there were plants with leaves very similar to grapes at the end of Cretaceous; During the Tertiary period, the fossils of grape leaves and seeds have been found, and it is inferred that the original types of grapes at that time (millions of years ago) had spread all over northern Europe, Asia and Greenland. For example, Hull grapes. As early as the early third century, grapes were planted in western Greenland, Siberia, kamchatka peninsula, Alaska, Canada and other parts of the United States. At that time, the Arctic climate was mild, the mainland had not been separated, and the distribution of grape varieties was relatively consistent. Many grape leaves are heart-shaped and complete. In Neogene, shallow-leaved species appeared. At that time, many other species with similar leaf characteristics to modern American species grew in Northern Europe. European grapes appeared in Europe at the end of Tertiary (Late Tertiary). After the arrival of the Ice Age, all grape varieties distributed in northern Europe were extinct, except the ancestor of European grape (V. vinifera L.), which is now widely planted:

In North America and East Asia, due to the small scale of glacier invasion, the varieties preserved in Tertiary have continued to this day and become rich grape populations in America and East Asia. Because all grape varieties come from the same ancestor, they have many common characters, easy to cross and strong grafting affinity. The formation of different varieties of modern grapes is the evolutionary result of adapting to the new ecological environment requirements due to the separation of continents and the influence of glaciers.

spread

The earliest origin of European grapes is the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean coast. As early as 5,000 to 7,000 years ago, European grapes were cultivated in South Caucasus, Central Asia, Syria, Iraq and other places, and were introduced to Egypt. It spread from Egypt to Greece in the 7th century BC, to France and Spain through Rome in BC, and some of them spread to Central Asia, Persia, Afghanistan and other places, and then to East Asia. 1 10 BC During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions and brought back the grape plants, from which grapes were introduced to China.

India passes through Kashmir, Afghanistan. Japan introduced grape seeds into history in the early Kamakura period (1 186), which was equivalent to the Southern Song Dynasty in China. Since the edo period, it has been famous for its historical grapes.

18-19th century, grapes were introduced to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, North Korea and other countries.

/kloc-in the 0/7th century, European grapes were introduced to the American continent, which was not suitable for growth because of the humid climate in the eastern part of the American continent. The western part of the Rocky Mountains, especially California, has become a world-famous grape producing area.

The origin and wild time of American grape in the United States are unknown, but it was cultivated and domesticated by immigrants in the17th century, which played a great role in saving European grapes from the crisis of root nodule aphid.

Grapes in East Asia are the most abundant, but their utilization is limited to the wild stage. Nevertheless, our country does have a long history. For example, there are records about grapes in ancient documents in China, such as The Classic of Materia Medica, The Book of Songs, The Rites of Zhou, etc., which were all called "Won Ao" or "Ao" in ancient times. According to Professor Sun Hua's research, it may be the general name of ancient wild grapes in China, which should include many kinds. In other words, China wild grapes have been used in China for at least 3000 years. At the beginning of this century, michurin, a horticulturist in the former Soviet Union, first began to notice the utilization of cold resistance of Vitis amurensis, which started the research and utilization of modern East Asian grapes. In the early 1950s, scientists in China used wild grapes to cross with European grapes, and obtained a number of excellent varieties with strong resistance, which were widely popularized in production.

At this point, we can roughly understand the origin center, origin time and transmission route of Vitis americana, and express it vividly by quoting the drawings of Qingchuan Kiyosuke Institute (Figure 3-4- 1).

Fig. 3-4- 1 Schematic Diagram of Grape Origin and Propagation

(Quoted from Qin Xing, Qing Chuan, translated by Duan Chuande, Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants, Henan Science and Technology Press)