First of all, treaty of nanking.

Treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty in modern history of China. The agreement was signed on August 29th in 1842 (July 24th, Daoguang 22) on HMS, Xiaguan River, Nanjing, marking the end of the first Opium War.

Treaty of nanking asked China:

Ceding Hong Kong Island;

1, compensate British opium price, commercial debt and military expenditure * * * 21000000 silver dollar;

2. Trade with the five ports, open Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, and allow British people to live and send consuls;

3. For the agreed tariffs, British businessmen should pay import and export goods tax and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to decide independently;

4. Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China. ?

In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops.

Second, the Humen Treaty.

Sino-British Humen Treaty *** 16, with three articles of Ship Regulations; Its annex "Five Port Trade Charter: Tariff *** 15" also stipulates the tariffs on 26 kinds of goods in the trade between the two countries. This has seriously damaged the sovereignty of China. China lost the following important rights:

1, the tariff is independent. The two sides stipulated the customs tariff in the form of an agreement between the two countries, and the Qing government assumed the corresponding treaty obligations from then on, thus actually losing the power to change the tax rate independently.

2. Jurisdiction over Britain. According to the treaty, in the case of negotiations, the British consul and China officials will jointly find out the matter; How to deal with the British, the articles of association and laws agreed by the British, sent to the consular officials to do. This completely excludes the British in China from the legal system of China and from the jurisdiction of China.

3. Unilateral MFN treatment. The treaty stipulates that "in the future, when the great emperor has a new country such as Enshi, he should also let the British share it to show tolerance", that is to say, the British can enjoy all the rights in the unequal treaties signed between the Qing Dynasty and other countries in the future.

British ships are moored at the trading port. The treaty stipulates that "where five ports trade, there must be a British official ship moored in the bay to strictly bind the sailors on the cargo ship, and the steward (that is, the British consul) will also bind British businessmen and foreign businessmen."

Therefore, under the guise of "restraining" the expatriates, the trading port became a dock for British ships to travel freely. In the subsequent Sino-foreign war, the trading port became an unguarded city in the Qing Dynasty.

In addition, the treaty damaged China's right of water distribution and customs inspection, and the provisions of the treaty about Britain renting land to build houses at trading ports were later misinterpreted by the British as the legal basis for establishing a "concession".

The signing of the Humen Treaty has seriously damaged China's sovereignty, further damaged China's rights and interests, and brought a disastrous impact on China's social and economic development.

Three. Sino-British five-port trade charter

1843, Qi Ying, a representative of the Qing Dynasty, and Pu Dingcha of Britain concluded the Sino-British Trade Charter of Humen Five as part of the Humen Treaty.

Article 15 of the Articles of Association mainly includes:

1, recognizing the British consular jurisdiction, stipulates that "when the British negotiate with the China people, what crimes the British commit shall be decided by the British and submitted to the steward for compliance", which damages China's independent judicial sovereignty.

Generally, British "official ships" are allowed to dock at trading ports.

3. The agreed customs tax rate is equivalent to 100% of the value, and China loses its tariff autonomy.

Four. Treaty of Wang Xia

The Treaty of Wang Xia, also known as the Sino-American Charter on Trade with Five Ports, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and the United States in Wang Xia Village, Macau on July 3, 2004 (the 24th year of Daoguang), and it was also the first unequal treaty signed by the Qing government and the United States.

Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty ***34, with tariff. The main content is that the United States enjoys the same rights as Britain in trade and diplomacy. In other words, the United States obtained all the special rights and interests obtained by Britain through the Opium War except the cession of land and reparations, and in many ways it did more harm to China:

1, agreed tariff. The treaty stipulates: "If China wants to change the tax rate in the future, it must consult with the American consul and other officials." . This is a further expansion of the scope of "agreed tariffs" in treaty of nanking, which has seriously damaged China's economy.

2. Expand the scope of consular jurisdiction. The treaty stipulates that when a lawsuit occurs between China nationals and American nationals, American nationals should be arrested and tried by American consuls and other officials and handled in accordance with American laws and practices;

If there is a dispute between American citizens and citizens of other countries in China, China officials have no right to ask. In this way, the judicial power of the Qing Dynasty to arrest, try, convict and punish American nationals was completely lost.

3. Infringement of China's territorial sea rights. American warships can "inspect trade" at China port at will, and port officials in Qing Dynasty must "friendly" receive them. American merchant ships anchored in China could not be ruled by the Qing Dynasty.

It stipulates that the contract can be "modified" after 12 years. In addition, the treaty also provides for unilateral MFN treatment. If China gives some concessions to other countries in the future, the United States should share them all.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Huangpu Treaty

The Huangpu Treaty, also known as the Sino-French Charter of Five Ports Trade: Tariff, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing Dynasty and France in Huangpu, Guangzhou on June 24th, 1844 (the 24th year of Daoguang), and it was also the first unequal treaty that France invaded China.

Sino-French Huangpu Treaty ***36, with "tariff". The main contents are:

1. French people can live permanently in five trading ports, trade freely, set up consuls and berth warships. The China government has the responsibility to protect French property and goods, and no one in China can bully or infringe upon them.

2. If China changes its tariffs in the future, it should "negotiate with the French before making any changes".

3. France enjoys consular jurisdiction, and China officials are not allowed to ask about any litigation between French people and China people or other foreigners.

4. Unilateral MFN treatment.

The French can build churches and cemeteries in Wukou, and the Qing government has the obligation to protect the churches.

Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of nanking

Baidu Encyclopedia-The First Opium War

Baidu Encyclopedia-Huangpu Treaty

Baidu Encyclopedia-Wang Xia Treaty

Baidu Encyclopedia-Humen Treaty

Baidu Encyclopedia-Five Port Trade Charter