Powder characteristics: grayish yellow.
① Epidermal cells of pericarp are polygonal or irregular rectangular with a length of 7-20μ m; The stomata are round, with a diameter of 65438±07-27 μm m and 5-8 accessory cells.
② Mesocarp cells have different shapes and uneven wall thickening, with a thickness of 7- 17μm (measured without heating).
③ Calcium oxalate crystals are rhombic, rhombic or polyhedral, with a length of 6-35μm, which mostly exist under the epidermis and in the thin-walled tissue of the capsule.
④ Catheters and tracheids are mainly threaded, with a diameter of 65438±07 μm m. ..
⑤ The juice sac tissue is yellowish or colorless, and it is membranous. On the surface, epidermal cells are long and narrow, atrophied and staggered with lower cells.
③ Debris can be seen in the oil chamber. Chromatographic conditions and system adaptability test
Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as filler; Acetonitrile-water (2 1.5:80.5) (pH adjusted to 3 with phosphoric acid) as mobile phase; The detection wavelength is 283 nm. The theoretical plate number should be no less than 2000 calculated by naringin peak. Preparation of reference solution: accurately weigh 20mg of naringin reference substance and 20mg of neohesperidin dried to constant weight under reduced pressure, put them in a 50ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, accurately measure 5ml, put them in a 25ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, and get the product (containing 80μg of naringin and 80μg of neohesperidin per 1ml).
Preparation of test solution
Take about 0.2g of the coarse powder, accurately weigh it, put it in a conical flask with a stopper, accurately add 50ml of methanol, plug it, weigh it, heat and reflux it for 65438±0.5h, let it cool, plug it, weigh it again, make up the weight loss with methanol, shake it evenly, filter it, accurately measure 65438±00ml of continuous filtrate, evaporate it, and add water to the residue. Inner diameter 1.8cm, packed in column by wet method), eluting with 25ml water, discarding aqueous solution, eluting with 50ml methanol, collecting eluate, transferring to 50ml volumetric flask, adding methanol to scale, shaking well, filtering with 0.45μm microporous membrane, and collecting filtrate.
measure
Accurately absorb 20μl of control solution and 20 μ l of test solution, inject them into liquid chromatograph and determine.
The content of naringin (C27H32O 14) and neohesperidin (C28H34O 15) in this product is not less than 4.0%. 1. lime
Small evergreen tree or shrub with needle-like branches and triangular young branches. Simple leaves alternate, oblong, petiole with winglets forming arrow-shaped leaves. Flowers are white, fragrant, solitary or axillary, with five petals. The fruit is spherical or slightly flat, orange when ripe, flowering in March-April, and fruit maturity 10 month.
2. Fructus Aurantii Yuanjiang
Petiole wings exist, slightly longer and wider than the upper formal leaves. There are four petals, the fruit is thick (fleshy) and the flesh is small.
Deciduous shrubs or small trees, 6 meters high. The branches are green and the stems have thorns. Leaves alternate, palmately compound, three leaflets, leafless, oval or obovate at the top, slightly concave at the apex; Lateral 2 leaflets elliptic-ovate, oblique at the base, with wavy serrations at the leaf margin; The leaves are leathery. The flowers are bisexual, solitary, white, 3.5-5 cm in diameter, the first leaf is open, and the flowering period is April-May. The fruit is spherical, 5 cm in diameter, densely covered with fluff, fragrant, ripe in 10, yellow. 1. Feeding
(1) Seedling raising and transplanting
Select mature fruits from mature trees to collect seeds, dry them in the shade, mix them with 30% sand, and bury them in the sand pit for later use. Choose sandy loam as the seedbed, sow with 8 cm row spacing before and after the fright, cover the soil for about half a centimeter, cover the seeds with wheat straw and water them. After emergence, you can remove the cover and weed, and apply dilute manure and water fertilizer. In autumn, the spacing between plants is 7 ~ 8 cm, so it is necessary to alternate or replenish seedlings. After the seedlings grow for 3 ~ 4 years, select strong seedlings without pests and diseases and transplant them in summer according to the row spacing of 15 cm.
(2) Bud grafting (poor survival rate of branch grafting)
Before and after the Cold Dew Festival, select 2-3-year-old fine varieties and robust branches without pests and diseases, pick leaves and leave stems, then cut branches and buds together with a small xylem into shield-shaped scions, then cut the bark on the trunk of the rootstock (with rooted seedlings) horizontally, and then cut a knife downwards in the middle to make it T-shaped. After the xylem of the scion is removed, it is immediately embedded in the kerf of the rootstock and bound and fixed. After grafting, cut off the rootstock above the joint and let only the scion grow. 2 ~ 3 years after grafting, plant according to the spacing of 45cm, first dig resistance, put seedlings, arrange roots, fill soil, then gently lift seedlings to stretch fibrous roots, and then stably fill soil.
(3) High branch layering method
From June 5438 to February, 2-3-year-old branches were selected from strong trees, cut into a slit with a width of about 1 cm, peeled off the bark, mixed with wet mud, wrapped with straw for external use, and watered once a day or every other day, which can take root for more than half a month. Each robust tree can receive 6- 10 branches, cut them in about 2 months and plant them in the ground.
2. Tian Tuan management
(1) intertillage weeding
Three or four times a year, too dry for irrigation and too wet for drainage.
(2) Fertilization
A circular furrow with a width of about 7-8 cm and a depth of about 3 cm was dug under the crown by ring fertilization. Fertilize once before flowering (after physiological fruit drop is determined) and once after fruit picking, including human excrement, pond mud, vegetation, bone meal, manure, etc. Can be used, each plant is about 25-35 kg at a time.
(3) Pruning
Trees grow mostly in winter, and drooping branches (aging), thorns, residual fruit stems, dead branches and densely distributed side branches, overlapping branches, cross branches and pests and diseases can be cut off.
3. Pest control
(1) ulcer disease
The fruits of branches and leaves are damaged, and the leaves first show yellow needle-like spots, which gradually swell and rupture, spongy and grayish, and often fall off and deform. The diseased branches should be pruned and burned in time, and 200 times of Bordeaux mixture should be sprayed before spring buds.
(2) Sore and dementia
Harm to leaves, branches and fruits, the lesion is brownish red at first, then it expands and darkens, forming a warty process, and the prevention and control methods are the same as above.
(3) Coal disease
Scale insects, aphids, etc. It's all induced by parasitism. The leaves are now small spots like coal ash, and later they have expanded, and the leaves are covered with black films. Pay attention to drainage, pruning, ventilation and light transmission to kill pests.
Long-horned beetle, red spider, scale insect, leaf miner, citrus fruit fly, etc. Treat with appropriate pesticides.
4. Harvest and processing
It should be picked before and after the summer heat. If it is too early, the fruit is small, if it is too late, the fruit is too big and the meat is thin, which affects the quality. Choose green unripe fruits, cut them crosswise on sunny days, and spread them out one by one (usually on a straw mat). When drying, the pulp (incision) is upward, so as not to get wet by ash or water. After drying to semi-dryness, reverse dry the skin until it is completely dry. If it's rainy, you can use a kang, the incision is down, and the quilt has a little more firepower. After semi-drying, you can use a small fire kang until it is completely dry.