pyramid of khufu
There is a world-famous pyramid of khufu in Giza, a suburb of Cairo, the Egyptian capital. As a world miracle of man-made architecture, pyramid of khufu was originally the largest pyramid in the world. When it was first built, the height of pyramid of khufu was 146.59 meters, and the length of the base was 230 meters. It is made of more than 2.5 million boulders, each weighing about 2.5-50 tons. Pyramid of khufu was built about 4700 years ago. With the passage of time, under the impact of rain, snow and sand, today's pyramid of khufu has lost its majestic posture. At present, the height of pyramid of khufu is only138m, while the length below is 220m. Nevertheless, it is still the best in the world, standing high between the blue sky and white clouds and the yellow sand everywhere, which is very spectacular.
the step pyramid
Stepped pyramids Before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, tombs were generally huge rectangular tombs made of mud bricks. In the third dynasty, a doctor named Imhotep wanted to build a tomb for the left king in a special way. So, for the first time in human history, he built a huge tomb with stones.
He first built a tomb about 8 meters high and 63 meters long with stones. Later, he constantly changed the plan and designed the mound to overlap, that is, building one layer at a time, shrinking one layer at a time and adding it to the sixth floor. After that, he wrapped the monster in delicate white lime. After completion, the mound is 62 meters high, with the bottom length from east to west 12 1 meter and the north-south length 109 meter. It is the earliest six-story trapezoidal pyramid in Egypt. Zuo Sai was buried under this pyramid after his death.
There are many corridors and passages around the stepped pyramid, displaying alabaster and rock utensils. On the walls of some corridors, there are also many decorations carved with blue-green ceramic decorations. Around the pyramids, other buildings have been built in Imhotep, such as the memorial halls of "Northern Family" and "Southern Family". The whole building area is 544 meters long from north to south and 277 meters wide from east to west, and the surrounding limestone walls are 10 meters high.
The Red Pyramid is another pyramid built by Pharaoh Safro near the arc pyramid. It is the oldest "real" pyramid in Egypt, with a square with a side length of about 220 meters at the bottom and a height of about 104 meters. It is named because its theme building material is red lime (the surface is wrapped with a little decorative white limestone).
Mayan pyramids
Maya Pyramid Maya civilization originated from about 1800 BC, while Itza, Chen Chi was built in the 5th century, covering an area of 25 square kilometers in the 7th century. The Mayans built hundreds of buildings with stones here, which is the product of the development of Mayan civilization to its peak. These buildings are not only tall and majestic, but also carved with exquisite decorative patterns, showing the superb architectural art level of ancient Mayans. Chen Chi Iza's central building is a huge pyramid, which stands in the clearing of tropical jungle. It is called Ku Ku Ku Kun Pyramid. The design data of this pyramid is of astronomical significance. Its base is square with steps facing due north, due south, due east and due west, and there are 9 1 steps around it. The number of steps and terraces represent the number of days and months in a year respectively. The 52 stone tablets engraved with patterns symbolize that 52 years in the Mayan calendar is a cycle year, and these orientations are obviously well thought out. In the east of Ku Ku Ku Kun Pyramid, there is a magnificent four-story pyramid, which is called the Warrior Temple. In front and south of the temple is a huge square or round stone pillar, called "Thousand Pillars Group", which is used to support a huge palace. There is a supine figure at the entrance, carved from a huge stone. The ancient Mayans called it "Chakmore" statue, and behind it were two quetzalcoatl gods with big mouths. There are many stone buildings in the old town of Ithaca, Chen Chi, within a few kilometers around the central area of Fiona Fang, all of which are relics of the same era.
Sean Tomb in Zhangjiajie
Pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid
The pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid are one of the important cultural monuments in Mexico. They are famous for their magnificent and unique architectural styles and profound mysteries, and attract many tourists from home and abroad every year. The Pyramid of the sun
The pyramid of the sun and the Moon Pyramid are the main parts of Teotihuacan, an ancient city with Aztec culture. It is located between the valley of Popocatepel volcano and Esta civatte volcano, 40 kilometers northeast of Mexico City, covering an area of more than 20 square kilometers. Teotihuacan means "the capital of the gods" in Hindi.
Pyramid of the sun was built in the 2nd century A.D., and it is trapezoidal, facing east and west. Its interior consists of 2.5 million tons of soil and sand. Its exterior is paved and inlaid with huge volcanic rocks, and colorful patterns are carved on the stones. The tower is 654.38+00,000 cubic meters high, divided into five floors and 65 meters high. There are 236 steps on the front, which can reach the top of the tower directly. There was once a 10-meter-high Sun Temple at the top of the tower, which was the place where ancient Indians sacrificed to the sun god.
The Moon Pyramid was built about 200 years later than pyramid of the sun, facing south, with a tower body of 380,000 cubic meters, four floors and a height of 46 meters. More than 200 steps go straight to the top, and the inclination angle of each step is different, which is intriguing. The stones piled up outside are painted with colorful snake heads with feather collars, and there are many murals symbolizing the rain god composed of corn cobs. The wide square in front of the tower can accommodate tens of thousands of people. Pyramid of the moon
Pyramid of the sun and Moon Pyramid are located in the east and north of Teotihuacan Street respectively. "Yellow Avenue" is 4 kilometers long and 45 meters wide, running through the whole city from north to south. At the southern end of the street is a large building complex of the ancient city. At that time, it was a religious, trade and administrative center, and now it has become the location of museums, shopping malls and management offices. Opposite the castle covering an area of 67,500 square meters, there is a Quetzalcoatl Temple. Now the temple has been destroyed, but the temple base still exists, and the head of the feather snake on the slope of the temple base is lifelike. On the west side of the northern end of the street is the famous Butterfly Palace, which was the most prosperous area of the ancient city at that time. The stone pillars in the palace are carved with exquisite butterfly wings and bird reliefs, which are vivid and colorful. The Sun-Moon Pyramid in Teotihuacan is comparable to the pyramids in Egypt in architectural scale and art..
The pyramids are the representative works of ancient Egyptian civilization, the symbol of the Egyptian state and the pride of the Egyptian people.
The Egyptian pyramids are the imperial tombs in the pyramid shape of the slave society in ancient Egypt. One of the eight architectural wonders in the world. They are numerous and widely distributed. Memphis, the ancient city on the west bank of the Nile in the southwest of Cairo, is the most densely populated area.
96 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt, the largest of which is located in Giza, a suburb of Cairo. The Great Pyramid is the tomb of Khufu, the second king of the fourth dynasty, which was built around 2690 BC. The original height is146.5m, and the top is peeled off due to years of weathering10m, but the current height is136.5m; Each side of the base is more than 230 meters long, the angle of the triangle is 52 degrees, and the bottom area of the tower is 52,900 square meters. The tower is made of 2.3 million stones, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons, and some weighing dozens of tons; Some scholars estimate that if the stones of the pyramids are transported by train, about 600 thousand wagons are needed; If these stones are cut into a foot-wide road, you can go around the earth. It is said that it took 65438+ ten thousand people 30 years to build it. The passage inside the pyramid is open to the outside world, and its exquisite design and accurate calculation amaze the world.
The second pyramid is the tomb of King Havra, son of Khufu. Built in 2650 BC, it is 3 meters lower than the former and now it is 133.5 meters higher. However, the architectural pyramids are more perfect and spectacular. There are temples and other ancillary buildings and the famous Sphinx in front of the tower.
The Sphinx refers to Ha Fula. The Sphinx looks like a lion, 22 meters high and 57 meters long. One ear of the statue is 2 meters high. Except for the lion's claws, the whole statue is carved from natural rocks. Because the stone is loose, it has gone through more than 4000 years, and the whole statue has been severely weathered. In addition, the face was severely damaged. Some people say that Ma Mruck used it as a target to practice shooting, while others said that it was a trace left by the shelling when Napoleon invaded Egypt in the18th century.
The third pyramid belongs to King Koala, the grandson of Khufu, and was built around 2600 BC. At that time, it was the decline of the fourth dynasty, and the pyramid buildings began to be corroded. The height of the Menkoala Pyramid suddenly dropped to 66 meters, and its internal structure collapsed. Three pyramid stones can build a wall three meters high and thirty centimeters thick around the French border. The inclination of the pyramid is 52 degrees, and each stone is closely connected. You can't find the gap, even the tip of the knife can't get in. You have to admire some techniques such as measurement and engineering in ancient Egypt.
There is a famous Sun Boat Museum in the south of pyramid of khufu. Khufu's son used a solar boat to transport Khufu's mummy to the pyramid for burial, then took the boat apart and buried it underground. The museum was built on the site unearthed by the sun boat. The hull is made of pure wood structure and tied with ropes.
[Edit this paragraph] Development and evolution
The pyramids are the tombs of slavery kings in ancient Egypt. These rulers were called "pharaohs" in history. Ancient Egyptians' devout belief in God made them form a deep-rooted "concept of the afterlife" very early. They even think that "life is only a short stay, and after death it is a permanent enjoyment". Therefore, the Egyptians regarded the underworld as a continuation of earthly life. Influenced by this concept of the afterlife, the ancient Egyptians made sincere and confident preparations for their own death when they were alive. Every rich Egyptian should be busy preparing his grave and decorating it with all kinds of things in order to gain eternal life after death. As far as Pharaoh or aristocrat is concerned, he will spend several years, even decades, building a mausoleum, and will also order craftsmen to use mural paintings and wooden models of the mausoleum to describe the activities he will continue to engage in after his death, such as sailing, hunting, feasting and so on, as well as the work that servants should do, so that he can live as comfortable as before.
The largest of all the pyramids in ancient Egypt is the pyramid of the fourth dynasty Pharaoh Khufu. The original height of the Great Pyramid was 146.59 meters. After thousands of years of wind and rain, the top has been eroded by nearly 10 meter. The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world until it was built in Paris in 1888. The bottom of this pyramid is square, each side is more than 230 meters long, and it takes almost one kilometer to walk around the pyramid. The pyramid of Khufu is not only amazing in scale, but also famous for its superb architectural skills. There is no cement or other adhesive between the stones of the tower, but one stone is stacked on another. Every stone has been ground down for thousands of years. Even so, it is difficult for people to insert a sharp blade into the gap between stones, so it can last for thousands of years without falling down. This is a miracle in the history of architecture. In addition, on the north side of the Great Pyramid, there is a triangular entrance composed of four huge stones, and the height from the ground is 13 meters. This triangle is cleverly used, because if a quadrilateral is used instead of a triangle, then the huge pressure of the pyramid with a height of 100 meters will collapse the entrance. With the triangle, the great pressure is evenly dispersed. It is really remarkable to have such an understanding and application of mechanical principles more than 4,000 years ago and to have such a structure.
Shortly after Khufu's death, another pyramid was built not far from his Great Pyramid. This is the pyramid of Khufu's son, Ha Raf. It is 3 meters lower than pyramid of khufu, but it seems to be higher than pyramid of khufu because of its higher terrain. Near the tower, there is a big statue carved with khalaf's head and the lion's body, the so-called Sphinx. Except the lion is made of stone, the whole Sphinx is chiseled on a huge natural rock. It has a history of more than 4500 years.
Why did you carve it into a lion's body? In ancient Egyptian mythology, the lion was the guardian of various mysterious places and the gateway to the underground world. Because Pharaoh will become a sun god after his death, he built such a sphinx to guard the portal for Pharaoh.
After the fourth dynasty, although other pharaohs built many pyramids, their scale and quality could not be compared with the above pyramids. After the Sixth Dynasty, with the division of the ancient kingdom and the decline of Pharaoh's power, the resistance of the Egyptian people and the robbery of some people, Pharaoh's "mummies" were often dragged out of the pyramids, so Egyptian pharaohs stopped building pyramids and dug secret graves on the mountains.
[Edit this paragraph] Architectural history
Pharaoh is the king of ancient Egypt, and the pyramid is the tomb of Pharaoh. Why did Pharaoh build the pyramids? How were the huge pyramids built? Some people say that the pyramids were built by aliens. What is the truth?
If the legend about the bold and wonderful design of the pyramids can be accepted by modern people, it is hard to imagine such a huge construction process. Pyramid of khufu is built by millions of huge stones. The average weight of each stone is over 2000 kg, and the largest stone is over 100 ton. These boulders were mined from the east bank of the Nile, that is to say, they were not loaded and unloaded by cranes or transported by trolleys. Herodotus, known as the "father of western historiography", once recorded that the stones used to build pyramid of khufu were mined from the "Arabian Mountain" (probably Sinai Peninsula).
However, we now know that most of the stones are mined locally, and the limestone used to decorate their surfaces is shipped from Tula mining area in Hedong. It was not easy to mine stones at that time, because people had no explosives and no steel. At that time, Egyptians used copper or bronze chisels to punch holes in rocks, then inserted them into wooden wedges and filled them with water. When the wedge was expanded by water, the rock cracked. This method may seem clumsy today, but it was a great technology more than 4000 years ago. It is also extremely difficult to transport from the quarry to the ruins of the pyramids. The ancient Egyptians put stones on sledges, which were pulled by people and livestock. Therefore, a wide and flat road is needed. It took 10 years to build the road for transporting stones and the catacombs of the pyramids.
When the pyramid of khufu was built, the Egyptian people volunteered to build a pyramid for Khufu. They are divided into large groups of 654.38+10,000 people to work, and each large group has to work for three months. There are slaves among these workers, but there are also many ordinary farmers and craftsmen. Slaves in ancient Egypt transported huge stones to construction sites with the help of animal power and rolling logs. They also piled the sand from Zhou Tianran on the slope and pulled the boulder to the front of the pyramid along the slope. In this way, a layer of slopes and stones are piled up, and the pyramid is gradually increased. It took 20 years to build pyramid of khufu. Respondent: Qiao Qiao Xingyue | Grade II | 2010-4-2118: 57.
In ancient Greece, the pyramids were listed as the seven wonders of the world. In the tourism propaganda equivalent to people's oral words, some collateral elements are constantly added, which is more and more deified. Most people haven't studied it seriously.
Anyone who has studied the history of ancient foreign architecture knows that the form of Egyptian Pharaoh's mausoleum went through three periods before the Roman invasion. The first period was a temple-like building, which was generally divided into two parts, a courtyard and a fence. The courtyard inside was built on the hillside and a high platform was built. In the center of the high platform, there is a small temple with a square cone top.
It was the square pyramid roof of this small temple that later evolved into the main building of the second period-the pyramid. In front of many early pyramids, the sacrificial hall in the first yard still remains.
Even the buildings of the first phase of ancient Egyptian tombs are systematically recorded, and there are a lot of archaeological data. Except the pyramids of the second period?
Egypt has the most developed "architecture" in the world at that time-building technology has risen to science in Egypt, and Egyptians already knew how to draw general plans and construction drawings at that time.
Now, professionals will not argue about the construction process and technology of the pyramids. What they care about is the concrete construction technology and the deeds of the pyramid owners in history.
The history books of ancient Egypt recorded many things that happened during the construction of the pyramids, including some riots caused by the lack of vegetables, food and medical care by craftsmen during the construction of the pyramids.
Historians in ancient Greece also recorded the influence of pyramid architecture on Egyptian society. For example, when a Pharaoh built the pyramids, the Egyptian people at that time suffered a lot. They hated Pharaoh's guts, and they were disgusted at the mention of Pharaoh's name. They also said that someone was herding sheep.
It can be seen that the construction of the pyramids was recorded at that time.
It's not easy to know the truth about some things with distant ages or geographical locations except to spend a lot of time discussing them. For example, one of the three great pyramids was demolished. How many people know about it? How many people know which one was demolished? Why did you tear it down?
These are all very clear histories, but most people may not know them, maybe they are not interested in knowing them. Respondent: Zi Han Aijiesen | Level 1 | 2010-4-2119: 56.
Pyramids are magical to boulders.
You can't even insert the blade! (own opinion)
There is no doubt that the magic of the pyramid is definitely a classic. I just want to talk about my thoughts here, which can only show that my point of view is not ~ ~ ~ ~ ...
Although the pyramid is very well built, I think it needs me to put on a coat of science so as not to become a myth in people's minds and feel incomprehensible.