Geographical distribution of peaches

The main economic planting areas are in North China and East China provinces of China, and the relatively concentrated areas are Haidian District of Beijing, Pinggu County, Jixian County of Tianjin, Mengyin, Feicheng, Yidu, Qingdao, Shangshui, Kaifeng of Henan, Funing, Zunhua, Shenxian, Linzhang of Hebei, Baoji, Xi 'an of Shaanxi, Tianshui of Gansu, Chengdu of Sichuan, Dalian of Liaoning, Fenghua of Zhejiang, Nanhui of Shanghai and Wuxi of Jiangsu.

Originally from China, it is widely cultivated in various provinces. It is cultivated all over the world.

Variety classification:

Important varieties:

The more important varieties of peaches are: nectarine? Flat peach, longevity peach, peach. Among them, nectarine and flat peach are cultivated as fruit trees, Shouxing peach and Bitong peach are mainly for viewing, and Shouxing peach can also be used as dwarf rootstock of peach. This tree is 4-5 meters high. Annual branches are reddish brown. The leaves are mostly lanceolate, the leaf margin is serrated, and there are often nectaries at the base of the petiole. There are two patterns: roses and bells. Drupe is mostly round or rectangular except flat peach, and the fruit surface is evenly distributed with fuzz except nectarine. The pulp is white, yellow or flushed, and a few are red; Soft, crisp or dense meat; There are different pits on the nuclear surface, which is an important basis for the classification of species and varieties.

Cultivation techniques:

grow seedlings

As an rootstock seedling, when the height of the seedling is 25-30 cm, the core is removed to make the seedling strong, and by the end of summer and early autumn, it can reach the required thickness of the rootstock. Transplanting should be done after defoliation in early spring or autumn. Small seedlings can be transplanted with bare roots or mud, and large seedlings need to be transplanted with soil balls. Cultivating large seedlings requires pruning to form a skeleton. Peach trees merge into a natural cup-shaped crown and a natural happy crown.

Trim the crown

Cultivation of natural cup-shaped crown: after transplanting the annual grafted seedlings, leave the dry height 1 m, cut off the top, cut off the mouth buds and leave strong buds. Keep pulling out new branches below 1 m, and you can choose to be the main branch. Generally, new branches 30-40 cm above the ground are left as the first main branches; 20-30cm above the first main branch, selecting a new branch as the second main branch; At 1 m, that is, the new branch extracted from the cutting bud is the third main branch. The three main branches should be evenly distributed around the trunk, and it is best not to rotate. When pruning in summer, the upright branches, sprouting branches and sprouting rootstocks on the main branches should be removed to avoid affecting the growth and early formation of the main branches. When cutting in the winter of the following year, the main branch is cut short, and the tender buds are cut off to keep the strong buds, so as to cultivate the extension branches of the main branch. In addition, select and leave suitable side branches on each main branch. It should be noted that the side branches at the same level stay in the same direction, so as not to cross each other and affect the tree shape and ventilation.

Cultivation of natural happy crown: after transplanting the annual grafted seedlings, the stems should be fixed at 40- 60 cm. Generally, three main branches (a few of them have four or five main branches) are selected in the plastic belt above the fixed height of the trunk, and the main branches should be evenly distributed, keeping about 45 degrees from the central trunk and growing radially. Remove all remaining branches. When cutting in the next winter, cut the main branch by 30-50 cm to prepare for the promotion of side branches. Other branches, branches sprouting on the trunk and buds on the rootstock should also be removed. This forms a natural and happy crown shape.

plant

The plant spacing is 4m×5m or 3m×4m, and 500-840 plants are planted per hectare. The planting period can be from defoliation to germination. Taoyuan cannot be continuously cropped, otherwise the young trees will obviously weaken, the leaves will lose their green color, the new roots will turn brown and the branches will flow with glue. This phenomenon is more serious in sandy soil or upper soil with low fertility. The main reason is that the residual roots of previous crops decompose in the soil to produce toxic substances such as benzaldehyde and cyanic acid, which have inhibitory and toxic effects on the roots, and are also related to the reproduction and accumulation of nematodes in the soil during continuous cropping.

Fertilize soil or land

The demand ratio of peach to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1∶0. 5∶ 1. Young trees should pay attention to controlling the application of nitrogen fertilizer, otherwise it will easily lead to excessive growth. After the full fruit stage, nitrogen fertilizer was added to enhance the tree vigor. The content of potassium in peach fruit is 3. Twice as much as nitrogen. If potassium fertilizer is applied, the fruit will be large and the yield will be high. Results The tree was fertilized three times a year: basal fertilizer 10- 1 1 was applied during deep ploughing in June, mainly organic fertilizer, accounting for 50% of the annual fertilization; From late April to May, strong fruit fertilizer was applied during fruit hard core stage, and potassium fertilizer was mainly applied to early-maturing varieties. The application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for middle and late-maturing varieties accounted for 15%-20%, 20%-30% and 40% of the whole year respectively. Fruit picking fertilizer is applied before and after fruit picking, accounting for 15%-20% of the whole year. In addition, the peach garden should be cultivated regularly to weed, keep the soil loose, and drain water in time to prevent stagnant water from rotting roots.

Do plastic surgery

Make it more natural and happy. The height of the stem is about 60 cm, leaving 3-4 main branches, and the opening angle of the main branches is 50-60. Each main branch should have 65,438+0-2 auxiliary branches, and the branchlets on the main branch and auxiliary branches should be as few as possible. Pruning period includes winter pruning and summer pruning. Although the first-bearing trees (3-4 years after planting) have borne fruit, they grow vigorously with many white branches and dense branches. It is necessary to take summer pruning measures such as wiping buds, pinching branches and twisting branches to suppress the strong and help the weak and maintain the balance of trees. For peach trees in full fruit stage, due to years of fruiting, the tree vigor slows down, the number of long branches and secondary branches is obviously reduced, and the proportion of medium and short branches is increased. It is necessary to give priority to short branches, delete over-dense branches and strong branches at the top, and improve the lighting conditions between branches; Need to update weak branches in time.