There are many methods to make animal bone specimens, but most of them are time-consuming and laborious, which requires high technical requirements for the producers. Especially the bones of small animals. Insect erosion method is a relatively simple and effective method for making bone specimens. Although it was mentioned in previous professional books, it was not discussed in detail. I organized this method according to my practice as follows:

(1) materials: Tenebrio molitor, wire cutters, glass containers, fine copper wires, all-purpose adhesive, specimen bedplate.

(2) Reagents: bleaching agent and degreasing solvent.

(3) Production process:

(1) Erosion: The animal carcasses are put into containers containing Tenebrio molitor. The weight of insects is basically the same as that of animal carcasses. In order to accelerate the moth eating, the temperature should be kept at 65438 00℃-30℃. Tenebrio molitor likes to be dry, and humidity will cause a large number of insect deaths, so keep the environment dry and ventilated. Pay attention to observation every day, turn the animal carcass over, and let the soft tissues of all parts be eroded clean.

(2) Degreasing: The corroded bones can be degreased within one week by putting them into gasoline or xylene.

③ Bleaching: put the bone in 1% sodium peroxide solution for 2-3 days and take it out after whitening; When bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, the concentration is generally 3% ~ 30%, and the bone can be taken out when it turns white.

④ Plastic sealing: According to the size of bones, copper wire brackets can be selected or directly bonded with all-purpose adhesive.

(4) Summary

Tenebrio molitor is an insect that can be easily obtained in the flower and bird market. It has a wide range of sources, simple feeding and sanitation. Therefore, it is a good insect eater. Specimens are mainly eaten by insects to remove soft tissues, so bones can be preserved intact. The whole operation process is simple and convenient, and the technical requirements are low. According to the actual situation, we can also combine this method with the general "manual elimination method" to deal with the bone specimens of large animals.

Making method of animal stripping specimen

The preparation of animal skin specimens refers to vertebrates, that is to say, most species of vertebrates can be made into skin specimens, but in practical application, it is mainly suitable for mammals and birds, as well as other large species of various classes that are not suitable for soaking, such as whales, sharks, turtles and so on.

There are many kinds of animals, and their external shapes, body sizes, skin conditions and so on are very different. In the production process, we must adopt different methods according to different situations. For example, birds are usually skinned from the abdomen, but cormorants can be cut from the back because of the fat in the abdomen and the feathers at the opening of the abdomen are easy to pollute. In addition, the process of making specimens varies from person to person, and there are many ways to make specimens. For example, when making bird specimens, there is a difference between cutting from the chest and cutting from the abdomen. As long as the specimen is vivid, ecological and realistic, it is a good work.

(1) Commonly used drugs

1. Arsenic trioxide (As2O3), also known as arsenic, is a white odorless and tasteless powder, which is highly toxic and has antiseptic effect.

2. Potassium aluminum sulfate [K2SO4 Al2 (SO4) 3 24h2o], also known as alum, is a colorless and transparent crystal, which has anti-corrosion and anti-scaling effects.

3. Camphor (C 10H 16O) has the function of preventing the specimen of insect column.

4. Boric acid (H3BO3) has antiseptic effect, but it is poor.

5. Phenol (C6H5OH) is also called carbolic acid and lysol. It has the functions of disinfection and antisepsis, and can prevent residual muscles from deteriorating.

(2) Preparation of preservative

1. Arsenic disinfection powder: mainly used for reptiles and mammals. When preparing, the arsenic, alum and camphor are ground into powder according to the ratio of 2: 7: 1 and mixed evenly.

2. Boric acid disinfection powder: It can replace arsenic disinfection powder, but it is worse than arsenic disinfection powder, but it is safer to use. Just mix boric acid powder, alum powder and camphor powder in a ratio of 5: 3: 2.

3. Arsenic antiseptic cream: It has the functions of antisepsis, insect prevention and feather protection, and is mainly used for birds.

(3) Common tools and materials

1. Anatomical tools: such as scalpels, tweezers, scissors, bone scissors, etc. Can be prepared according to economic conditions.

2. Woodworking and metalworking tools: such as wire cutters and vises. ? Head, electric drill and saw can be prepared according to conditions.

3. Gypsum powder (or talcum powder): It has water absorption function, and is mainly used to absorb the water of washed bird feathers. When peeling, it is scattered between muscles and skin to prevent adhesion and prevent blood and fat from polluting the feathers.

4. Lead wire: used for supporting animal specimens. Models with different thicknesses can be selected according to the size of animals.

5. Filler: mainly used to fill specimens, as well as cotton, bamboo silk, hemp knife, brown and so on. You can choose.

6. Glass artificial eye: It can be used to replace the eyes of animals.

7. Needle and thread: used to suture incision specimens.

8. Specimen table, branches, etc. : Used for fixing animal specimens.

9. Mark and record the name, sex and collection place of animal specimens.

(4) execution of birds and mammals

Living animals generally need to be slaughtered 1 ~ 2 hours before skinning, and can only be skinned after blood coagulation. There are several execution methods, which can be selected according to different animals.

1. Chest compression made him unable to breathe, his heart beat, and he died.

2. Air acupuncture. Inject a small amount of air intravenously into animals to block blood circulation, such as rabbits can inject it from the ear; Birds can be injected from the medial arm vein of their wings.

Step 3 drown. Can be used for mammals.

(5) Stripping bird specimens.

If it is alive before peeling, it needs to be put to death; If it is dead, the body should be examined as follows: whether the feathers are complete and whether the body is corrupt. It is very important to check whether the body is corrupt. The inspection method is: pull the feathers on cheeks, abdomen and crops hard, and use them only if they don't fall off.

Some birds were killed by bullets, and wounds and other places often shed blood or dirty things to stain their feathers. You can wash it with a brush dipped in water or detergent, then wipe off the water and sprinkle gypsum powder or talcum powder on the washed place. After the feathers are dried, gypsum powder can be brushed off to make them fluffy. If it is not completely dried once, it can be repeated again.

The skinning methods of bird specimens are basically the same (except for special species). Now, taking domestic pigeons as an example, the description is as follows:

Put the bird on the table and hold your head high. Separate the feathers of the chest to expose the bare hair area, cut it from the depression in front of the chest keel, and cut it straight along the skin to the center of the chest keel. The length of the opening should be slightly larger than the chest width of the bird. Beginners' openings can be enlarged appropriately, but not too large. It is difficult to deal with in the later suture and plastic surgery. The front end of the opening should be exposed to the neck, and then peeled off along the skin and muscles of the bird's chest with a scalpel, reaching the armpits on both sides of the chest. In the process of peeling, you should always sprinkle some gypsum powder on the inner side of skin and muscles to prevent feathers from being polluted by blood and fat.

Forward, use a scalpel to separate the crop from the skin and expose the neck. Hold the bird's head with your hands, bend the bird's neck to the abdomen, and then cut the bird's neck, esophagus and trachea together with scissors near the chest. At this time, we should pay attention to: ① The neck is completely cut from the skin, and do not cut the neck skin. (2) If there are blood spots, gypsum powder should be sprinkled in time to avoid blood spots polluting the skin. (3) It is best not to stubble. If you accidentally break the crop, you should pick up the bird in time and peel off the food in the crop to prevent the food from polluting the feathers.

Turn the bird over so that its back is up, then turn its head and neck over and peel the bird's back along the skin to reveal its shoulders.

Continue to peel off the humerus on both wings. Remove the muscles from the humerus and separate the humerus from the bird at the shoulder joint.

Continue to peel back the waist. When peeling the waist, the back and abdomen should be done at the same time. When exposing the leg, peel the skin all the way to the joint between the tarsometatarsal bones, remove the muscles on the tibia, cut off the upper end of the tibia, and separate the tibia from the bird.

When the tail is peeled off, the rectal floor is cut with a knife when the cloacal hole is peeled off; When peeling the tail, the tail fat should be completely separated from the skin and cut off at the end of the tail heald with scissors. After incision, the endodermis is V-shaped. Be careful not to cut off the shaft root of the tail feather to prevent the tail feather from falling off. At this point, the body muscles and skin have been completely separated.

Then peel the skin off the wings, pull out the humerus and peel it directly to the ulna. When peeling the ulna, because the shaft root of the wing feather is firmly born on the ulna, you should completely separate the wing skin from the ulna with your fingers close to the shaft root until it is peeled off to the wrist, and then remove all the muscles on the ulna and radius.

When making specimens of spreading wings, the wings cannot be peeled off by the above method. Because the feather roots on the ulna are separated from the ulna, when the wings are spread, the flying feathers will droop and cannot be opened because there is no support. Therefore, when making specimens of spreading wings, the skin should be cut inside the ulna to remove the muscles attached to the ulna and radius, and then sutured along the skin incision.

The wings are peeled off, and then the head is peeled off. Pull the neck first, so that the skin of the neck turns over to the head and gradually peels off, exposing the occipital bone. At this time, a taupe ear canal will appear on both sides of the occipital bone. Cut with a scalpel close to the base of the ear canal, or pull it out along the base of the ear canal with pointed tweezers. If you peel it forward, there will be dark parts on both sides, which are the eyeballs of birds. Use a scalpel to cut the eyelid limbal membrane, and use tweezers to take out the eyeball (be careful not to cut the eyeball and eyelid). At the same time, observe the color of iris when installing artificial eye, and color accordingly.

Around the occipital hole, use scissors to enlarge the occipital hole and cut off the neck. At the same time, cut the muscles along the medial sides of the mandible, pull out the bird's tongue, and remove the head muscles. Use tweezers to extend into the cranial cavity from the enlarged occipital hole; Clamp the meninges and take out the brain. In this way, the whole stripping process is completed.

Some birds. Woodpeckers and ducks, for example, have big heads and thin necks, and the bones of their heads cannot be turned out from the skin of their necks. Then, you can cut off the neck first, and then make a small incision along the occipital bone from the outside (the size depends on the size of the bird's head) to turn the skull out of the small mouth, dig out the ear canal and remove the eyeball muscles. After removing the rot and installing the artificial eye, sew a small mouth.

After the bird is peeled off, it should be checked again. Muscle and fat attached to the skin should be removed. The gypsum powder scattered on the skin during peeling should be brushed off, and the skin accidentally cut during peeling should be stitched (from the inside).

After a bird's body is skinned, its skin must be treated immediately. In the process of antiseptic treatment, the feathered side will gradually turn back to the body surface and restore its original shape. Anti-corrosion and repair steps are as follows:

First, apply arsenic trioxide antiseptic cream (arsenic trioxide antiseptic cream) to the eye socket, cranial cavity and mandible, fill the eye socket with two cotton balls as big as the eyeball, install the artificial eye in a proper position, then apply the antiseptic cream to the inside of the neck skin with a brush, and gradually turn the head over (be careful not to pull hard to avoid the neck feathers falling off).

Secondly, apply antiseptic cream to the tibia of both feet, and wrap cotton on the tibia, big and small. The same as the muscles on the original calf; At the same time, the skin can be completely restored to its original state after all the antiseptic ointment is coated on the inside of the calf, tail and wings.

(6) Filling bird posture specimens

There are many ways to fill bird specimens, and the simple, easy-to-master and effective methods are introduced as follows:

1. Fabrication and installation of brackets

Before filling, a bracket should be installed in the bird to support the bird. The bracket is made of lead wire, the thickness of which depends on the size of the bird. One segment is 1.3 times the length from beak to toe (based on the bird's supine position), and the other segment is 3 ~ 6 cm longer than the former. Twist it in the following order and bend it to make a bracket (the twisted part should be tightened). Align 1 3 when screwing, and the shortest length from 4 to the screwing point shall be based on the length from the beak to the front end of the original keel. A ~ A' ′ is 1/2 of the bird's chest width, and A ~ B and A ′ ~ b ′ are 2/3 of the bird's chest height.

After making the bracket, cut the four ends into sharp points with pliers, and wrap it in cotton about 0 ~ 4, which is slightly smaller than the original neck. Insert both ends of 1 and 3 respectively between the tibia and tarsometatarsal joint of both feet from the rear side, and pass through the soles of feet along the heel direction. At the same time, insert both ends into the tail and pass through the center of the ventral surface of the tail to support the tail feather.

Try to move the lead wires at both ends of 1, 2 and 3 backward, so that the 4 ends penetrate into the neck, then insert them into the tip of the bird's upper beak from the cranial cavity, and bend the 4 ends towards the bird's abdomen a little, so that the bird's head will not shake. Finally, adjust the position of the lead wire bracket to make the bird body conform to the length before peeling, and the center point of lead wire winding (that is, the original 0 point) is located at the front end of the original bird keel.

Most of the artificial eyes sold in the market are transparent glass with only one black spot (pupil) of different sizes in the middle. At this time, according to the color of the bird's iris, paint the back of the artificial eye with oil painting color (or advertising color), and then melt a little paraffin to cover the color. If the artificial eye is not installed during the anti-corrosion process, it can also be installed during the plastic surgery process. The installation method is similar to the fastening button.

2. Filling of bird specimens

Put the bird skin with a bracket on the table. Fill in the filler (cotton, bamboo, etc.) first. Under the bracket (between the bracket and the back skin), followed by the tail, waist and back. When filling the back, it is necessary to keep the filler flat, and the filling thickness is about 1/3 of the chest height (living body), so that the bird specimen made will not show traces of uneven back and lead wire support. When filling the back, you should also pay attention to the filling near the neck. If there is less filling, there will be depressions, and if there is more filling, it will be raised, which will affect the beauty of the specimen.

A long piece of cotton should be used in the neck and sent directly to the bird's jaw with tweezers. One is to make the bird's neck into an oval shape, and the other is to fill the gaps in the tongue and muscles of the mandible, and fill some fillers on both sides of the neck to replace the trachea. After filling the back and neck, pull out the bird's humerus and put it above the bracket (near the bird's abdomen). The humerus is approximately parallel to the central axis of the stent. Turn the bird over after putting it, and observe whether the wings are in place and whether the padding on the back is flat.

Then put the bird's belly up, press a heavy object on the humerus to prevent the wings from moving, and tilt the bird's legs slightly upward, and then continue to fill the abdomen and tail according to the bird's living conditions. Fill a little more when you are alive than the original bird to prevent the bird's skin from shrinking after it dries. At the same time, we should pay attention to filling some fillers on both sides of the bird's calf to make the two sides of the bird plump.

The general principle of filling is to make the specimen conform to the original ecology of birds, so it is best to observe more before making bird specimens, measure the positions of various parts of birds, such as neck length, body length, wing length and the length between wings and tails, and make records for reference. After filling, the opening of the bird body should be stitched, and the filling work is completed.

Specimen shaping is not to be said here, and the principle should be in line with ecology.

Method of making animal specimens

Mammalian specimens are one of the important materials in zoology research, and they are also the precious wealth of our country. Can be preserved for a long time and serve scientific research, teaching, exhibition and exhibition. Can be made into fake skinning specimens, bone specimens, liquid immersion specimens, appendages and other specimens according to needs. The tools and methods needed to make various specimens are described as follows.

1. Stripping tools: scalpel, dissecting scissors, bone scissors, long tweezers (sharp, with no serrations in the front end), dissecting disk or plastic sheet, thin lead wire or bamboo chopsticks, brain spoon (take a piece of lead wire, and mash the front end into a spoon shape), needle, thread, cotton, bamboo wire, and preservative mixed with arsenic trioxide and alum.

2. Before measuring the specimen, it is an essential step to measure the relevant parts of the specimen, and only by obtaining accurate data can the species be better identified. Measuring tools and articles include steel tape measure, ruler, label and collection book. The contents of the measurement include the following items. Weight: the total weight of an animal's body; Body length: snout to anus, snout to tail base of large animals; Tail length: the length from tail root to tail end (except tail hair); Length of hind foot: from the last end of tarsal joint to the front end of foot (except claw), ungulates should measure the front end of hoof; Ear length: the length from the base to the top of the ear shell (except the tufts). Large mammals also need to measure shoulder height (from the midline of the shoulder back to the front fingertip), chest circumference (the maximum circumference of the chest behind the forelimb), waist circumference (the minimum circumference of the front waist of the hind limb) and hip height (from the midline of the hip back to the toe tip).

Step 3 make animal specimens

(1) Small mammal specimens can be divided into fake peeled specimens for scientific research and ecological specimens for teaching and exhibition.

① Pseudodissection specimen (taking rats as an example)

fruit peel

Put the mouse on the dissecting disc and plastic cloth, and cut the skin along the front of anus in the middle of abdomen to the back of sternum with a scalpel. Don't use too much force during the operation, so as not to cut the abdominal cavity and pollute the fur. Then use the back of a knife or tweezers to separate the skin and muscles connected with the hind limbs, respectively push the hind limbs out of the incision, cut the knee joint and remove the muscles on the calf, strip the muscles around the back, and then cut off the joint of genitalia, rectum and skin. Clean up the connective tissue around the caudal base, hold the caudal base tightly with your left hand, and slowly pull the caudal vertebra upward with your right hand until it is completely pulled out, then peel it off to the forelimb, cut it off at the elbow joint, remove the muscle and peel it off to the head, and use a scalpel to cling to the skull to the ear. When you cut or cut off the ear root to the eye, you can see a layer of white omentum-like eyelid margin, and after carefully cutting the lower end of the omentum, your eyes will be exposed. When peeling off the upper and lower lips, first cut off the cartilage at the tip of the nose, and then peel off the lower lip with a scalpel. At this point, the skin and the body have been separated, the fat in the skin and the muscles attached to the skin are removed, the antiseptic is evenly coated, a little cotton is wrapped around the bones of the limbs to replace the original muscles, and then the mouse skin is turned over to form a straight tube with the skin facing outwards.

fill up

The 1 bamboo, which is slightly thinner and smoother than the original coccyx, is used to fake the coccyx, or lead wire is tightly wrapped around cotton to make a dummy tail, which is inserted into the tail of rats, and the dummy tail is longer than the original tail, reaching the abdominal cavity 1/2, so that the tail is fixed and the whole body is supported. Then, the fluffy cotton is kneaded into a shape that is thin at the front and thick at the back, the front end of the cotton is clamped with big tweezers, and then it is tightly inserted into the head from the opening, and then the fluffy cotton is properly filled in the insufficient parts of limbs and trunk. At this point, the cut coccyx should be close to the cotton in the abdomen, so that the coccyx does not become warped. When sewing the incision, the specimen should be put straight and the needle should be sewn from the inside out.

Plastics and fixing

The quality of specimen making has a great relationship with plastic surgery. During plastic surgery, the specimen should be placed horizontally on the table, with the head facing left, the front legs retracted, the palms facing down, the hind legs straight, the soles of the feet facing up, and the tail flat, and cotton should be picked up with tweezers to look like a slightly convex eyeball. Hair should be neat, ears should be upright, head should be slightly pointed and hips should be arched. The label is attached to the right foot, the specimen is placed on the fixing plate, and the limbs are fixed with pins. After drying in the shade, the fake peeled specimen was made. (2) The ecological specimens of museums, teaching and other units often make animal specimens into life postures for popular science. The method of stripping is basically the same as that of pseudo-stripping specimens. When filling, only lead wire (steel bar or steel plate for large animals) is needed to support its limbs. The type of lead wire used depends on the size of the animal itself. The head, limbs and tail are supported by 1 wire respectively. The lead wire of the head is first rolled with cotton into the same thickness and length as the original muscle of the neck, and one end is fixed on the skull. You can also keep the original skull. In addition, the 1 lead was inserted into the limb from the sole of the foot along the posterior side of the limb bone, leaving a section for fixation. Lead wire is bent along the bones of the limbs and tied to the bones with thread. It is still necessary to add cotton to the limbs to replace the original muscles. The coccyx should not be made of bamboo, but must be made of lead wire in various postures.

(2) Specimen making of medium-sized mammals generally refers to rabbits, marmots, giant squirrels and weasels, such as weasels. The preparation method is basically the same as that of small mammals. Because this specimen is relatively large, the opening of the abdomen is slightly larger. When filling the body with bamboo filaments, a bamboo stick is needed to support the body.

(3) Specimen making of large mammals generally refers to tigers, leopards, wild boar, deer, etc. And there are generally two methods of making, ecological specimens and preserving skin and skull without filling prosthesis for scientific research. Taking this kind of specimen as an example, it can be made from the root of the tail to the snout and the inside of the limbs. However, when dealing with horned cloven-hoofed animals, it is necessary to open a "ya" mouth between the two horns and the back of the neck, and cut off the skin around the root of the horn; When the angle is large, it needs to be operated on the neck side. In addition, the hooves and claws of the limbs need to stay on the skin.

(4) Preparation of liquid immersion specimens of some small animals (such as bats and mice). ), this method can be used to prevent decay and alopecia, because the field work conditions can not be completed at one time, or because the purpose of classification can not be clearly seen after the specimen is dried, and because of the research needs of internal organs. The method is to soak the organs exposed from the abdominal opening with 75% alcohol solution or 5 ~ 10% formalin solution. Before soaking, each specimen should be tied with a numbered bamboo stick for easy reference.

(5) Preparation of bone specimens by insect erosion This method is suitable for preparing various bone specimens of vertebrates. Take animal specimens as an example. In the past, they were usually peeled and eviscerated first, then cooked with clear water, and then the muscles attached to bones were removed with tweezers. However, it was time-consuming and laborious, which easily damaged the specimens and affected their classification, identification and collection. In recent years, China has adopted the carnivorous habit of Coleoptera insect-dermatophyte larvae to remove muscles attached to bones, and achieved good results. Introduction is as follows.

① Morphology and insect origin

The body of the skin worm we use is oval, black or auburn, or patterned, with a body length of 2 ~12 mm; Larvae has segmented body and long hair. House dust mites are distributed in the north and south of China. They not only like to eat meat, but also bite books, clothes, rawhide sheets, medicinal materials and so on. When this method is carried out, it is necessary to collect and cultivate insect groups first, and it is best to collect midges in warm spring and summer. At this time, you can attract them with flesh and blood, or you can collect them in slaughterhouses where midges often move, stalls selling flesh and blood, and fur warehouses of animal husbandry companies.

② Culture

Insect erosion method puts the collected midges into smooth containers, such as rectangular iron boxes and large glass containers. The bottom of the container can be covered with a layer of cotton. If the container is large, a layer of big-eye partition or barbed wire can be added within a certain distance. In order to make the air in the container circulate, it is not easy to climb out. There is a window at the top, which is covered with fine barbed wire. Peeling, cleaning, drying, air-drying and putting the dead bodies of wild animals or insects into a container. At this time, the temperature of the container should be kept at 27 ~ 29℃ and the humidity should not exceed 70%. In order to maintain a certain temperature and humidity, you can put a small dish filled with water in the container. If the temperature and humidity are moderate, the skulls of small mammals can be cleaned in just over ten hours, and sometimes it takes 2 ~ 3 days for medium animals. When this method is implemented, it should be checked at any time to avoid excessive moth-eaten and lead to bone loss. Completely dehydrated dry specimens should be soaked in water. This method should be carried out after the muscles are soft and dry. After insect erosion, bone specimens still retain the original color of bones. If it is not used for classification and identification, 4% hydrogen peroxide can be applied to the bone surface to obtain a white specimen.

③ Precautions

House dust mite is an important pest, so it should be prevented from escaping and causing harm when raised. When there are too many insects or stop feeding, you can use boiling water or fire.

(6) There are generally two methods to make bat specimens according to their uses.

① liquid immersion specimen

Bats are social animals, and sometimes they are caught at once. Except for some specimens, the rest can be preserved in 70% alcohol solution. The method is to cut a gap in the abdomen of the bat, and the size of the gap is subject to the immersion of the solution into the viscera. Scientific research needs to record all kinds of measurement data before soaking in liquid, and then write down the specimen number on the bamboo pole with drawing ink or pencil, tie it to the left foot (the line should be short to avoid winding) and put it in a container. After the field work, it should be identified as soon as possible, and people should be put into a jar with 70% alcohol solution in the unit of "species", and the scientific name, place of origin and collection time should still be indicated outside the bottle.

② Pseudodissection specimen.

This method can be used to make scientific research specimens.

There are two kinds of skinning: back skinning and abdomen skinning. Because the thick back is not easy to destroy the classification of specimens and has obvious characteristics, it is better to peel the back. The specific operation method is as follows. Cut from the back 1 ~ 2 cm away from the tail end, cut along the back line to the waist, gently separate the meat with your hands, hold the hind limb with your hands, cut at the joint between the femur and the body, remove all muscles, and do the same for the other hind limb. The penis bone can be cut off from the base. When removing genitalia and rectum, clamp the caudal base with tweezers, pull out the caudal vertebra with your left hand, then turn over the skin, peel off the flesh from the chest, cut off the upper arm bone and scapula, pull out and scrape off the muscles. When dealing with the head, use a knife close to the skull to cut off the ear root, eye margin and upper and lower lips in turn. Finally, in order to prevent insects from eating in the skin, arsenic is evenly spread everywhere.

package

Turn the hair outward, pull the upper humerus, forearm radius and hind limbs back to their original positions, and replace the coccyx with peeled bamboo sticks or thin lead wires. Take a lump of cotton which is 1 times larger than the original volume, fold one end into a skull shape, clamp it with tweezers, push it up from the back opening to the kissing end, and then make up for the deficiency with extra cotton. At this time, the false coccyx should be placed on the upper part of cotton. Fill it out before sewing. There is no need to sew a kiss. Just pull down the upper lip and cover the lower lip. Straighten your hair and do preliminary plastic surgery with your abdomen facing up. During plastic surgery, the chest is slightly fuller than the original shape, the abdomen is naturally flat, and other parts are arranged according to the original shape.

Fixed; unchangeable

The pterygoid membrane of bat specimens is brittle and easy to fold after drying in the shade, so it must be sewn on hard paper, which is not only difficult to deform, but also will not be damaged after long-term use. The method is to take a piece of hard paper (horse manure paper is enough) which is larger than the one-sided spread-wing specimen, and sew the abdomen of the molded specimen up on the paper. It is customary to fold the right wing and extend the left wing, with a fixed point, a needle and a thread. The external morphological features of bats are mostly concentrated in the head, so it is necessary to arrange the ears (including tragus) and nose wings after sewing, and carefully shape them in the process of drying in the shade, so that they can still maintain their original shapes after drying in the shade. Bat skulls are also essential for classification and identification, and can be sewn on paper with specimens.