Origin and distribution of species
There are about 35 species of Malus in the world and 23 species in China. Among them, the most important cultivated variety is apple, which is native to Europe, Central Asia and western Xinjiang. Secondly, Centella asiatica has a long history of cultivation in China, which was called Ling Lin and Wenlin Langguo in ancient times. Before 1950s, it was widely cultivated in North China, Northwest China and East China. There are also some small apples (see apple germplasm resources).
About 7000 years ago, carbonized apple fruits and stones were found in the Neolithic lakeside site in Switzerland, and their fruit shapes and volumes are similar to those of wild apples all over the world today. In the 3rd century BC, the Romans Marcus Pokus Cato described seven kinds of apple varieties, and then the Romans began to plant them and introduced them to Central and Northern Europe, and even Britain. But until the16th century, all the apples planted in Europe were crab apples. Later, after the improvement of the British, modern cultivated apples were gradually formed. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, European immigrants introduced apples to America. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, many new varieties were cultivated in America, and some excellent varieties were introduced to Europe soon. Japan introduced apples from Europe and America during the Meiji Restoration, but they spread to Asia. Later it was introduced to Oceania and Africa. In recent 100 years, apple cultivation has spread all over the world on five continents, most of which are distributed in temperate regions of Europe, North America and Asia. 1 annual world apple output is shown in table 1.
Table 1 China Mian Apple belongs to apple and was called Xi in ancient times. There is a correct description in Han He's Shang. It can be seen that apple cultivation has a history of more than 2,000 years in China. Cotton apples are still widely distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places, with trees over 100 years old. The western apples cultivated in China in modern times were first introduced from the United States to Yantai, Shandong Province in 187 1 year, and then introduced from Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries, gradually forming two major apple producing areas in southern Liaoning and Jiaodong. After 1949, apple production has developed rapidly, and the production areas have expanded, forming the main apple production areas such as Bohai Bay area, the old channel area of the Yellow River, the northern foot of Qinling Mountain, the northwest loess plateau, the southwest plateau, Taihang Mountain area, etc., and apples are cultivated all over the country. See Table 2 for the output of main apple producing areas in China from 65438 to 0988.
Table 2 Characteristics and characteristics
Apple varieties are different, but their morphological characteristics, growth and fruiting habits, phenology and so on all have the same characteristics.
morphological character
The height of the tree can reach 15 meters, and it is generally 3 ~ 5 meters high under cultivation conditions. The trunk is grayish brown, and the old bark has irregular longitudinal cracks or flake peeling. Branchlets are smooth and pilose at birth, 1 annual branches are yellow-green to purple-brown. Simple leaves alternate, oval to ovoid, a few obovate; When I was young, it was pilose on both sides. When I grew up, the pilose fell off and the leaf margin was serrated. Flower buds are mixed buds, mainly terminal, and there are 3 ~ 7 flowers in the corymb; White petals, pink buds, 20 stamens and 5 styles. The fruit is nucleolar, oblate to rectangular, with green and yellow background, and the color and size vary with varieties; Sepals persist, the flesh is white to milky yellow, the meat is crisp and juicy, a few are loose and spongy, and there are no stone cells; The seeds are ovoid, and the seed coat is brown or brown (Figure 1).
Figure 1 growth and fruiting habits
The shape, distribution and function of apple root system vary greatly with different rootstocks. The vertical distribution of roots is mostly within 1 m. When the soil is loose, a few backbone roots can be as deep as 4 ~ 6 meters; The horizontal distribution is often larger than the crown, especially in the young tree period. Dwarf rootstocks propagated by cutting and layering have weak and shallow roots and narrow distribution range. 1 year, the root has two or three growth peaks. Because of different rootstocks, the soil temperature rises to 3 ~ 7℃ in spring, and the best time for new roots to occur is 20 ~ 25℃. When the temperature exceeds 25℃, the new roots will age rapidly. When the soil is poorly ventilated and the oxygen content is lower than 5%, the growth of roots is inhibited, the function is reduced, and in severe cases, leaves turn yellow and fall off. When the soil temperature is lower than-10℃, the roots are frozen.
The life span of apple trees is generally 70 ~ 100 years, and some of them can reach 100 years or more. Its economic life can reach 50 ~ 80 years; Barren hills or dwarf rootstock orchards are about 20 to 30 years old. The crown has obvious stratification, and its degree varies with the branch forming ability of varieties. Generally, young trees grow upright and gradually open with the growth of tree age, especially after fruiting. First it becomes longer, then it becomes thicker. Because auxin is produced in budding buds and young leaves, it must grow to produce auxin, and then stimulate the division of cambium cells to grow thicker.
The leaf bud of apple is inserted between the top of the new shoot and the axil, which is the basis of branches and leaves. Leaf buds are covered with scales, and there are embryonic branches with central axes inside, that is, primary branches and leaves; All the short branches that grow only once and form the terminal bud are formed by the original branches and leaves in the bud, while the medium-long vegetative branches are not only formed by the original branches and leaves differentiated in the bud, but also by the branches and leaves differentiated outside the bud. Leaf buds germinate into new buds, which are shorter in the initial growth period and have smaller leaves. Later, the internodes gradually elongated and the leaves increased. By the 7th to 9th section, the leaves on the new shoots were different in size, resulting in the heterogeneity of buds. New shoots often grow obviously twice, the first time is called spring shoots, and the second time is autumn shoots, forming obvious blind nodes at the junction of spring shoots and autumn shoots. In Gongzhuling, Jilin, the new shoots of Jinhong and other varieties are in the vigorous growth period. The first spring shoot is from mid-late May to mid-late June, and the second autumn shoot is from mid-late June to late July. Bohai Bay is advanced to the middle and late May and early July to early August respectively. The new shoots of young trees often have no obvious blind nodes or only short autumn shoots, while the old trees have only spring shoots and no autumn shoots in full fruit. Autumn shoot growth stops too late, branches are not fully developed, and cold-resistant exercise is lacking, which affects the wintering ability of trees in cold areas.
The flower buds of apples mainly grow at the top of new shoots, which are called terminal flower buds; There are axillary flower buds (actually terminal flower buds) in the axils of new branches. Usually it does not germinate that year, but germinates, shoots, blooms and bears fruit the next spring. When conditions are suitable, flower buds can differentiate within one year. In tropical areas, apples can bear fruit twice a year, but in temperate areas, they usually bear fruit only once a year. In Xingcheng, Liaoning Province, the flower bud differentiation of Guoguang variety began in late June, with calyx formed in mid-July, petals formed in mid-August, stamens formed in mid-August and pistils formed in late September.
According to the length of flower bud bearing branches, it can be divided into four types: long (15cm or more), medium (5 ~ 15cm), short (below 5cm) and axillary flower bud bearing branches. No matter young trees or adult trees, except for a few varieties, short fruit branches are the main ones, and the proportion of short fruit branches varies with varieties and tree ages. After the flower buds germinate and bear fruit, take out 1 ~ 3 auxiliary tips from the fruit table, or form flower buds to become fruit branches, and continue to bear fruit in the next year; Or blossom in the second year and bear fruit in the third year. The fruiting branches are formed year by year by short branches or short fruit branches or other branches on the fruit table, and are divided into large, medium and small branches, which are the basic units of growth and fruiting in the crown. The life span of small and medium-sized fruit branches is about 6 ~ 7 years, which must be renewed and rejuvenated in time.
phenophase
It varies with varieties, regions and years (Table 3). (1) budding stage. Generally, the average daily temperature of apple flower buds reaches above 8℃ and begins to sprout. ② Flowering period. 1 single bloom takes about 2 to 6 days, 1 inflorescence 1 week, 1 tree 10 ~ 15 days. The optimum flowering temperature is 17 ~ 18℃. ③ Fruit development and maturity stage. After fertilization, receptacle and ovary accelerate cell division at the same time. After 3 ~ 4 weeks, the cell division stopped, and then turned to cell volume increase until it stopped before maturity. The length of fruit growth period varies with the accumulated temperature required by varieties. When approaching maturity, the amount of ethylene increased sharply, the respiration of fruit accelerated, a respiratory jump period appeared, the process of chlorophyll degradation accelerated, the background color of fruit changed from green to yellow, the aroma increased, and the fruit entered physiological maturity. ④ defoliation period. Temperature is the main factor affecting defoliation. When the ten-day average temperature is lower than 10℃ and the sunshine is shortened to 12 hours, the leaves begin to fall. Apple leaves 165438+ 10 fell in northwest, northeast and north China in China, and in southwest China in 65438+February.
Table 3 Requirements for Environmental Conditions
Generally, apples can be planted in areas where the annual average temperature is 7.5 ~ 14℃. In winter, when the average temperature of big apples is below-12℃ or the absolute low temperature is below -30℃, they will freeze to death at -35℃. Small apples can withstand a low temperature of MINUS 40 degrees. In winter, it needs a low temperature of ≤7℃, and it takes about 1000 hours to meet the low temperature requirement for apples to successfully pass the dormancy period. The average temperature 12 ~ 18℃ during the apple growing period (April to 10) and the average temperature 18 ~ 24℃ in summer (June to August) are the most suitable for apple growth. It can be frozen at -3.9 ~-2.2℃ in full bloom. When the average temperature is above 26℃ in summer, the flower bud differentiation is poor, and the mature fruit can tolerate -4 ~-6℃ in a short time.
The soil moisture content is 70 ~ 80% of the maximum water holding capacity, which is most suitable for apple growth. The annual precipitation is 500 ~ 800 mm, which can meet the needs of apples. Rainy flowering period affects pollination and fruit setting; Rainy summer and autumn will cause white branches and leaves to grow, pests and diseases will breed, and fruit yield and quality will decline. Spring drought and summer drought have the greatest influence on apple yield.
Apple likes light. Red varieties require annual sunshine hours of more than 65,438+0,500 hours, or monthly sunshine hours of not less than 65,438+0,500 hours at maturity. Ultraviolet rays can promote the synthesis of anthocyanins in fruits. The light saturation point of apple photosynthesis is generally 35,000 ~ 50,000 lux (lx), and the light compensation point is 700 ~ 1000 lux (lx).
Apple likes slightly acidic to neutral soil, and the suitable pH value is 5.5 ~ 6.7. The growth below pH4 is poor, and serious chlorosis often occurs above pH7.8. The soil with salt content below 0. 13% grows normally and above 0.28% is seriously damaged. Apple is most suitable for sandy soil with deep soil layer, rich organic matter and good ventilation and drainage of core soil. Too much sticky soil or gravel, too high groundwater level or impermeable sticky disk layer are not suitable and need to be improved in time.
Variety and population
There are more than 8,000 varieties of apples in the world, but only 65,438+000 varieties are economically cultivated. After 1930s, in order to meet the needs of intensive commodity production, the number of main varieties gradually decreased and the planting proportion increased accordingly. In the early 1980s, the main varieties in the United States were only about 10, of which Marshal line and Jinguan accounted for 53.8% of the total output. Western Europe has a larger proportion of gold crowns, with 57.3% in France, 40.7% in Italy and 44.9% in Belgium. In Britain, orange apples are the main products, accounting for 60%; Hungary is dominated by rubies, accounting for more than 60%. Before 1970s, the main varieties planted in Japan were Guoguang, Hongyu, Zhuguang, Xu Xu, Jinguan and Marshal, among which Guoguang accounted for 37.7% and Hongyu for 30.7%. In the early 1980s, Marshal and Fuji jumped to the top two, each accounting for more than 30%, while Guoguang and Hongyu fell below 10%, and Wojin was eliminated. Before the 1960s, there were more than 30 cultivated varieties in China, and there were about 20 in the 1980s. Guoguang, Jinguan, Yuan Shuai and Ruby were the main varieties, and * * * accounted for more than 60%. In recent years, Fuji, Marshal and their short branches have developed rapidly, and varieties such as Qin Guan and Liao Fu have also increased.
Apple varieties are divided into ① European varieties according to their origin. Fruits are usually colored, with high acidity and short growth period. Such as Pippin, Glavin Stein, Rehnert, Bosco, Cox's oranges, etc. ② Russian Variety Troupe. Trees are strong, cold-resistant, and the fruit is sour. Such as Huang Kui, Hong Kui, Bolovinka, Antonovka, Alexander, etc. ③ American Variety Troupe. It has the widest distribution, the most cultivation and the best fruit quality. Most cultivated varieties in China belong to this group.
The main domestic varieties are: ① Redjade. Liaoning, Shandong and other places are more, with strong trees and open crowns. 1 year-old branches are softer, flower buds are easier to form, and flowers and fruits are heavier. The fruit is nearly round, weighing about145g, and thick red; The flesh is milky yellow, delicate and juicy; It has a strong sour taste and moderate sweet and sour taste when harvested, and has a strong flavor when stored until June 65438+February. Central North China matures in the first half of September. Suitable for fresh food and processing. Fruit is prone to spot disease during storage. 2 Marshal's Department. Red Star, Red Crown and Starkrimson are the main cultivated strains in current production, which are distributed in various apple producing areas. The tree body is strong, the crown is open, the young trees grow vigorously, and it is easy to weaken after bearing fruit. The fruit is cone-shaped, weighing 200 ~ 240 grams, with a maximum of more than 500 grams, and the fruit color is thick red; The meat is crisp, tender and juicy, sweet and tangy. Central North China matures in mid-September. In warm land, the fruit will fall seriously before harvest, which is not conducive to storage. Suitable for cold and mature climate with large temperature difference between day and night. In recent years, new short shoots have appeared, such as Red Chief, Stark Short Shoot Supreme Red, Top Red, Prime Red and Red King Oregon Short Shoot. 3 gold crown. The tree is strong, half-opened, adaptable, cold-resistant, and easy to form flower buds, which is a high-yield variety. The fruit is oblong and weighs about180g. The background color is yellow-green, golden when ripe, and the fruit surface is red in cold areas; The pulp is delicate, fragrant and moderately sweet and sour. Central North China matures in late September. It should be eaten raw and processed. Fruit is prone to rust. In recent years, rust-free varieties have been introduced, such as Golden Halo, criterion, Sun Gold, Goldspur Delicious and Short Branch Golden Crown. 4 Guoguang. Northeast China and North China are the most cultivated areas, with vigorous trees, vigorous young trees, low branching ability, late fruiting, strong adaptability and high yield. The fruit is oblate and weighs about140g. Yellow-green background with red stripes on the front; The meat is crisp, tender and juicy, sweet and sour, and fragrant. 10 Matured in North China and other places in the first half of 0/0. Storage resistance. When the fruit is ripe, it will crack easily when it rains. ⑤ Fuji. The fruit is large, oblate to nearly round; The background color is yellow-green, and there is Xia Hong on the sunny side, because the strain is different; The meat is crisp, tender and juicy, sweet and sour, and of high quality. 65438+1expires in the middle of October. Storage resistance, but easy to bear fruit every other year. It is easy to get sick in warm plain areas, overwintering seriously in dry and cold areas, and its ability to adapt to local conditions is poor. There are many varieties of colored Garcinia Garcinia, such as Qiu Fu 1, Yanfu 10, Changfu No.2 and Qingfu 13.
The newly bred varieties in China are: ① Liaofu. Liaoning Fruit Research Institute is a hybrid of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. It is cultivated in North China and Northeast China, and there are many provinces south of the Yellow River. These trees are strong and open. It is easy to form flower buds. The fruit is nearly round or oblate, weighing about100g; The background color is yellow-green, and the sunny side has a bright red glow; The meat is crisp, sweet and slightly fragrant. Mature in early July. It is more resistant to diseases in warm land. Early high yield, not resistant to storage. 2 Fu Shuai. The Fruit Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences is a hybrid of Changzaoxu× Jinguan. The fruit is large, rectangular to conical; Yellow-green background, dense meat, sweet and sour. Mature in mid-July. High yield, slightly storable, sometimes with fruit rust. 3 Qin Guan. Shaanxi Fruit Research Institute was bred by crossing golden crown and cockscomb flower, which is widely cultivated in northwest China. The fruit is short conical and weighs about 200 grams. The background color is green and yellow, and the sunny side is deep red; The meat is thick, sweet and sour, fragrant and ripe in late June. 10. Resistance to brown spot disease, easy management, early fruiting, extremely high yield and storability. In the cold climate, the fruit surface is red and the quality is good. 4 Xiushui. Produced in Shandong, it is a seedling variation. The fruit is large, oblate to nearly round, with yellow-green background, early coloring, purplish red face, fine and hard pulp, sweet and sour taste and a little aroma. 65438+ 10 expires in the first half of the month. Very resistant to storage, no fruit cracking and strong disease resistance.
In addition, there are sweet Huang Kui, Zaojinguan, Rose Red, Xinguoguang and Jinhong, which can tolerate -36℃ and are suitable for cold cultivation (Table 4).
In addition, there are many varieties of Amomum villosum cultivated with different names in different places, mainly including bonus, excellent fruit, kui fruit, crooked stick, honey fruit and sweet fruit. Among them: Dashagou in Dunhuang, Gansu, candied haws in Wuwei, Ziguo in Ningxia, Xiangguo in Huailai, Hebei, Xia Guo in Taigu, Shandong, Fukui in Luzhongshan, Waibasuan, Tian Zi in Yancheng, Henan, etc. Penang, Shanxi, Gansu and other places in Shandong may be a variety of Shaguo, and Huang Taiping and Huahong in Heilongjiang and Jilin are also hybrids of this variety or bonus.
Key points of cultivation techniques
type
Apples propagate by grafting. There are two kinds of rootstocks: arbor rootstocks and dwarf rootstocks. Commonly used Qiao Hua rootstocks are: ① Plum leaf rootstocks. Also known as begonia fruit and milk. As a semi-cultivated species, it is produced in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces (regions). Deep roots, well-developed fibrous roots, vigorous growth, drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, salt and alkali resistance, cold resistance, strong adaptability and strong affinity for apple grafting. There are many strains and types. Grafting apples with Yantai Shaguo and Laoshan bud has a semi-dwarf effect. 2 taro. Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces. There are many kinds, among which begonia octagonal in Hebei performs best. Cold resistance, drought resistance, salt and alkali tolerance, fast growth, strong affinity of grafted apples, and wide application range. ③ Vitex negundo. ). Another famous mountain stator. Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces (regions). Deep roots, well-developed fibrous roots and strong cold resistance. Vitex negundo can resist the low temperature below -50℃. Sandy soil is resistant to waterlogging and salinity, and yellow leaf disease is easy to occur when the soil pH value is above 7.8. Grafted apples are widely used in Northeast China and North China. Grafting Guoguang and green bananas to the south of the old Yellow River is prone to the phenomenon of "small feet" (thick on the top and thin on the bottom), which is easy to break in the wind.
Table 4 Dwarf anvil is mainly imported from M and M series in Britain, mostly used as intermediate anvil, and M9 and M26 are used in dwarfing culture. M7, M4 and MM 106 are most commonly used in semi-dwarfing culture.
Some types of China Yantai Shaguo, Laoshan Yazi and Longdong Begonia. ) and Henan Begonia (Henan Begonia. ) has a certain dwarfing effect.
plant
Wide rows and close planting are commonly used. Generally, 495 ~ 525 plants are planted per hectare, and 825 ~ 1500 plants per hectare are dwarfed with intermediate rootstocks or short branches. Mainly rectangular planting, the row spacing is greater than the plant spacing 1 ~ 2 meters. The line runs north and south, which is beneficial to the function of light energy. Planting in the south before freezing in autumn and winter, and thawing in the north in spring, under the condition of raising seedlings nearby, autumn 10 can be planted with leaves from late September to mid-late June, which is beneficial to survival and growth. Apple is weak in self-fruiting, so pollination trees must be arranged when planting (see variety configuration), and ventilation forest belts should be established to reduce natural disasters such as frost and hail (see orchard shelter forest).
soil management
Before the garden is built, deep ploughing should be carried out in the garden, and the soil depth in mountainous areas should not be less than 60 cm. After the garden is built, it is best to plant green manure to improve the soil, and apply furfural residue to the alkaline soil, which can effectively reduce the pH value. Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizers, such as human feces, manure, compost, cake fertilizer and so on. It can improve the soil fertility of orchard after harvest and before defoliation. Because of tree age, tree vigor and yield, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or compound fertilizer are applied before flowering, after fruit setting and before and after harvest. The ratio of nitrogen: P2O: K2O is1:0.5:1. In general, rootstock trees need nitrogen supplement 1 kg for each yield 100 kg of fruit. Through soil nutrition diagnosis and leaf analysis, reasonable fertilization was carried out with reference to standard values. The standard values of elements in apple leaves are: nitrogen 2.0 ~ 2.6%, phosphorus 0. 15 ~ 0.23%, potassium 1.0 ~ 2.0%, calcium 1.0 ~ 2.0%, magnesium 0.22 ~ 0.35%. The content of soil organic matter in high and stable yield orchards should be above 1%.
Covering with plastic film after planting and young trees can increase soil temperature and humidity, prevent young trees from overwintering, promote the growth and development of young trees, and be beneficial to early high yield.
In addition to fertilizing, planting green manure and turning green manure, orchards should also minimize farming so as not to destroy the soil structure. In the case of sufficient water supply, grass can be planted between rows, and herbicide can be used for no-tillage between plants (see orchard soil improvement and orchard herbicide).
During the vigorous growth period of spring shoots from May to June, the water demand is large, and the soil moisture should be kept at about 80% of the maximum water capacity in the field. The water requirement of flower bud differentiation stage is less, which should be about 65%; At the late growth stage, it remained at about 70%. When the soil moisture is lower than 60% of the water holding capacity, irrigation is needed. In northern China, frozen water should be sealed in early winter and irrigated 2-4 times in May-June when it sprouts. Summer irrigation is extremely important in northwest and summer drought areas. Where there are watering conditions, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation can be carried out. In arid mountainous areas and loess plateau areas, it is appropriate to cultivate in the middle or cover grass after rain, with a thickness of about 20 cm. Grass is slightly covered with soil to prevent wind, and pressurized once every four to five years, which can not only maintain soil and water, increase soil fertility, but also improve soil structure. You can also use point irrigation. Dig 5-6 holes 30cm wide and 30cm deep per tree. Fill the pit with water, combined with fertilization, and fill in organic matter such as green manure and weeds. After backfilling, cover the holes with plastic film, which can not only save water, but also maintain the normal growth and fruit of fruit trees. Apples are not resistant to waterlogging, so water must be removed in rainy season to prevent root rot.
Plastic trimming
The most common is the trunk with sparse layers, the structure is 50 cm high, and the main branch is divided into two layers, and each main branch has 2 ~ 3 lateral branches. It is characterized by low stem, short crown, open main branches, semi-circular tree shape, and the height of the tree is 2/3 of the crown diameter. Semi-dwarfing culture, with a small crown as the best.
Young trees are pruned in winter and summer, mainly by shaping, light pruning and keeping more leaves, so as to quickly increase the number of branches and leaves, expand the photosynthetic area, use internal buds as extension branches for the backbone branches, or stretch the branches, and cultivate a large number of back branches and skirt branches as auxiliary branches to increase the fruiting parts, so as to obtain early high yield. With the growth of tree age and the increase of branches and leaves, when the growth advantage is gradually transformed into the fruiting advantage, it is necessary to sparse or cut off the supporting branches and skirt branches and cultivate the fruiting branches to maintain the balance of tree potential, growth and fruiting. After the full fruit period, the pruning amount should be increased appropriately, and the fruiting branches should be updated, so as to maintain a moderately vigorous tree vigor and prolong the fruit flourishing period (see fruit tree shaping and fruit tree pruning).
Dwarf apples have cylindrical or slender spindle-shaped trees. Cylindrical is a group of fruit branches arranged directly around the upright trunk, and the tree body is cylindrical; Spindle-shaped (narrow cone) is also a kind of trunk, with 10 ~ 13 permanent fruiting branches. The lower branch group is slightly larger than the upper branch group, all branches are drawn horizontally, and the thickness is less than 1/2 ~ 2/3 of its planting position, and the tree body is in a narrow cone shape (Figure 2). The height of the tree is about 2.5 meters, and the crown diameter is about 2 meters. Sparse is given priority to, and shrinkage is combined. Vertical branches that grow more than 30 cm on permanent branches are all thinned or contracted at the branches at the base.
Keeping flowers and fruits, thinning flowers and keeping fruits.
In the case of many flowers and fruits and normal climate, flowers and fruits should be sparse; In the case of bad climate and few flowers, we should protect flowers and fruits. B9 flower and fruit protection, boron spraying at flowering stage, fertilization and irrigation before and after flowering stage and artificial pollination are all effective. Flowers and fruits are usually thinned by pruning to remove flower buds, flowers or artificial fruit thinning before flowering. There are also flower thinning agents such as dinitro compounds and sulfur compounds, fruit thinning agents such as carbaryl and naphthylacetic acid, and ethephon and trichlorfon also have fruit thinning effects.
Figure 2 Pest control
The main pests and diseases are rot, brown spot, anthracnose, early defoliation, powdery mildew, bitter pox, ring rot, iron deficiency chlorosis, peach moth, mites, scarabs, leaf rollers, caterpillars, leafhoppers, aphids and so on. Control methods: ① before and after germination and flowering, cut off the tips of pests and diseases, scrape and cure rot, spray 5 stone sulfur mixture before germination to prevent scarab before flowering; (2) Spraying chemicals on the ground in summer and mid-May, topaz in mid-May to control brown spot and ring rot, acaricide and bactericide in early June, and 2% thiram arsenic in bark in late June to control rot, peach moth and spider mite; ③ Spraying fungicides in summer and autumn to prevent early defoliation; (4) in autumn and winter, trunk and branches are sprayed with thiram arsenic to prevent rot.
choose
The fruit is harvested too early, the yield is obviously reduced, the color is poor, the flavor is poor, the storability is poor, and physiological diseases such as tiger skin disease are prone to occur; If the harvest is too late, the pulp will easily turn into cotton, the water heart disease will be aggravated, the storage capacity will be weakened, and there will be many fruit drops before harvesting, which will reduce the yield and quality. The suitable harvest time is generally determined according to the color, hardness, flavor, quality and seed color of the fruit. The pericarp of the red variety is mostly colored, and the pericarp of the yellow variety changes from green to white or slightly Huang Shi, that is, it reaches maturity. Because the varieties are different, they can be harvested in stages or at one time. Generally, manual picking is used, and the operation must be careful. Pick the fruit with the handle to prevent the fruit from being bruised and ensure the quality.
economic value
The water content of fruit is about 85%, the total sugar content is 10 ~ 14.2%, and the malic acid content is 0.38 ~ 0.63%. Every 100g of fruit contains 0.64mg of carotene, 0.08mg of thiamine, 0.8mg of nicotinic acid, 40mg of ascorbic acid, 0.8mg of fat, 0.22mg of carbohydrate, 0.6g of protein/kloc-0, 90mg of calcium, 74mg of phosphorus and 2.4mg of iron. They are all nutrients needed for human health. Besides fresh food, fruit juice, fruit wine, preserved fruit, dried fruit, jam, jelly, candied fruit and canned food can also be processed and used for cooking.
Apple is sweet and cool, and it has the effects of promoting fluid production, quenching thirst, moistening lung and appetizing.