The Yellow River originates from the Zhanzonglie Canal at the northern foot of Bayan Kara, Qinghai, with an altitude of more than 5,400 meters, and the surrounding mountains are covered with snow all year round. There is a sea of stars at the source of the Yellow River, which is a swamp of countless small lakes. After leaving Xinghai, enter Eling Lake and Zhaling Lake to Maduo, bypass Jishishan and Xiqingshan, and cross Longyangxia to Guide, Qinghai, with a total length of 1900 kilometers. The upstream section is from Guide to Hekou Town, Suiyuan Province, with a total length of 1500 kilometers. The Yellow River is in Gansu, passing through many grand canyons and gathering many tributaries. The middle reaches from Hekou Town to Yujin, with a total length of 1 100 kilometers. The river flows south through the Loess Plateau, carrying a lot of sediment, rushing down to Hukou, where the terrain is steep, forming Hukou Waterfall, and then passing through Longmen Gorge to Tongguan, the river channel becomes wider, and the water volume increases greatly because of the confluence of Qin Fen, Luohe and Xiaoshui tributaries. When the river reaches Tongguan, it is blocked by Huashan Mountain, turns east, crosses Sanmenxia to Luo Yu, and then enters the plain area. The downstream section flows into the Bohai Sea from Jinmeng to Lijin County, Shandong Province, with a total length of more than 870 kilometers. Due to sediment deposition and slow water flow, dikes were built on both sides of the river, which became a "river above the ground".
The headwaters and upper reaches of the Yellow River are the most tortuous, followed by the middle reaches, and the lower reaches are straight. From Lanzhou to Tongguan, the river bypasses a rectangle on three sides, which is the famous Hetao, about 2000 kilometers long. Ancient rivers drifted downstream, sometimes the river flowed into the Bohai Sea in the northern part of Shandong hills, and sometimes it seized the Huaihe River and flowed into the Yellow Sea in the southern part of Shandong hills, with a distance of 500 kilometers.
The Yellow River has flooded cities in history. According to records, over the past 2000 years, the lower reaches of the Yellow River have burst its banks 1500 times and changed its course on a large scale for 26 times. The flood-stricken area reaches Tianjin in the north and Jiangsu and Anhui in the south, reaching 250,000 square kilometers. The total amount of sediment carried by river water exceeds1600 million metric tons every year on average. Due to the low terrain, gentle river slope and slow flow rate, a large amount of sediment is deposited on the river bed, with an average of more than 400 million metric tons per year. The rest of the sediment flows to the estuary and alluvial into the estuary delta extending to the sea, with an average of more than 20 square kilometers of land reclamation every year. The Yellow River basin has fertile soil, rich products and magnificent mountains and rivers. Residents account for almost a quarter of the total population of China, while cultivated land accounts for about 40% of the country.
Determination of "road map" for harnessing the concentrated source area of coarse sediment in the Yellow River
The reporter learned from the recent annual meeting of the Science and Technology Committee of the Yellow River Committee that the Yellow River Conservancy Committee has put forward a clear working idea for the treatment of the source area where coarse sediment is concentrated, which is an important measure to guide the ecological construction of soil and water conservation in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in the future, and thus has a positive impact on maintaining the healthy life of the Yellow River.
The Yellow River suffers from sediment; The disaster of sediment is rooted in coarse sand. Reducing the sediment of the Yellow River, especially the coarse sediment in the middle reaches of the Yellow River 1.88 million square kilometers concentrated source area, is the fundamental policy to maintain the healthy life of the Yellow River and realize the long-term stability of the Yellow River. According to Wang Xijun, director of the Bureau of Soil and Water Conservation of the Yellow River Committee, the idea of harnessing the concentrated source area of coarse sediment in the Yellow River is to continuously and rapidly reduce the sediment in the Yellow River, especially coarse sediment, and promote the overall improvement of the ecological environment and regional economic and social development in the concentrated source area of coarse sediment. According to the order of "coarse before fine", the construction of warping dams should be strengthened, mud dikes should be arranged reasonably, and the first line of defense to intercept coarse sediment should be established in combination with comprehensive management measures of small watersheds, so as to improve. Specifically:
-in the basic unit of construction, take tributaries as units and follow their laws of soil erosion; According to the local natural, economic and other comprehensive factors, the ecological construction planning of soil and water conservation is carried out. In order to reduce sediment, reclaim farmland and make rational use of water resources, soil and water conservation projects should be combined with water conservancy projects, silt prevention and flood control should be combined with water resources utilization, warping dam construction should be combined with water storage of large warping dams, and artificial management should be combined with natural restoration to build a comprehensive protection system with warping dams as the main body, slope engineering, vegetation engineering and agricultural farming engineering, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing sediment from the Yellow River, improving the ecological environment and developing regional economy.
-In the overall strategy of ecological construction, the basic strategy of "promoting slope with ditch and protecting ditch with slope" is implemented, that is, in view of the basic characteristics of gravity erosion and serious sediment production in the source area of coarse sediment concentration, and according to the actual needs of sediment reduction in the Yellow River, the construction of ditch sand retaining engineering system is regarded as the first step of long-term ecological construction in the source area of coarse sediment concentration, so as to deposit the ditch bed, improve the erosion datum level, stabilize the ditch slope, and effectively curb the expansion, undercut and advance of the ditch head. At the same time, through silting up and regulating the water resources function of the river sand retaining engineering system, we will build high and stable yield basic farmland, provide necessary water resources for agricultural production and ecological environment, solve the basic living problems of farmers, and create conditions for slope management. On this basis, we should adjust the rural industrial structure, expand vegetation construction, strengthen slope management, reduce the pressure of slope sediment production on river sand-retaining engineering, extend the service life of river sand-retaining engineering system and increase the protection benefit of river sand-retaining engineering system. The rational allocation of the two forms a comprehensive protection system combining gully and slope, promotes the coordinated development of dam and reservoir engineering, ecological agriculture and vegetation construction in the treatment area, and realizes the overall improvement of the ecological environment.
—— In the layout of the engineering system, the "small watershed warping dam system+large sand-retaining reservoir engineering layout" is implemented, and the key tributaries are scientifically planned. The gully dam reservoir projects with different purposes such as gully control backbone projects, warping dams and pond dams (small reservoirs) are rationally arranged in the branch canals and maogou, forming a small watershed channel engineering system with overall protection function, and realizing flood detention, sand-retaining, production development, flood control and income protection. According to the local conditions, mud retaining dikes are arranged in the mainstream. The single dam of mud retaining dike has large control area, high mud retaining efficiency and small quantity. It is mainly arranged in larger branch ditches and main canals that are not suitable for backbone projects, warping dams, ponds and other small projects, so as to control more sand-producing areas beyond the control of warping dams. At the same time, it protects the river engineering system of small watersheds within its scope, ensures the safety of the engineering system, and realizes large-scale continuous sediment reduction.
The control goal of this area is to build a perfect river sediment retaining engineering system with tributaries as the unit, and the control area of coarse sediment concentration area will reach more than 60%, and the sediment discharged into the Yellow River will be reduced by about 250 million tons every year.
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. Originated in the Yuegu Zonglie Basin at the northern foot of Bayankala in Qinghai Plateau, it winds eastward, crosses the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Plain, and flows into the Bohai Sea. The total length of the main stream is 5,464 kilometers (1 Wanduoli), and the water level drop is 4,480 meters. The total basin area is 795,000 square kilometers (including 42,000 square kilometers of internal flow area).
According to the study of geological evolution history, the Yellow River is a relatively young river. In the late Early Pleistocene, 1 15000 years ago, there were only some unconnected lake basins in the basin, each of which formed an independent internal water system. Since then, with the uplift of the western plateau, rivers have been eroded and eroded. After the Middle Pleistocene of 654.38+0.05 million years, lakes and basins have been gradually connected, forming the embryonic form of the Yellow River system. It was not until the Late Pleistocene (654.38+ 10,000 years ago) that the Yellow River gradually evolved into a big river running up and down from the source to the estuary.
Because the flood of the Yellow River carries a lot of sediment, it quickly silts up after entering the downstream plain, and the mainstream wanders in the overflow area, people begin to build dikes for flood control, and the flood channel keeps silting up and rising, becoming an "overground river" higher than the two banks. Under certain conditions, it will overflow the flood and take a new road. The severity of river migration in the lower Yellow River is unique in the world. According to written records, the Yellow River has been diverted many times. The river changes from Zhengzhou in the west, Tianjin in the north and Jianghuai in the south, covering an area of 250,000 square kilometers. During the period from the 5th year of Zhouding (602 BC) to the 2nd year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 128) 1700, the migration of the Yellow River was mostly in the area north of the present river, invading the Haihe River system and flowing into the Bohai Sea. During the 700 years from 1 128 to 1855, the Yellow River oscillated in the south of the existing channel, invaded the Huaihe River system and flowed into the Yellow Sea. 1855, the Yellow River burst at Dongbatou, Lankao, Henan Province, and later diverted to capture the Daqing River in Shandong Province and enter the Bohai Sea. Due to the constant change and diversion of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, as well as the influence of transgression and regression, the length and basin area of the lower reaches of the Yellow River are also constantly changing, which is one of the outstanding characteristics that distinguish the Yellow River from other rivers. The middle and lower reaches of the ancient Yellow River had mild climate and abundant rainfall, which was suitable for primitive human survival. The loess plateau and the alluvial plain of the Yellow River have loose soil and are easy to cultivate, which is suitable for developing primitive agriculture and animal husbandry. The characteristics of loess are beneficial for our ancestors to dig holes and live together. The special natural geographical environment provided good conditions for the development of ancient civilization in China. As early as 165438+ million years ago, "Lantian people" lived in the Yellow River basin. There are also "Dali people", "Dingcun people" and "Hetao people" living in the basin. Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture, Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and many other ancient cultural sites are spread all over the country. These ancient cultural relics are not only numerous and complete in variety, but also developing from far to near, systematically demonstrating the development process of ancient civilization in China.
As early as 6000 years ago, agricultural activities began to appear in the basin. About 4000 years ago, some blood tribes were formed in the basin, among which Yan Di and Huangdi were the most powerful tribes. Later, the Yellow Emperor gained the position of leader and merged with other tribes to form the "Huaxia nationality". Later generations regard the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. There is the Huangdi Palace in xinzheng city, Henan Province, and the Huangdi Mausoleum in huangling county, Shaanxi Province. Chinese people all over the world regard the Yellow River Basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation, calling it "Mother River" and "Four Shames", and regard the yellow land as their "root".
From the Xia Dynasty in the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, in the historical period of more than 4,000 years, the dynasties established their capital in the Yellow River basin for more than 3,000 years. Among the "seven ancient capitals" in the history of China, Anyang, Xi, Luoyang and Kaifeng are located in the Yellow River Basin and its adjacent areas. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions remains in Yindu (which belonged to the Yellow River valley at that time), creating a precedent for written records in China. Xi 'an (including Xianyang), from the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty and Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, has 13 dynasties as its capital, and has a history of thousands of years. It is a famous "Eight Rivers Imperial Capital". After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, Hou Liang and the Hou Zhou all established their capitals in Luoyang, which lasted for more than 900 years and was known as the "ancient capital of nine dynasties". Kaifeng, located on the south bank of the Yellow River, was called Bianliang in ancient times. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Wei Huiwang moved its capital to Daliang, and the capital was established here in the Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted about 200 years. For a long time, the political, economic and cultural center of China has been in the Yellow River Basin. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the earliest areas for the development of science, technology, literature and art in China. Around 2000 BC, bronzes appeared in the basin, and the bronze smelting technology of Shang Dynasty reached a fairly high level, and iron smelting began to appear at the same time, marking the development of productive forces to a new stage. The shovel and iron axe unearthed in Luoyang after a series of treatments show that China developed the softening technology of cast iron more than 2000 years earlier than European countries. China's ancient "four great inventions"-papermaking, movable type printing, compass and gunpowder-all originated in the Yellow River basin. A large number of literary classics, from the Book of Songs to Tang poetry and Song poetry, and a large number of cultural classics are also produced here. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity gradually shifted to the south, but in the process of China's political, economic and cultural development, the Yellow River basin and the plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are still in an important position. The long history of the Yellow River Basin has left a very precious legacy to the Chinese nation, leaving countless places of interest, which is the pride of our nation.
Folk stories related to the Yellow River:
Legend has it that a long time ago, the ancient Yellow River was a wild horse that was difficult to tame. It runs as it pleases, like a grinning monster, roaring day and night, devouring fertile land. Bite Chung Shan Man, the Hui people on both sides of the Yellow River can only live a slash-and-burn life at the top of the mountain and at the bottom of the ditch.
At that time, Ningxia was not a plain bordered by Ma Pingchuan, but green mountains and valleys. There is no flat field, and no field can be irrigated with Yellow River water.
Legend has it that there are several families living in Niushou Mountain who return to the Han family. They carry water at the foot of the mountain and farm at the top of the mountain for generations. All ages are busy, but they don't have enough to eat and don't wear warm clothes. For a long time, no one could stand this torture.
One year, a 70-year-old Hui Hui man named Del opened a melon garden on the mountain and planted some cucumbers. He gets up early every day and goes to the Yellow River to fetch water and water cucumbers. His shoulders are swollen and his feet are skinned. He carefully cultivated cucumbers, and the yellow ones looked tender and sweet.
On this day, the old man was tired and fell asleep at the gate of the vegetable garden.
As soon as he fell asleep, he dreamed that there was a white cloud floating in the sky. Gradually, Baiyun became an imam with a white beard, shook his silver beard and said to the old man, "There are two strong winds today, so you should pay attention. There is a yellow wind at noon, which can make cucumbers wither; There is a black wind in the afternoon, which can make cucumber stems fall off. No matter how windy it is, don't pick cucumbers.
When the old man woke up, he saw that the white-bearded imam had disappeared, but he saw that the yellow wind in the north was overwhelming and suddenly blew to Niushou Mountain. The old man looked at the cucumbers carefully, and sure enough, they faded one by one. He was very sad. A year's efforts were in vain, but the thought of the white-bearded imam stopped him.
In the afternoon, a black wind blew, shaking the earth and shaking the leaves layer by layer. When the old man saw that the cucumber was about to fall to the ground, he was very angry. He picked a cucumber and threw it into the Yellow River. The Yellow River immediately broke a line. As if he had been cut by a fairy with a knife, he clearly saw the bottom of the river. When the old man Gerd swooped down, the river suddenly joined again. The old man was tired and hungry, sitting on the river bank, blinking, and the golden flower danced wildly, knowing nothing.
At this time, the old man in Del heard the white-bearded imam say, "This cucumber is the key to conquering the Yellow River. You can cut off the Yellow River and make it listen to people. But now the Yellow River is called Yellow Wind and Black Wind, and these two Iberians are suffering. Don't be impatient, be patient and work harder. Next year, you plant another cucumber garden. When the cucumber is ripe, you pick the biggest one and throw it into the Yellow River. At that time, you walked into the cave at the bottom of the river, took off your jewels, took away the seeds of grains, and had a sword to cut dragons and demons and tame the Yellow River. Wherever it is referred to, the Yellow River water will flow. "
The next year, the hardworking old man Gerd planted another cucumber garden. He is not afraid of the long journey, and he does not hesitate to sweat like rain, carrying water from the Yellow River to water melons. Everything comes to him who waits. Finally, a three-foot cucumber grows in the garden, which looks like a key. The old man happily slept in the melon garden for a day and a night until the melon was ripe.
On this day, the weather was fine, without a cloud. Old man Wilder picked a three-foot cucumber, read "Taismi" and threw it into the Yellow River. At this time, I only heard the roar of the Yellow River, and I opened a long crack. All the stones at the bottom of the river are clearly visible. When the old man went down to the bottom of the river, he saw a hole near the river bank, where pearls and agates were everywhere. The old man took some and just left, he heard the storm whistling. At that time, the waves on the river rolled and the waves became higher and higher. The old man Gerd picked up his sword and cut dozens of swords on the left and right sides of the black whirlwind and the yellow whirlwind. After a while, black wind and yellow wind blew in the sky.
At this time, the faults of the Yellow River gradually tightened. Del's old man remembered the command of the white-bearded imam, and this sword could conquer the Yellow River. He knew very well, and he thought, I want the Yellow River to fill ditches and level mountains. Holding two swords, the old man plunged into the Yellow River, and the water in the Yellow River stopped flowing at once, as if a Great Wall had been blocked in front, but it was still rising steadily, which was really scary from a distance.
Three days later, from Liupanshan in the south to Helan Mountain in the west, there was water everywhere, leaving only a few mountain tips. Only then, the old man, Gerd, drew his sword and told the Yellow River to flow forward.
Since then, Ningxia, a deep mountain valley, has become Ma Pingchuan, and the Hui people living on both sides of the Yellow River have dug ditches for farmland with hard-working hands and lived a happy life.
Myths and legends:
Dayu had three treasures when he governed the Yellow River. One is the river map; The second is a mountain axe; The third is to avoid water swords. Legend has it that the river map was given to Dayu by Hebo, the water god of the Yellow River.
In ancient times, there was a man named Feng Yi in Huayin General Township. He feels uncomfortable farming, but he is bent on becoming an immortal. He heard that people can become immortals after drinking the juice of daffodils for one hundred days. So I looked everywhere for daffodils.
Before Dayu harnessed water, the Yellow River flowed to the Central Plains. There is no fixed channel, it flows everywhere and is often flooded. There are seven strands and eight roads on the ground, and the branches in the ditch are all yellow river water. Feng Yi ran around looking for daffodils, often crossing, crossing and dealing with the Yellow River. Ninety-nine days passed in the blink of an eye, and then I found a daffodil and sucked the juice of the daffodil for a day, so I could become an immortal. Feng Yi was so proud that he crossed the Yellow River and went to a small village to look for daffodils. The water here is not deep. Feng Yi waded across the river and reached the middle of it. Suddenly, the river rose. He panicked, slipped, fell into the Yellow River and was drowned alive.
After Feng Yi's death, she was full of grievances and resentments and hated the Yellow River, so she went to the Jade Emperor to sue the Yellow River. The Jade Emperor was also annoyed when he heard that the Yellow River was undisciplined and wandering around, endangering the people. Seeing that Feng Yi had been sucking the juice of daffodils for ninety-nine days, it was time to become an immortal. He asked Feng Yi if he would be the water god of the Yellow River and govern it. Feng Yi was overjoyed. Full of promises. Now I can realize my dream of becoming an immortal, and secondly I can avenge my drowning.
Feng Yi became the water god of the Yellow River and was called Hebo. He has never been involved in water control, and suddenly assumed the responsibility of managing the Yellow River, helpless and worried. What should we do? I have no magic weapon, so I have to ask the Jade Emperor for advice. The Jade Emperor told him that to manage the Yellow River well, we must first find out the water conditions of the Yellow River and draw a river map. Based on the river map of the Yellow River, it will be much easier to control the Yellow River.
Hebo, according to the instructions of the Jade Emperor, was bent on drawing a river map. He went to his hometown first and wanted to ask the villagers for help. Everyone in the village hated his idleness and his work, and no one answered him. He found the old man in the village and expressed his great ambition to govern the Yellow River. When the old man saw that he was now a fairy and wanted to do something good for the people, he promised to help him. From then on, Hebo and later old people came and went in the rain, wading through mountains and rivers to see the Yellow River water regime. After running for several years, the old man was tired. After the old man only went back, the rest of Hebo continued to check the water situation along the Yellow River. When we parted, the old man repeatedly told Hebo that the director should go all the way and not give up halfway. After drawing the map, he began to manage the Yellow River, and there was not enough manpower. He persuaded the villagers to help.
It is a hard job to check the water regime and draw a river map. By the time Hebo finished drawing the river map, he was old and weak. Hebo looked at the river map, where the Yellow River is deep and shallow; Where it is easy to explode, it is easy to explode; Where to dig and where to block; Where the water can be cut off and where the flood can be discharged are clearly drawn. I can only sigh that I have no strength to manage the Yellow River according to the map, which is very sad. Hebo thought that one day someone would come to harness the Yellow River. It will be worthwhile to give him the river map then.
Hebo spent his old age under the Yellow River and never appeared again. Unexpectedly, the Yellow River overflowed again and again. People know that the Jade Emperor sent Hebo to control water, but they didn't see him. They all scold Hebo for not doing his duty, regardless of whether people live or die.
The old man hasn't seen Hebo for several years after waiting for him every day in his hospital bed. He is uneasy about managing the Yellow River and wants to find Hebo. His son's name is Yi, and he shot every shot. No matter what the old man says, Yi won't let him go to Hebo. Later, the old man did not listen to his son's dissuasion. As a result, he met a breach in the Yellow River, was washed away and drowned, and even the body was not found. Hou Yi hated Hebo's guts and gnashed his teeth, saying that Hebo would be shot sooner or later.
Later, Dayu came out to control water, and Hebo decided to give him the map of the Yellow River.
On this day, Hebo heard that Dayu came to the Yellow River with an axe and a sword to avoid water, so he came out from the bottom with a river map to look for Dayu. Hebo and Dayu have never met before, and neither of them knows each other. Hebo walked for a long time and was so tired that he wanted to have a rest. He saw a young man crossing the river. This young man is a hero. He must be Dayu. Hebo shouted and asked, "Hello, who are you?"
The young man on the other side is not Dayu, but Hou Yi. He looked up, and on the other side of the river, a saint-like old man was asking loudly, "Who are you?"
Hebo said loudly, "I'm Hebo. Are you Dayu? "
When Hou Yi heard that it was Hebo, he immediately rushed to his heart and sneered, "I am Dayu." Said the bow and arrow, don't ask, don't indiscriminate, "sou" an arrow, hit Hebo's left eye. Hebo pulled an arrow on his eye, and he was sweating with pain. He cursed in his heart: "Damn prison, how unreasonable!" The more he thought about it, the more angry he became, and he tore up the water map. Just then, there was a loud shout: "Hebo! Don't tear the picture. " Hebo barely looked at it with his right eye. On the other side, a man in a hat stopped Hou Yi. This man is Dayu. He knew that Hebo had painted a picture of the Yellow River and was going to ask Hebo for advice. Hou Yi pushed Dayu away and tried to draw a bow and arrow. Dayu grabbed him desperately and told Hebo about the hardships of painting. Hou Yi regretted his recklessness and shot Hebo in the left eye.
Hou Yi and Dayu crossed the river together. Hou Yi admitted his mistake to Hebo. Hebo knew that Hou Yi was the old man's son and didn't blame him. Dayu said to Hebo, "I'm Dayu, and I've come to ask you for advice on how to manage the Yellow River."
Hebo said, "My heart and blood and the way to manage the river are all on this picture. I will give them to you now."
Look at Dayu's exhibition map, which is dense and dense, and draws the water situation of the Yellow River clearly. Dayu was extremely happy. He wants to thank Hebo. Looking up, Hebo jumped into the Yellow River and disappeared.
Dayu got the hydrological map of the Yellow River and kept it around the clock. According to the instructions on the map, he finally managed to control the Yellow River.
Historical figures:
Zheng Guo, Jia Rang, Zhang Rong, Jing Wong, Sima Fu, Jiang, Ouyang Xiu, Sima Guang, Wang Anshi, Song, Su Zhe, Du Shi, Wan Gong, Pan Jixun, Yang Yikui, Zhu, Jin Fu, Chen Huang, Gao Bin, Guo Dachang, Li Yumei, Li Yumei.
Common sayings and proverbs:
Jumping into the Yellow River can't be washed away. Ningxia, Huang Hefu, Wuzhong, the richest man, and the Yellow River will be clarified one day. How can you live in Ningxia, Huang Hefu, until you reach the Yellow River? You will never die, and you will not cry until you see the coffin?
Idiom:
The mainstay, Haiyan Heqing, Heqing Haiyan, Heshan Dai Li, Yellow River Shuiqing, Lishan Daihe, Carp yue longmen, initiated Heqing, is the mainstay.
Wang Changling's "Wang Jing Shi in a Hundred Flowers Garden", when the Yellow River gushes. In the poor autumn, there are no pedestrians in the wilderness, and the horse head comes from the east to know who it is. ""The crossing of the Yellow River is a matter of concern, and Cornus officinalis has been away from home for a few days. "
Du Fu's Two Poems of the Yellow River, the Haixi Army on the north bank of the Yellow River, is famous all over the world. There are countless iron horses, and the conference semifinals are crowded with high noses. The south bank of the Yellow River is my country, Shu, and I have to support my family without millet. I would like to wear a man to the king, mix a car full of books and abandon gold and jade.
He Jingzhi's "Sanmenxia-Dressing Table": "Look at the three doors, the three doors will open, and the Yellow River will not go back to the east", "Order Li Bai to change poetry, and the water of the Yellow River will come!" .
Sadula, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote "Crossing the Ancient Yellow River Dike": "There was a Yellow River flow in ancient times, but now it is cultivated land. The roads are soft, and the sea turns to dust. "
In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi wrote, "The Yellow River twists and turns, the sand in Wan Li, and the waves roll from the end of the world."
Li Bai's how the water of the Yellow River moves out of the sky and into the ocean, and never returns, The Yellow River falls into the East China Sea, and Wan Li writes it in his arms, The Yellow River holds the soil and the north wind hates rain and snow, The Yellow River comes from the west to set Kunlun Mountain and growls at Wan Li to touch Longmen, I want to cross the Yellow River, but the ice jams the ferry, and I want to climb Taihang Mountain, but the sky is blind to snow, and the West Yue is majestic, and the Yellow River comes like silk.
Wang Wei's "single wood, yellow river in the sky"
Li Shangyin said, "The earth is full of flowers and the Yellow River wants to make the sky yellow.".
Bai Juyi "The Yellow River is white and Huang Yun is autumn, and pedestrians are relatively worried by the river".
In the Song Dynasty, Qiu Qiang's "Huang Heqing" drums were clear and magnificent. I like the dust on the side, and it is still quiet today. Add in the first line, and the imperial country will last forever. Outside the building, thousands of riders, cheers and thunder. When the Taiping official first saw it, the dream bear went first. The emperor's grace comes out at night, and the clouds fly against the phoenix. Treasure it with 10 thousand nails and celebrate it today. Meritorious service is so successful, the situation is rectified, and Jianghuai is stable. This time, I just turned back to the tripod.
Liu's "Complaining for the People" In the year when Jinhe returned, Ma Ce and Dao Huan were in the DPRK. In the late spring when it snows heavily, the Great Wall, a journey across the Yellow River and around Montenegro.
Folk songs:
The yellow river is rolling and the waves are turning, and the cowhide raft is used as a boat.
The Yellow River winds in eighteen bays, and Ningxia got up and went to Tongguan. Who is the first scenic spot in Wan Li? It's also called Qikou Treasure Mountain.
Xintianyou:
Yellow river boatman song
Do you know dozens of bays of the Yellow River in the world? There are dozens of boats in dozens of bays.
Dozens of boats, dozens of poles? Dozens of rich people came to move the boat.
I know there are ninety-nine bays of the Yellow River in the world, and there are ninety-nine boats on ninety-nine bays.
Ninety-nine boats and ninety-nine poles. Oh, ninety-nine of those rich people came to move the boat.
The Yellow River flows through Inner Mongolia for 830 kilometers, accounting for 15% of the total length of the Yellow River. It flows from Ningxia into Wuhai City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, flows through Bayannaoer City, Baotou City and Hohhot City, and leaves the country from Hequ, Shanxi Province. From the overall situation of water quality in the main and tributaries of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia, in recent years, although various regions have strengthened the prevention and control of water pollution in the basin and achieved certain results, the degree of water pollution in the basin is still increasing year by year, and the prospect is not optimistic.
There are 9 water quality monitoring sections on the main stream of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia. Water quality of Wuhai section of water intake: there are two monitoring sections in this section, Lasengmiao and Xiabohai Bay. The main pollutants exceeding the standard are ammonia nitrogen and suspended solids. The average ammonia nitrogen is 0.08 mg per liter/kloc-0, which is 7 times higher than the standard1. The average suspended matter is 332 mg per liter, exceeding the standard by 2 1. 1 times. 1997 The average value of ammonia nitrogen is 0.843 mg per liter, which is 0.69 times higher than the standard. The average value of suspended solids is 1773mg/l, which is 0.8 times higher than the standard. The average single pollution index of Wuhai section decreased by 27% from 1.7 in 1996 and 1.24 in 1997, and the water quality was obviously improved. Water quality of exit water in Hohhot: Hekou Town and Qiliqiao two monitoring sections, the main pollutants exceeding the standard are ammonia nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand, mercury, petroleum, suspended matter and permanganate index. The suspended solids in Base 1996 exceeded the standard by 5.9 times and mercury exceeded the standard by 3 times. 1997, the average single pollution index was 1.04, 1997 was 1.55, an increase of 49% over the previous year, and the water pollution was obviously aggravated. From 65438 to 0996, the order of serious pollution in the four areas of Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River was Wuhai, Bameng, Baotou and Hohhot. From 65438 to 0997, the order of serious pollution in the four areas of Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River is Bameng, Baotou, Hohhot and Wuhai. From the comprehensive pollution index of all monitoring items and all sections, the average pollution index of the main stream of the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River is 1997, which is 77.4% higher than 1996. This shows that the water pollution in Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River is on the rise, especially in Bameng and Baotou sections, with a slight increase in Hohhot section and obvious improvement in Wuhai section.
There are 8 larger tributaries in Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River. Namely: the total drainage of Ba Meng; Kundulun River, Sidao Shahe River, Xihe Trough and Donghe Trough in Baotou; Big Heihe River, Little Heihe River and Xihe River in Hohhot. The main pollutants in the tributaries of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia are biochemical oxygen demand, mercury, petroleum, suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and fluoride. The average pollution index of tributaries of the Yellow River in Inner Mongolia is 4.44 1996 and 5.33 1997, which is 20% higher than 1996. Six of the eight tributaries showed an upward trend in pollution index, accounting for 75%. The pollution of the four tributaries in Baotou is heavier than that in Hohhot, and only four Shahe and Dahe rivers have significantly improved their water quality.
The cradle of the Chinese nation
"How can the water of the Yellow River go out of heaven and into the sea, and never return?". The majestic Yellow River is a symbol of the Chinese nation. From the majestic Kunlun Mountain to the vast Pacific Ocean, she crossed the grassland desert, split the vast loess plateau, nourished the fertile soil of North China, gathered all rivers, and traveled to Wan Li, which gave birth to our splendid civilization and cleansed our broad mind. The Yellow River, which has experienced vicissitudes, is also a historical witness of our nation. The creation of ancient times, the unification of Qin and Han dynasties, the prosperity of Tang dynasty, the shame of modern times and the struggle of a hundred years. The Yellow River has nurtured hundreds of millions of Chinese descendants with its rich and sweet milk, and the oldest and splendid Chinese culture in world history with its warm and broad mind. The torrent that rushes forward forever records our spirit of self-improvement. The mainstay standing in front of the stormy waves represents the indomitable spirit of our nation.
The Loess Plateau region of the Yellow River Basin (hereinafter referred to as the Loess Plateau region) starts from Sun Moon Mountain in the west, reaches Taihang Mountain in the east, Qinling Mountain in the south and Yinshan Mountain in the north, involving 50 places (cities) and 3 17 counties (flags) in 7 provinces (regions) of Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan, with a total population of 87.422 million. The total area of the whole region is 642,000 square kilometers, including 454,000 square kilometers of soil erosion (water erosion area is 337,000 square kilometers, wind erosion area is1170,000 square kilometers), and the annual average input of Yellow River sediment is 654.38+06 billion tons, which is the most serious soil erosion area in China and even the world, and the most fragile ecological environment.
Have you ever noticed how the water of the Yellow River flows out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return?
The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain.
The sun sets slowly near the western hills, and the Yellow River flows into the East China Sea.
The vast desert is lonely, and the Yellow River sets the yen.
The river is swift and muddy. The soup can't be ling.
The second message
First of all, the fifth longest river in the world
The Yellow River, the fifth longest river in the world, is a 5464-kilometer-long river winding in the north of China. From the air, it looks like a huge word "Ji" and is also a unique totem of our nation.
Second, the characterization of the Yellow River
Not just a big river. Yellow River, Yellow Land, Emperor and Yellow Peel, all these yellow appearances sublimate this turbid stream flowing through the heart of China into a holy river. Han Shu Gou Ji regards the Yellow River as the head of thousands of waters: "China has the source of all rivers, not in the four capitals, but in the river."
Third, the theory of loess weathering.
In a long geological time, in the desert Gobi in the interior of Asia, the sand everywhere is decomposed and crushed in the harsh environment of rapid cooling and rapid heating until it forms powder. The northwest airflow prevailing in the inland has blown them to the east for many years, and the coarse sand has fallen on the Mongolian plateau, and the most delicate powder has fallen to today's six provinces of Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Qinghai, Ningxia and Henan. After millions of years of transportation and accumulation, a loess plateau has finally formed, starting from the Great Wall in the north, reaching Qinling Mountain in the south, Sun Moon Mountain in the west and Taihang Mountain in the east.
Fourth, the deep and vast loess layer.
This is an unparalleled loess, its area.