Update 1: Pictures-

Xuanzong was very frugal during this period, stipulating that ministers below the third class and those below the imperial concubine were not allowed to wear gold and jade ornaments, and dismissed maids to save money. He also ordered all parts of the country not to mine pearls and jade to create splendid scenery and change the extravagant style of the harem since Wu Zetian. He also ordered Yuwen Rong to check the national fugitive registered permanent residence and overseas fields, and * * * found out more than 800,000 households, which greatly increased the tax revenue and military sources of the Tang Dynasty. Because of these measures, the finance of the Tang Dynasty became abundant, and the granaries of the whole country were full, making prices very cheap. In the first year of Tianbao (742), the population of the Tang Empire was about 489 1 10,000. Du You's "Tongdian, Food Canon, Account of the Rise and Fall of Past Dynasties" recorded the grand occasion at that time: "There were thirteen articles about Midou, five articles about Qing Dynasty (now Qingzhou, Shandong Province) and Qi Dynasty (now Licheng, Shandong Province). From then on, there is nothing precious in the world. There are less than 20 rice fights, 32 flour fights and 2 12 silk fights. East to Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), Bian (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) and west to Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province, there are many restaurants and restaurants, and the wine is overflowing. There are donkeys in every shop, which are rented by passengers and suddenly travel for dozens of miles. They are called post donkeys. There are shops in Yijing (now Jiangling, Hubei) and Xiangxiang (now Xiangfan, Hubei) in the south, Taiyuan (now Shaanxi) and Fanyang (now Beijing) in the north, and Shuchuan (now Sichuan) and Fu Liang (now Wuwei, Gansu) in the west, which are thousands of miles apart. The Tang Dynasty was a powerful and prosperous dynasty in the history of China, and its prosperity was closely related to the development of social economy and foreign trade at that time. In agriculture, the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to the development of agriculture, and agricultural technology and the use of farm tools made progress. In addition, since the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, many large-scale water conservancy projects have been built. For example, in Xinxi County, Caizhou, Henan Province (now Xixian County, Henan Province), the Yu Liang Canal in the Sui Dynasty was built, and the irrigation area was expanded to more than 300,000 mu. Sanhe County, jizhou city City, Hebei Province (now Sanhe County, Hebei Province) has canal weir and isolated mountain back, which irrigates 300,000 mu. Shannan Gaoli presided over the restoration of the ancient dike in jiangling county (now Jiangling, Hubei) and expanded the fertile land by 500,000 mu. In the Tang Dynasty, 264 water conservancy projects were built, which greatly developed agricultural production. "Zhenguan rule" and "Kaiyuan rule" appeared under this historical condition. The handicraft industry in the Tang Dynasty surpassed the previous generation in technical level, product variety and production scale. Textile technology was very high at that time. Chang 'an, for example, is very particular about it. Li Shangyin, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem, "I am looking at a lonely goose in a cloud of three thousand miles". From the Tang Dynasty green flowers with white background unearthed from the ancient tomb in Astana, Xinjiang, we can really see the exquisite technology of Luo weaving at that time. The ceramic industry has also developed to a new stage. At that time, celadon was produced in Wenzhou (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province), Lishui (now east of Songyang County, Zhejiang Province) and Chaozhou (now Chaoan, Guangdong Province) south of the Yangtze River. Besides celadon, white porcelain and tricolor pottery were invented. Many white porcelain were unearthed in Xi 'an tomb, which indicated the further development of porcelain handicraft industry. Tri-colored pottery was also invented in the late Tang Dynasty. The pottery tire was painted with a layer of colored glaze, and then painted with yellow, green and cyan patterns. After firing, it becomes bright three-color pottery. As for other industries, such as papermaking, tea, metal smelting and casting, shipbuilding and so on. They are also developing and prospering. The development of agriculture and handicrafts has promoted the prosperity of commerce and the development of internal and external transportation. At that time, with Chang 'an as the center, a post road was set up throughout the country, which further promoted the development of foreign trade. Land transportation in the Tang Dynasty continued to communicate with countries in Central Asia through the Silk Road since the Han Dynasty. Every year, a large number of businessmen and envoys come to China to trade along the Silk Road. Businessmen from all over the world brought spices, herbs and jewels trafficked from the West in exchange for silk and porcelain from China. Therefore, in the early Tang Dynasty, the overland Silk Road became an important channel for foreign trade. The prosperity of foreign trade in the Tang Dynasty was also manifested in the development of maritime transportation and trade. After the Anshi Rebellion, the traffic on the Silk Road was blocked, and the development of maritime traffic and trade became more important. "New Tang book. "Geography" records that "Guangzhou is connected with the sea and Iraq is connected with the road", and it has been able to go directly to the Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf, with a total length of more than 10,000 kilometers. On the sea route, merchant ships from China and Asian and African countries kept going back and forth, which promoted the trade between the Tang Dynasty and * * * countries and Southeast Asian countries. 1. The content of the tenancy adjustment system: The tenancy adjustment system was a tax system in the early Tang Dynasty, which was established on the basis of the land equalization system and was highly respected in history. Let's briefly introduce the contents of the rent-to-rent system: 1. Rent is land rent. Male, with the age of 18, was given land of 100 mu by * * *, of which 80 mu is "Kubanden", so it is not allowed to buy or sell. After death, it belongs to the government, and 20 mu is "Yongye Field", which is inherited by descendants and freely traded. Each ding must pay 2 millet a year for farmland rent. 2. Mediocrity is military service. Every student has the obligation to serve the country for 20 days every year, plus 2 days in leap years. If you don't want to take it, change 3 feet of silk or 3 feet 7 inches 5 every day. Do extra work for * * * *, free transfer for more than 25 days and rent-free for more than 30 days. 3. The tune is a tribute. Every year, according to the region, give local products to the royal family, including 2 pieces of silk (or silk, silk) and 3 liang of cotton; Or cloth 2 feet 5 feet, hemp 3 jins. Pay-as-you-go system has the spirit of frivolous taxation, and as far as farmers are concerned, the burden is the lightest in previous dynasties; As far as * * * is concerned, it can also bring stable income. Advantages: 1 The tax rate of light and thin tax system is the lightest in all previous dynasties, which is easy for people to bear: in terms of land rent, the tax in Han Dynasty is 1, and the tax in Tang Dynasty is about 40, which is1; As far as forced labor is concerned, it was 1 month in Han Dynasty and only 20 days in Tang Dynasty. In terms of tribute, the Tang Dynasty was only half that of the Northern Wei Dynasty. 2. Taxes are clearly defined. Under the rent-rent system, "where there is land, there is rent, where there is land, there is mediocrity, and where there are households, there is adjustment." The taxes are clear and the tax amount is fixed, so it is difficult for officials to impose exorbitant taxes, and it is also difficult for the people to hide taxes, ensuring the income of * * *. 3. Rent-to-the-people system is based on the land equalization system, which grants land to the people, so that the tillers can have their fields and produce for the people. Farmers' lives are guaranteed, but they can also be taxed. 4. Put an end to the system of merger and rent adjustment, stipulate that Kubanden can't buy or sell, and sort out the household registration every three years, so as to put an end to the disadvantages of land merger by rich and powerful households. After the Anshi Rebellion, the household registration was lost, and the tenancy system collapsed and could not be implemented. During the reign of Dezong, according to the proposal of Prime Minister Yang Yan, the tax system was reformed and two tax systems were implemented. Here is a brief introduction to the background of the two tax systems: 1. Land equalization system is based on land equalization system. However, after the rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the population moved and the household registration was lost, so * * * could not grant land according to the household registration, nor could it collect taxes by households, so two tax systems that did not depend on the household registration were produced. 2. Serious land annexation Since the Tang Xuanzong, land annexation has been serious, and a large number of farmers have lost their fields and fled everywhere. The tenancy adjustment system based on the land equalization system was destroyed and could not be implemented, so there was a two-tax system that no longer granted land. 3. The local tax has not been paid. After the Anshi Rebellion, local taxes could not be paid. * * * In order to maintain income, the tax law is reformed and two tax systems are implemented. 4. After the rebellion of the two tax systems, in order to increase income, the Tang Dynasty constantly raised local taxes and household taxes, making them the main sources of taxation at that time, laying the foundation of the two tax systems. Dezong adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Yang Yan and officially switched to two tax systems. The two tax systems are relatively simple and fair in tax payment; Under the principle of living within our means, the two tax systems can also stabilize national income and solve national economic problems. The reason why the economic center of gravity shifted to the southeast in the Tang Dynasty: Before the middle Tang Dynasty, China's social economy was centered on the north, and after the middle Tang Dynasty, the economic center of gravity gradually shifted to the Yangtze River basin in the southeast. The reasons are as follows: 1. The northern economy was broken, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, the Yellow River basin suffered from war, the countryside was deserted, prices rose and the economy was destroyed. After the Anshi Rebellion, the economy was in a state of chaos for a long time because of the separatist regime in the northern provinces, and the water conservancy was in disrepair, and natural disasters occurred frequently, so the economy could not be restored. Many people moved to the south. Because Zhang Xun and Xu Yuanjian defended Chengyang, Jiangnan was spared the Anshi War, and a large number of people went south to avoid disasters, which provided sufficient labor and production technology for the North and accelerated the economic development of the South. The southeast has been developed. Since the founding of the Three Kingdoms, the southeast region has been gradually developed, and the southern crossing of Jinshi has accelerated the development of Jiangnan. In the Sui Dynasty, due to the extensive canals and convenient transportation, the southern economy further developed. Moreover, Jiangnan has fertile land, suitable climate, high crop yield and no war, so before the middle of Tang Dynasty, Jiangnan had the conditions to become the economic center of gravity. 4. After the Tang Dynasty deliberately developed the Anshi Rebellion, the northern provinces became independent, so the Tang Dynasty could not collect taxes from the north, and Jiangnan became the economic pillar of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the imperial court actively built water conservancy projects and developed ports, which accelerated the southeast region to become the new economic center of China. Inheriting the development of the late Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty focused on developing overseas trade in the South, and the position of the South as the economic center of gravity was further consolidated. After the Anshi Rebellion in the mid-Tang Dynasty, the northern economy declined gradually, and the central government relied on the southeast land rent and salt tax to maintain it, and the economic center gradually shifted to the southeast. The following is a brief overview: 1. In the early Tang Dynasty, the population in the south increased, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River were densely populated. After the Anshi Rebellion, the population in the north dropped sharply, while the population in the south kept rising because it was not affected by the war, which provided a large number of labor and promoted the economic development in the south. 2. After the financial center of gravity moved south to the Anshi Rebellion, Tang * * * couldn't control the Central Plains, and all taxes had to be borne by the people in forty states in the south of the Yangtze River. The so-called "unique in the world, Jiangnan accounts for 19 places"; In addition, foreign trade is also concentrated in Guangzhou, Quanzhou and other places in the south, which shows that the southern region has become the financial center of gravity since the mid-Tang Dynasty. 3. After the development of agriculture in South China in the mid-Tang Dynasty, water conservancy in the north fell, natural disasters occurred frequently, and agriculture was depressed. In the south, due to Tang Shi's financial dependence on the south of the Yangtze River, it deliberately developed agriculture and built a large number of water conservancy projects, such as Doumen and Xia Yan. Farmers in the south of the Yangtze River have reclaimed a large number of lake fields and bamboo fields, greatly increasing the cultivated land in the south and exceeding the agricultural productivity in the north. 4. Industrial Growth in the South After the mid-Tang Dynasty, handicrafts in the south of the Yangtze River developed rapidly, surpassing those in the north, such as silk weaving in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, ceramics in Yuezhou and Jiangxi, papermaking in Xuanzhou, Hangzhou, and so on. 5. Commercial towns move south With the prosperity of agriculture and handicrafts in South China, the gradual development of foreign trade and the rapid development of southern commerce, large commercial cities such as Guangzhou, Yangzhou, Hangzhou and Chengdu are the most prosperous, replacing Chang 'an and Luoyang in the north and becoming new commercial towns. It was only eight years before and after the Anshi Rebellion, which had a far-reaching influence on the Tang Dynasty. Economically: 1. During the war, the household registration was scattered and the tenancy system was destroyed; The local tribute is not * * *; In addition, Uighur relied on hard work, which dried up the financial resources of the Tang Dynasty. 2. The Anshi Rebellion, the local dilapidated, production stopped, materials were in short supply, prices soared, the court levied taxes in many ways, and people's livelihood was difficult. The separatist regime of the buffer region and the eunuch's authoritarian power are the key to the decline of the Tang Dynasty.

It can be seen that the negative impact of the Anshi Rebellion on the Tang Dynasty is far-reaching. Socio-economic aspects: 1. The household registration is lost.

Seriously affect the income of Tang houses. 2. The disparity between the rich and the poor cannot be improved.

People live in dire straits. 3. The north is badly broken.

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First, the economic center of gravity moved south in the Tang Dynasty. 1. Did the Six Dynasties lay an economic foundation? During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Wu gradually developed Jiangnan. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, a large number of northern immigrants have brought technology and labor to Jiangnan, and with favorable natural and geographical conditions, the economic level of Jiangnan has gradually caught up with the north. Two. The population in the north has moved south again? When the Anshi Rebellion broke out, the economy of the Yellow River basin declined sharply, but the rich areas south of Jianghuai were not greatly affected. ? After the Anshi Rebellion, the political situation in the north continued to be turbulent, and the people in the north continued to move south, which accelerated the economic development in the south. Three. What about the separatist regimes in the northern provinces? After the Anshi Rebellion, the war in the north continued, the able-bodied men became soldiers, the people made exorbitant contributions to handyman, and business travel disappeared in the north. ? The water conservancy is in disrepair for a long time, the canal is silted up, the economic level in the north is declining, and the economic center of gravity is gradually replaced by the south. Four. * * * Determined to develop Jianghuai? The Tang Dynasty relied heavily on the tax revenue of the Huaihe River and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, so it was determined to develop the south of the Yangtze River. ? Tang Shi actively builds water conservancy projects, develops the benefits of salt tea and encourages foreign trade. The southern economy gradually surpasses the north and becomes the focus of the new economy. Two. An overview of the shift of economic center of gravity to the south in the Tang Dynasty 1. Population distribution 1. Is the population in the south more than that in the north? During the Anshi Rebellion and the Five Dynasties, the north was depressed and a large number of people moved south. The population in the south gradually exceeds that in the north, and the number of households in Jiangnan Road ranks first in the country. ? In the early Song Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the number of households in the north was only one million, while the number of households in southern countries reached more than 2.3 million, more than double that in the north. B. the source of wealth 1. relying on nancai? In the late Tang dynasty, the imperial court could not obtain taxes from the north, and all taxes depended on Huainan and Jiangnan. Jianghuai wealth was transported to Guanzhong through the canal to support the military and political expenses of * * *. C. agriculture i. developing land resources? In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, * * * encouraged the southern people to reclaim farmland; Build dikes on the river beach and lakeside, enclose Zhu Tian and Hu Tian, open terraces in mountainous areas and grow rice. With the increase of cultivated land, agricultural output also increases. Two. Farmland water conservancy construction? After the mid-Tang Dynasty, Jiangnan accounted for about 50 of the more than 80 water conservancy projects in China, which shows that the focus of agricultural production gradually moved south. ? Farmers in the south of the Yangtze River have invented new tools, such as curved plows, iron harrows and pipe wagons, which help to improve production efficiency. Three. The variety of agricultural products has increased? In addition to rice production, Jiangnan region also produces a large number of cash crops, including tea, mulberry (sericulture), sugar cane, vegetables and fruits. Among them, tea production occupies an important position, and drinking tea is becoming more and more popular. D. Handicraft I. Textile industry? After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the textile industry in the south of the Yangtze River developed rapidly, and its output and quality gradually caught up with that in the north. For example, textile products in Mingzhou and western Zhejiang are very famous. Two. Porcelain industry Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, eleven of the sixteen states in the south of the Yangtze River have produced porcelain. In addition to the increase in output, porcelain-making technology has also been greatly improved. For example, the secret colored porcelain in Yuezhou and Mingzhou has a high level of firing technology. Three. Smelting industry? The smelting industry in Tang dynasty was quite developed and skilled. It not only produces ordinary metal tools, weapons and household appliances, but also manufactures large-scale bronzes, ironware and exquisite gold and silver wares. For example, the bronze mirror in Yangzhou was one of the famous products in China at that time. Four. Paper industry? Eleven of the sixteen states in the south of the Yangtze River produce paper. Some paper products produced in the south, such as rattan paper from Yuezhou and Xuan paper from Xuanzhou, are famous all over the country. Shipbuilding? In the late Tang Dynasty, Mingzhou and Shengzhou were shipbuilding centers in the south. The ocean-going ships made at that time were famous at home and abroad. Those big ships are more than 20 feet long and can carry 600 to 700 people, which can be compared with better large food ships. E-commerce i. Does the commercial city move south? After the Anshi Rebellion, Yangzhou and Yizhou replaced Chang 'an and Luoyang and became the centers of economic development and commodity trading. ? Suzhou, Hangzhou, Huzhou, Ezhou, Hongzhou and Tanzhou have also become famous commercial cities in the Yangtze River basin. Two. Frequent foreign trade? In the mid-Tang Dynasty, the Silk Road was blocked, and Chinese and foreign trade moved to the southeast coast. Many people and Persians came to China by water to trade. ? Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou are famous trading ports. Guangzhou was an international metropolis at that time, with city ambassadors in charge of foreign trade and a fan shop to receive foreign businessmen.

Reference: Exploring the history of China.