Futian Square is located in Xibaita Temple, which is the area around Baita Temple in Beijing today. Fucai Square is located in the corner of the Golden Jade Bureau of Shuncheng Gate, which is to the north of Beijing National Culture Palace. Fang Jincheng in Pingzemen is the Dashuiche Hutong south of Fuchengmennei Street in Beijing today. Yuxuan Square is close to the front of Zhongshu Province, which is east of the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing today. Baodafang is located in the north of the Privy Council, which is near Wangfujing Street in Beijing today. Lingchunfang is located in the north of Dadu Road, which is the Lingguang Hutong area west of Andingmennei Street in Beijing today. Tangui Square, north of Lingchun Square. Mingshifang is located in the east of Taishi College, near the observatory in Jianguomen, Beijing today. Fengchifang, in the north of Xie Jie, is near the sea, that is, to the north of Gulou West Street in Beijing today. Anfufang is located at the gate of Yangjiaoshun, west of Gennan Street in Xihuangcheng and northeast of Ganshiqiao. Huaiyuan Square is located in the northwest corner of Dadoucheng. Taiping Square has Dacheng Huapuqing Temple, which is located in Baochan Hutong, Xizhimen, Beijing. Datong Square, Wende Square, with its meaning, was still in the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Zi School and Xuansheng Temple, which is today's Jingshi Academy. There is Zhengqilou in Jintaifang, which is the old Gulou Street in Beijing today. The square near the ancestral temple is in the north of Chaoyangmen in Beijing today. Five Blessingg Square is located in the middle or near the central pavilion, which is the area around the Drum Tower in Beijing today. Taihengfang is located in the northeast of Dadoucheng. Bazhengfang, near Wansicang and Bazhuo Temple. In Shiyong Square, there is Qingshou Temple, which is the west side of Beijing Telegraph Building today. Ganning Square is in the northwest of Dadoucheng. Xianning Square, Le Tong Square, Shouwu Square, Yimin Square, Xijin Square and Dihai District, namely the northeast of Beijing Jishuitan and Gulou West Street. Kangqu Square, Jinxian Square and Jiahui Square are located in the south of Dadoucheng. Ping Fang, north of Dadoucheng. Hening Square, Zhile Square, nearby Fangde Square, Friendship Square and Qingyuan Square are located in the northwest corner of Dadoucheng. Rizhong Square is in the northwest of Di 'anmen today. Yingbin Square is in the east of Dadoucheng. Xichengfang, to the west of Dadoucheng. From Fang Yi, to the north of Fuchengmen. Jurenfang, in the east of metropolis. Fang, this land is near Wang Fu. Renshoufang is in today's Long Fu Temple, near Tai Hospital. Wanbaofang, west of the right-hand corridor in front of ouchi, is now west of the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing. Yushunfang has a long-lasting saying, that is, today's Huapichang Hutong area in Xizhimen, Beijing. Wuyunfeng, to the east of Qianbulang in Ouchi, is to the east of the Wumen Gate of the Forbidden City in Beijing today. Zhanlufang, near the official wine cellar, is in the east of Dadoucheng. Leshan Square is similar to Muqin Square, and it is very close to the palace. Clarification Square, near Jade Terrace, is located in Ganyu Hutong, Mishi Street, Beijing today.
In the Yuan Dynasty, all squares were bounded by streets. Although there is a square door, there is no square wall. The square door is just a signboard. According to the analysis of Tianjin Lu, there were 50 squares in the Yuan Dynasty, but the Old News of the Sun and the Unified Record of the Yuan Dynasty cited by textual research only listed 49 squares, or there were omissions. Analysis of Jinzhi also includes Liren Square, Faxiang Square, Li Shan Square, Ledao Square, Haode Square, Zhaoxian Square, Susan Square, Zhao Hui Square, Juxian Square, Mingyu Square, Zhanqin Square, Huiwen Square, Please Teahouse, Li Xun Square, Xian Yi Square, Sicheng Square, Donghuanghua Square, Zhao Ming Square, Penglai Square and Nanxun Square. Analysis of Tianjin Records was written at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and the name of the workshop recorded in it was immediately changed or added by the old workshop at the end of Yuan Dynasty. There is a central platform in the metropolis of Yuan Dynasty, which is the center of the city, east, west, north and south, which is the first in the history of urban architecture in China. The actual situation is the center platform distance element.
Most of the north and south walls are equal, but slightly closer to the east wall than the west wall. The central platform covers an area of one mu, and there is a central pavilion next to it. "Tianjin Record and Analysis" contains: "The Central Station is fifteen steps west of the Central Pavilion." Just south of the central platform is a stone tablet engraved with the word "Central Platform". The central pavilion is located in the east of the central platform and on the central axis of Dadoucheng. "Analysis of Golden Branches" also contains "Zheng Qilou, the capital city of Liqiao. East Central Pavilion. " Zhengqilou is the Drum Tower of Yuan Metropolis, located to the west of the central pavilion, that is, to the west of the central axis of the metropolis, and located in the old Drum Tower Street in Beijing today. In the Ming Dynasty, the Drum Tower and its North Bell Tower moved eastward to the location of the present Beijing Drum Tower Bell Tower, which is the central axis of the city. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Drum Tower was equipped with time measuring tools such as clepsydra and drum horn. There is an attic, triple cornices and a built-in clock on the bell tower, which is so loud that the whole city can hear it. The bell and drum tower is one of the tools for the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty to control the capital. Marco Polo's Travels wrote: "In the center of the new capital, there stands a tall building with a big clock hanging on it, which rings the bell every night. No one is allowed to walk in the street after the third bell rings. An exception can be made unless there is an emergency, such as a pregnant woman giving birth or someone getting sick. However, if this happens, people who go out must bring lanterns. " "At night, a patrol of thirty or forty people constantly patrols the street to see if anyone leaves home during curfew-that is, after the third bell rings. The person caught was immediately arrested and imprisoned. " In the Yuan Dynasty, the metropolitan area was a rectangle with short east-west and long north-south. The Great Wall is 60 miles long and has 240 steps, with 1 1 gates, three gates in the south, east and west, and two gates in the north. Attached to the body is "three heads, six arms and two feet".
When building a metropolis, we should first build a "central pavilion" in the geometric center of the whole city, and then explore the urban sites in an all-round way on this basis.
To the south of the central pavilion is the imperial city. There is a red wall around the imperial city, also known as the "Xiao wall". Its main entrance is called the door, and there is a thousand-step corridor on the left and right. Outside Xiaoqiang's east wall, there is a waterway. The Imperial City is not based on the axis of Miyagi, which is east-west symmetrical, but centered on the Ethereum and surrounded by three palaces-Otani Palace, Long Fu Palace and Shengxing Palace. This layout embodies the characteristics of Mongolians living by water. The main entrance of ouchi is Chongtianmen, with Houzaimen in the north, Donghuamen in the east and Xihuamen in the west. There is Jinshui River in front of Chongtianmen, and there is Qiao Zhou on the river (according to legend, it is a broken bridge in the Forbidden City in Beijing today). The main hall of ouchi is Daming Hall, where Yuan Di manages and lives. It is eleven rooms wide, and the back hall is connected by a porch. Behind the Daming Temple is the swallow pavilion, which is the residence of the queen. In addition, there are yudetang, library, eagle house, sheepfold and other buildings.
Outside the imperial city, there are government offices in the south and southeast, the urban area around Jishuitan in the north, the ancestral temple in the east and the Taishe in the west. In addition, there are three gates on both sides of the city wall (except the north wall), which are all in line with the relevant records of "Nine Classics and Nine Traces", "Connecting the Ancient and the Modern" and "Left Ancestors and Right Houses" in Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji.
On the west side of the central pavilion, there are the Drum Tower and the Bell Tower, which are the time telling agencies of the whole city. To the west of the Bell and Drum Tower is Jishuitan, which is the end of water transportation in Yuan Dynasty and the most prosperous business district in the city. There are rice market, market, satin market, fur hat market, gold and silver jewelry market, iron market, goose and duck market, as well as gardens and pavilions such as Wanghuting and Wanchun Garden.
The roads in the Yuan Dynasty were all dirt roads. When the city was built, open ditches were set on both sides of the main road of the city, which were made of stone. After the Ming Dynasty, many open ditches were covered and turned into underground ditches. The city defense system in Yuan Dynasty included city walls, city gates and moats. The city wall is made of rammed earth, with a circumference of 60 miles, 240 steps (28.6 kilometers), a height of about 10 to 12 meters, a base width of 20 to 24 meters and a top width of 10 to 15 meters. When the city was built, the old method of the Song Dynasty was adopted, that is, first, the wall was inlaid with Yongding wood, then the crossbar was added, and then the soil was rammed. Because it is rainy in summer, the earth wall is easily washed and soaked by rain, leading to collapse. Therefore, at the beginning of building the city, it was proposed to cover it with bricks and stones, but it was abandoned because of insufficient financial resources. After the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court specially dispatched soldiers to harvest reeds and weave reed mats. Every summer, reed mats are laid on the city wall, which is called "Weicheng", and it is commonly known as "hemp fiber to cover the city". However, when Yuan Wenzong was in turmoil, fearing that the uprising people would set fire to the reed mat, they terminated the "Reed City" and temporarily recruited civilian workers to repair every collapsed loose wall. The wall of the Yuan capital is straight, 7,400 meters long from east to west and 6,650 meters long from north to south. Between Shuncheng Gate and Lizhengmen in the west section of Chengnan City Wall, there is a wall that bends outward. According to "Analysis of Golden Branches", when the Nancheng City Wall was built, the direction of this section of the city wall coincided with the two towers of Haiyun and Kean in the west of Qingshou Temple. "When the times were playing, the sai-jo (Kublai Khan) had a purpose, and his life circle was included in the city."
There were eleven schools in the Yuan Dynasty. The names of the city gates are all related to the images in Zhouyi. In the middle of the south wall is Li's main entrance, which means "the beauty of the sun, the moon and the sky" in Zhouyi; East is the gate of civilization, taking the meaning of "civilization is healthy" and "its virtue is vigorous and civilized" in Zhouyi; In the west, it is the door of succession, taking the meaning of Zhouyi, that is, "it is the highest place of Kun Yuan, and all things multiply and inherit the sky" (Kun is southwest). In the middle of the East Garden is Chongren Gate, which means that the East belongs to Spring and Benevolence. To the south is Qihuamen, which accords with the meaning of "Xun in Hu Qi and Xun in the southeast" in Shuogua Zhuan. To the north is Guangxi Gate, which means "Gen (Northeast), only ... its way is bright", which is found in Zhouyi. The western wall is the gate of harmony and righteousness, taking the principle that the west belongs to autumn righteousness; There are Pingze Gate in the south and Qing Gate in the north. To the east of Beiyuan is Anzhen Gate, which means "Go to Kanxia" ... The Book of Changes Anzhen Ji. The west is the door to health, taking the meaning of "doers are healthy and virtuous" in Zhouyi.
The doorway of Dadoucheng in Yuan Dynasty followed the old practice of Song and Jin Dynasties. It was a square gate with big wooden beams. Because the world was pacified by force in the early Yuan Dynasty, there was no external threat, so the urn was not built (at that time, many cities in the Southern Song Dynasty had set up urns at the gate of the city and built towers with bricks, such as Jingjiang City). By the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the peasant uprising was surging, and only in the winter of the 19th year in Zheng Zheng, which was not suitable for construction, eleven urn cities were hastily built. The wooden suspension bridge outside the city gate spans the moat.