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1. Topaz in Hetian jade refers to nephrite with yellow, beeswax yellow, chestnut, okra yellow, egg yellow, beige and boxwood yellow, but it is by no means topaz or topaz among gems. Hetian jade topaz has the characteristics of Hetian jade.
Second, topaz topaz is a variety of timely, which belongs to silica mineral as timely. Topaz varies in color from yellow to light brown, much like topaz. Topaz is yellow because it contains iron hydroxide. Natural topaz is scarce, and people often heat amethyst and smoky crystal to make their colors become topaz or even fake topaz.
Topaz is the general name of golden yellow, orange yellow, brown yellow and light yellow crystals, and is often called "crystal topaz" or "topaz crystal". In French, topaz means lemon, which probably means that the color of this crystal is close to lemon. The ancient Roman philosopher Pliny once praised topaz with "gold" and "precious stones".
The color of topaz is mainly caused by iron or chromium in the crystal. Topaz is better than those bright and flawless, and orange is more popular. "Shoushan Yin Shi Xiaozhi" contains: "Pure and flawless topaz, named yellow frozen, has two kinds of thick yellow and dark yellow, which is psychic and shiny; The quality is extremely tender, just like Yidu loquat, which makes people's index fingers move. " "Shi Kao" said: Topaz "produces crystal caves and potholes, which are psychic in quality and excellent in yellowish color; It is corroded by water, white inside and yellow outside. It is said that the changer is two. " This crystal is obtained by heat treatment in order to achieve better color effect. Amethyst and smoky crystal will produce reddish, yellow and orange earthy tones after heating, which is very similar to topaz. Colorless and transparent crystals can turn beautiful yellow under X-ray irradiation.
Westerners regard topaz as the birthday stone of 1 1, which is known as the "stone of friendship" and represents sincere and devoted love, beauty and wisdom. It symbolizes wealth and vitality, can eliminate fatigue, control emotions, and help rebuild confidence and have goals.
Topaz is bright and charming. Topaz glasses made of topaz are wear-resistant, and drivers can wear them in rainy days or at night, which can improve the visibility of objects and increase the safety factor. Topaz is also often used to make rings, earrings, bracelets, necklaces and other ornaments.
There are few topaz in nature and few producing areas. Only Brazil and Madagascar produce a certain number of high-quality products. Because topaz is very similar to topaz (topaz), illegal traders often confuse fake topaz with real topaz, which leads to topaz's reputation plummeting. The names of Spanish topaz and Saxon topaz are mostly substitutes for topaz heat treatment. Excellent topaz has almost no cracks, which is more beautiful and cheaper than topaz, but its structure and appearance lack softness. The color of topaz is "warmer" than topaz, and it is more shiny. The specific gravity and hardness of topaz are larger than topaz, which can only be distinguished by hand weighing. Topaz has perfect cleavage, but topaz has no cleavage. The lowest refractive index of topaz is 1.6 1, while the highest refractive index of topaz is 1.55.
Have you ever heard of topaz gems? Its English name is named after Danbury, Connecticut, USA, where it was first discovered. All are glass luster, transparent, cleavage-free, and the hardness is the same. However, the composition is quite different. The topaz component is silicon dioxide and the topaz component is calcium borate.
silicon dioxide
Topaz, also known as topaz, is a fluorine-containing aluminosilicate mineral, which is formed by the steam discharged from the crystallization of igneous rocks and generally occurs in the pores of rhyolite and granite. Because it is often associated with tin ore, it can be used as a sign to find tin ore. Topaz is generally columnar or irregular granular or massive, with various colors, such as yellow, blue, green, red, brown, etc., with glassy luster, and some are colorless and transparent. The color of topaz will fade when exposed to the sun for a long time. Topaz can be used as grinding material and instrument bearing. Transparent and beautiful topaz is a precious gem.
Origin: Brazil, Sri Lanka, USA, China.
Chemical composition: Al2 [SiO _ 4] (F, OH), and the ratio of F to (OH) varies.
Structure: It belongs to orthorhombic system.
Density: 3.49-3.57g/cm3.
Hardness (Mohs hardness): 8
Symbolic meaning: wealth and piety
Color: light yellow to dark yellow
Mineral composition: hydrous aluminosilicate.
Gloss: glass luster
At present, the jewelry industry is studying the formation of titanium dioxide film on topaz by physical vapor deposition, thus producing rainbow topaz.
Topaz, an English name, has two sources: one is Topaz, which comes from an island in the Red Sea, and the other is from the Sanskrit TOPUS, which means "fire". This exotic name seems to reveal the mystery represented by this gem. The mineralogical name of topaz is topaz, also known as topaz.
Topaz is a hydrous aluminosilicate mineral, and its chemical molecular formula is Al2 [SiO _ 4] (F, OH) _ 2, and the ratio of F to (OH) is different. Crystal belongs to island structure silicate mineral, with rhombic crystal system, mostly rhombic columnar, with longitudinal stripes on the cylindrical surface, and the aggregate shape is columnar, granular and massive. Colors are colorless, light yellow, dark yellow, brown, sky blue, pink, red, light green and brown. Glass luster, transparent to translucent. The refractive index is1.619-1.627, the birefringence is 0.008-0.0 10, and the dispersion is 0.0 14. Polychromaticity is obvious. Hardness 8, density 3.49-3.57 g/cm3. Cleavage develops and is fragile. Under the irradiation of long-wave and short-wave ultraviolet rays, topaz of different colors shows different fluorescence. According to the color, it can be generally divided into wine yellow, colorless, blue, green and red topaz. Among them, the best dark yellow is the most precious, and the better the color of Huang Yue. Followed by blue, green and red.
Topaz is produced all over the world. The most important gem-grade topaz is produced in minas gerais, Brazil, where topaz is yellow, deep Sydney yellow, pink, blue and colorless. Sri Lanka is also an important producing area, and its topaz is mainly blue, green and colorless. California produces blue and yellow topaz.
A large number of colorless topaz produced in Guangdong, Xinjiang, Yunnan and other places in China can be turned into beautiful sky blue by neutron radiation, electron accelerator bombardment, Co60 irradiation and heating. It is worth noting that topaz discolored by neutron radiation is radioactive and needs to be left for a certain period of time (such as more than half a year) before it can be used as a decorative gem, otherwise it will cause certain harm to human body.
Topaz is a typical gas-generated hydrothermal mineral, which occurs in granite pegmatite, acid volcanic caves, greisen and high-temperature hydrothermal tungsten-tin chronological veins. The world-famous producing areas are Brazil, Urals of Russia and Katlang of Pakistan. Topaz can be used as bearings and grinding materials, and good quality can be used as gems. Topaz is produced in China, Inner Mongolia and Jiangxi.
In the eyes of westerners, topaz can be worn as a talisman, which can ward off evil spirits, eliminate sadness and enhance confidence. Soaking wine with topaz powder can cure asthma, insomnia, burns and bleeding. China has a long history of understanding and utilizing topaz. Topaz is an attractive, beautiful and cheap intermediate gem, which is deeply loved by people. Many countries in the world have designated topaz as the "November birthstone", which symbolizes friendship, fraternity and fraternity.
Topaz is a common gem, which is composed of fluorosilicate with hardness of 8. The common colors are colorless, pink, yellow and blue. Common gemstones that are easily mixed with topaz mainly include crystal, aquamarine, tourmaline and glass imitation, among which topaz is the easiest to mix together. In fact, except for the soft and fluffy appearance of topaz, it is extremely difficult for the naked eye to distinguish the two, which is also the fundamental reason why yellow crystals can cause people to doubt the value of topaz in the market.
It is easier to distinguish the raw materials of topaz and crystal. Topaz's columnar crystal surface has vertical stripes, while the crystal has horizontal stripes. Finally, the specific gravity (feel) of inlaid ornaments can also be used as a basis for distinction. The specific gravity of topaz is above 3.49, while that of topaz is only about 2.65. When you weigh it with your hand, topaz feels like a "falling" hand, while the crystal is lighter. Of course, the luster of topaz gem is soft, while the luster of crystal is "cold" and sharp, which can also be distinguished.
Topaz and tourmaline can be distinguished by the naked eye. The most important thing is that tourmaline is very dichromatic, while topaz is weak except pink. In addition, tourmaline has strong birefringence, and double images are often seen.
The difference between blue topaz and aquamarine is generally difficult, which can be used as a reference: blue aquamarine often has some yellow-green tones, a little dichroism and a light proportion. Accurate identification should be determined by refractometer.
Glass and topaz have different luster and polarization. Topaz is rock crystal, which has good heat transfer, so it feels very cold, while the glass is "warm". When magnified, topaz can sometimes see gas-liquid inclusions composed of immiscible liquids, and glass often contains spherical bubbles, which can be used as auxiliary evidence.
Topaz is soft and heavy.