Located in the Nile valley in the northeast of Africa, an ancient civilization dominated by agriculture, the Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, appeared before 4000 BC. It is the country with the longest history of slavery in the world and was occupied by foreigners in 525 BC. In terms of technology, ancient Egypt has long influenced neighboring nationalities and left a precious legacy for human civilization. Ancient Egypt was the first country in the world to enter the slave society, so its origin and science and technology based on ideological externalization must be at the highest level of development in the world at that time.
Astronomy and mathematics. Agricultural production in ancient Egypt needs to know the exact date of the Nile flooding, so it is very important to determine the seasons according to the astronomical phenomena, and astronomical knowledge is constantly accumulating and enriching. The ancient Egyptians founded the earliest solar calendar in human history in 2787 BC. The formulation method is to set the day when Sirius and the sun rise on the horizon at the same time (when the Nile begins to flood) as the beginning of a year, with three seasons *** 12 months, 30 days per month, plus 5 days of year-end festivals * * * 365 days a year. This calendar only has a difference of 1/4 days every year, which is the original basis of the Gregorian calendar in the world today. Because the Nile floods every year, it is necessary to re-measure and demarcate the land. After years of work, the ancient Egyptians did more practical exercises in geometry than any other nation at that time, and accumulated a lot of mathematical knowledge. With the construction of water conservancy facilities, temples and pyramids, these mathematical knowledge has been applied and further enriched and developed. The ancient Egyptians used the counting system of 10 to calculate the area of rectangle, triangle, trapezoid and circle, as well as the volume of regular cylinder and truncated square cone. They use pi = 3.1605. Algebraically, the ancient Egyptians could solve linear equations with one variable and some simple quadratic equations with one variable. This knowledge later became the basis for the ancient Greeks to develop mathematics.
Anatomy and medicine. The ancient Egyptians believed that people could continue to live in another world after death, so they dissected the dead and painted them into mummies. As a result, they have accumulated a lot of knowledge about human physiology and anatomy, which is undoubtedly beneficial to their medical development. Doctors in ancient Egypt were able to perform surgical operations to treat eye diseases, toothache, diarrhea, lung diseases and many gynecological diseases. They use all kinds of plants, animals and minerals to make medicines. Medicine in ancient Egypt was the most advanced in the world at that time, and this knowledge later had a great influence on western medicine through the ancient Greeks.
Handicraft technology. Egypt's handicraft industry has also developed to a considerable extent. As early as 2700 BC, the ancient Egyptians built 47-meter-long ships. The technology of making glass was invented in 1600 BC, and the manufacturing technology of pottery, linen fabric, leather, papyrus (used for writing) and jewelry also reached a high level. Ancient Egyptians learned bronze smelting technology before and after the completion of 1500 BC, but copper resources were not rich. Iron was used late, and it was not until the 7th century BC that bronze was generally replaced.
Building technology. Architectural technology is a comprehensive technology, which can largely reflect the overall technical level of a society, especially in ancient times. The most remarkable technological achievement in ancient Egypt in human history is the construction of huge pyramids and temples with stones that still exist today. The pyramids are the tombs of ancient Egyptian pharaohs (kings). The largest of the more than 70 existing pyramids is pyramid of khufu, which was built in 2600 BC. The tower height 146.5 meters, and the bottom is a square with a length of meters. It is made of polished boulders, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons and using about 2.3 million boulders. The stones were not bonded with plaster, and the joints were tight. Temple architecture in ancient Egypt is also amazing. For example, in the 4th century BC/kloc-0, a temple was built in the Karnak Temple near the Nile. Its main hall covers an area of about 5,000 square meters and stands 134 huge circular stone pillars, of which the largest 12 is 3.6 meters in diameter and about 2 1 meter in height, which shows its spectacular degree. Under the condition of using stone tools and bronzes three or four thousand years ago, the ancient Egyptians actually built such magnificent buildings as pyramids and temples, which is really a miracle of human history. Abu Simpo Temple Abu Simpo Temple is considered as the greatest work of Ramses and a veritable ancient architectural treasure. Four giant statues carved from rocks are 20 meters high, symbolizing the Pharaoh sitting at the gate of the palace. Now they have become symbols of Egyptian civilization. Sergio, one of the famous Egyptian scientists in Italy? 6? Professor SergioDonadoni explained: "This is an incredible building, which brings the architectural elements of Egyptian classical architecture into the mountains." The temple was built on a hillside, with a depth of 60 meters. Originally, it was dedicated to the three gods of Amon, Ra and Buta, but in fact, it only served one "true god"-Ramses himself. Temple, in addition to the buildings on the ground, there is also a cave temple dug from the cliff. The typical hollow rock center is the temple of Ramses II in Abu Simbel, located in the south of Aswan, near the second waterfall of the Nile. This temple is dedicated to the gods of Amon, Lahlakati and Puzhaota, and also commemorates Ramses II himself. In fact, it is a combination of a temple and a sacrificial temple. The grotto temple in Abu Simbel Temple is surrounded by mountains and waters, and the grottoes are carved on the cliff slope. The facade of the Great Temple may be called the Tower Gate, which is 32 meters high and 36 meters long. There are four sitting statues of Ramses II carved on both sides of the entrance to the Tower Gate, which are about 2 1 m high. There is also a column hall and an opposite place in the depths of the temple at the entrance of the cave, which is used to worship the above-mentioned gods and their own sculptures. This cave is 60 meters long. On the birthday of Ramses II on February 2 1 and the coronation day of Ramses II on October 2 1 every year, the sun can directly shine on the god and his own statue in the depths of the temple cave through the cave. Now, due to the construction of Aswan Dam, since 1968, the temple site has been moved to a height of 65 meters away from the Nile at 20 1 m, and the sunshine stone statue time has been delayed by one day respectively. Near Abu Simpo Temple, there is also a smaller cave temple dedicated to his wife Naftili. There are six statues on the front of the temple. Besides the three statues of Ramses II, there are three statues of Nefertili, which are depicted as the image of God Hassall. However, the fate of the ancient temple in Abu Simbel is disastrous. Shortly after its completion, an earthquake caused great losses to it, and many stone pillars and statues were broken, including the whole upper part of the front of the temple. Most of the damaged places were later repaired, but the architects at that time could do nothing about the statue, and only the fragments of the statue were scattered nearby.
The most beloved princess, Ramses II, has a small mountain temple in the north not far from the temple of Abu Simbel, which was presented to Nefertari by the Pharaoh. People know nothing about the origin of this princess. She seems to come from a civilian family. But there is no doubt that both Lao Wang and ordinary people love her deeply. The princess's name means "the most beautiful woman", and many portraits also prove her charm. Ramses married her shortly before he succeeded to the throne, and has been inseparable from her ever since, and she can be seen in both religious ceremonies and national activities. She can often be seen snuggling up to her husband in paintings and other cultural relics. Nefertitali also plays an important role in political life. She maintained a good relationship with the Hittite Queen through letters and gifts. She gave birth to six children for Pharaoh: two daughters and four sons, but they all died young and failed to inherit the throne. In fact, Melenpa, the son of another princess, Si Nuo Flatt, became the heir of Ramses. Nefertari was supposed to host the inauguration ceremony of Abu Simpo Temple with Ramses, but it is very likely that she will not be able to make it. According to a hypothesis between fiction and history, Neve Ti Tuo Li died in front of this temple that was supposed to share eternal life with Pharaoh, when she entrusted her eldest daughter to preside over the inauguration ceremony with her father. Nefertiti was solemnly buried in the Valley of the Queen. 1904, Italian archaeologist Ernest? 6? 1 Elsa Schiaparelli found her grave, but her mummy and funerary objects were stolen. Nevertheless, the exquisite murals restored in the tomb still make Nefertari's tomb a pearl of ancient Egyptian civilization.