The species of jadeite refers to its germplasm, that is, the maturity of jadeite. Emerald can be divided into new mountains, old mountains, old species, new and old species and new species. Generally speaking, the old species in Laoshan are better than the new species in Xinshan, and are favored by jewelers. An experienced connoisseur will often confirm the entrance of jade according to its shell and sand characteristics, so as to judge its germplasm. For a piece of jade, the requirements are complete maturity, no retrogradation, no interlayer, no excessive aging, erosion, weathering and cracking. Mature materials, after dissection, show a crystal clear glass luster, with light blue or black on the ground, giving people a deep feeling. Tested with a hardness pen, the Mohs hardness is around 7, and experts call this kind of material "old, good or enough". On the contrary, if the jade material is dull, dull and survives, its hair will regenerate and its color tone will be dull.
Apart from some general laws, it is difficult to confirm the origin of jadeite, and the wool produced in the same origin has changed greatly even after a piece of material is unbound, which is called "variation" in jargon. Therefore, the observation of wool species must not rely on a brush or an unlocked door and a certain feature, but should be comprehensively judged from all aspects of the whole to reach a correct conclusion.
It is worth mentioning that there are many articles and lectures about jadeite, which extend the general law of other gems. Generally speaking, secondary jadeite (water stone) is a good kind, while all rocks are classified as primary jadeite, which is said to be poor. The author thinks: not to mention whether it is appropriate to classify rocks as primary jadeite (because many rocks have also been crushed by nature). From a large number of physical examples, there are many good kinds of rocks, and poor kinds of water stones abound. This method of arbitrary definition without in-depth study is not appropriate. Variety maturity is an important factor in jade trading. The price difference between good varieties and poor varieties is very big, and the transaction rate is correspondingly much higher.
2. Concept and division of Emerald Di Zi.
The whole piece of jade is rarely colored, and most of it is alternately colored and less and less. The colorless place of jadeite is called "floor board" by people in the industry. The floor board is not necessarily white, but has gray, yellow, black, blue, purple, lake, blue and other colors. A good jade should not only be planted well, but also have the contrast of floor and color.
At present, in the theoretical circle, many people confuse the concepts of species and land, and think that species is land, which is not in line with traditional jade culture. Traditionally, the concept of species is obviously different. Species refers to the maturity of jade, which can be divided into old and young, and ground refers to the color background, which can be divided into clean, delicate or dirty, coarse and fine. People once described "species" as the "bone" of jade. The habits of Emerald Di Zi are divided as follows:
(1) According to the color of the seeds, the seeds with uniform hue and colorless roots can be divided into green eyes, blue sunny, red spring, lotus spring, eggplant spring, gray and yellow, among which the dull blue-gray jargon is called cat urine or spray urine, and there are oil green and watermelon.
(2) Image classification: For example, glassy land is called glass land, glassy land is called ice land, and others are bean land, vegetable land, excrement land, rice soup land, porcelain land, taro land, egg white land and water land.
(3) The rough and delicate jade is called "rough horse scattered land", the rough meat is called "fine horse scattered land", the particles are even and criss-crossed, the stone flower is called "wax land", and the loose and fragile structure is called "powder land".
(4) Jade should be clean, delicate and pretty or dirty, and free of impurities such as rust, tinea, cotton, stains, bone marrow or bagasse. Too many impurities are called "dirty land species" or "mixed land species", and the price of dirty land species is very low.
Of course, there are some established names, such as Handy, Tiehua and Longshi, but these names all refer to a piece of jade and are not universal.
3. The concept of water
Water is the transparency of jadeite, jadeite with good transparency is called water, water is enough for a little time, and poor transparency is called poor water or mixed water. There is a saying in history that it is very water. Many people think that jadeite pieces with a certain thickness are covered with fonts or patterns on paper and illuminated with lights to see their visibility. The thickness is a little water. The original intention of the older generation to say that it is very watery is not recorded and cannot be verified. But from a practical point of view, it is very rare to cover a piece of jade in three parts on paper. What has happened is not to mention the brightness of fonts and the intensity of lighting. This view is metaphysical and can be understood in this way. It's a vague concept, very good and perfect. This is not a definition. Whether the most transparent jade is called ten according to its transparency and then gradually reduced according to its grade remains to be discussed.
Jade's head is closely related to the ground. For example, the glass floor must be full of water, and the transparency of taro floor and dog urine floor is poor. Even if some jadeite materials are cut into several millimeters, the visibility is extremely low under strong light, so the price of jadeite should be measured according to its water head.
4. The concept of color
Emerald is a collection of single-chain pyroxene minerals, which contains various mineral components and various rare elements that cause color. This is a colorful world. As the saying goes, "There are ten million kinds of precious stones and ten million kinds of jade". Common colors are green, blue and red, as well as gray, yellow, black, blue, purple and lake. Traditionally, green is called emerald and red is called Fei. Green is loved by jewelry lovers because of its exquisite and delicate style, so the amount and depth of jade green is the decisive factor in jade valuation.
The green color of jadeite can reach the gem level. The older generation divided it into royal green fireflies according to its depth, shade, shade, uniformity, floweriness, dullness and freshness. It's rare. Emerald is almost emerald, white Tang Ya is planted with various colors, and the hall is planted with gold thread. The jade is green and even, Luoguo is green and bright, and the water is short. There are also water green, colored beans and boxwood. Now, with the continuous improvement of Xiangyu's level, there are different names in different places. Apart from sapphire green, gold silk green, multicolored beans and boxwood green, spinach green, seedling green, parrot green, river green, onion heart green, duck excrement green, melon skin green, duck egg green, uniform water green, loofah green, holly green, Yang Qiaogreen, apple green and oil green are also added.
In addition, in the sample trading market, all kinds of samples are divided into various kinds of villages according to color and process requirements. Colors are relatively concentrated and rich. Rings and other pigments can be used as high-grade ornaments with scattered colors, and less are called "flower brand" materials or carved materials. Other variegated and colorless materials that can be used to process ordinary bracelets and ornaments are called "Zhuangtou" materials.
The color of jadeite varies widely, which is closely related to species, land and water, and the width of the scale varies from person to person. In a word, there are no two jades with exactly the same or similar colors. It should be said that a piece of jade has one color, and even the same piece of jade has several colors. Therefore, it is impossible to set strict grading standards for the classification of jadeite colors like diamonds. We can only judge the color grade correctly according to the accumulated experience of practitioners, their market demand and technical effects.
"Strength, yang, integrity, beauty and harmony" is an important experience that several generations have summed up from the practice of jade. "Thick" means that the color of jade should be bright, and there is a saying that "green can pinch water". "Yang" means that the yellow flavor should be sufficient, "Zheng" means that the color should be pure, and blue and gray should not be mixed with other colors, "Qiao" means that the color should be beautiful, and "He" means that the color should be uniform and the saturation should be sufficient. These five words sum up the essence of color very incisively.
In recent years, due to the continuous expansion of market demand, in addition to pure green, such as yellow clip green, spring ribbon color, colorful jade and carefully cultivated floating blue flowers are also very popular. It should be said that all kinds of jade ornaments should have certain value as long as they reach a certain technological level and are not "B" or "C" goods.
Step 5 rupture
The most taboo of jadeite is cracking. Too many cracks will greatly affect the value of jadeite, but if you spend a long time with jadeite, you will know that jadeite without any cracks is very rare. This requires us to have a deep understanding of the types, distribution, depth and harm to color of cracks. The following focuses on the types and distribution forms of jadeite cracks:
(1) Types of cracks
(1) When the tower is clamped on the original jadeite stone, deep cracks can be seen, with obvious rust or other mottled substances at the opening. This kind of crack can be shaken by tapping gently with a hammer. There is often obvious corrosion weathering layer on the crack surface.
(2) The heel pagoda is called the heel pagoda, where the cracks grow in order along the color direction at the edge of green or other colors.
③ The invisible tower only sees a waterline or no trace on the original stone, but it is very obvious after being untied. This kind of tower is called "stone reinforcement" by the people.
(4) Floating on the surface of the original stone, the crack is shovel-shaped, and there is obvious jump when exposed to light. As long as it is not distributed in layers, it is generally not too deep.
⑤ When the evil tower is on the surface of the original stone, obvious cracks can be seen and extend in a large area. In some evil towers, you can also see the infiltration of various impurities.
(2) the distribution form of cracks
(1) The vertical towers are vertically distributed in the growth direction of the original stone.
(2) The transverse towers are distributed transversely according to the growth direction of the original stone.
③ Curved towers are distributed in a curve.
(4) Chaotic towers are out of order.
⑤ Goose feathers are feathered.
⑥ The cross tower crosses horizontally and vertically.
⑦ Triangular cross distribution of fork towers
⑧ The broken tower is in the shape of a porcelain chip, also known as "porcelain crack".