These two nationalities are the origin and development of completely different regions, with different cultures and languages.
Generally speaking, they are nomadic people, so riding a horse is very similar to archery. Tibet's predecessor, Tubo, once went to Central Asia when he was strong, fought against the big food and defeated Tang Jun, which was also very strong. However, horses in Qinghai-Tibet area are different in size and tactics.
Although there are many similarities in diet, there are also many differences. Only Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet can have good animal husbandry, and there are some aquaculture in other places, so it is not entirely meat, but mainly meat in Mongolia. Milk tea is also different from butter tea. Mongolian milk tea is boiled with milk and water, and Tibetan butter tea is boiled with ghee (cream). Cream and milk are different refining grades.
Hada and other rituals are influenced by Tibet in Mongolia and come from Tibetan Buddhism. Mongolians had no special beliefs in the early days, and later they believed in Tibetan Buddhism.
Both Mongolians and Tibetans have played an important role in the history of China. Their common characteristics are a long history and a highly developed culture. Mongolian can be said to be the epitome of the long history and culture of the vast grassland in northern China and the representative of the nomadic economy and culture of the grassland; Tibetans have lived on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for generations and are the representatives of the economy and culture of the combination of agriculture and animal husbandry on the plateau.
With the rise of Mongols in the13rd century, the Mongolian ruling class destroyed Xixia, Jin and Southern Song Dynasties, established the Yuan Dynasty, and ruled China for a century. The rise of the Tubo Dynasty in the 7th century A.D. has always been an important political and cultural active factor in the history of China.
The two ethnic groups have close religious and cultural exchanges in history. Although the relationship between them seems to be only related to the communication between the ruling class and the spread of Tibetan Buddhism, it is a superficial phenomenon after all, and it is actually the communication between the two peoples.
It should be noted that the relationship between Mongolian and Tibetan nationalities is very extensive, involving all aspects of social life of Mongolian and Tibetan nationalities. From the aspects of politics, economy, military affairs, religion, language, literature, medicine, crafts, customs and costumes, we can see the profound influence of cultural exchanges between the two nations.
Because of this, there are abundant materials about the ethnic relations between Mongolia and Tibet, whether in Chinese, Mongolian or Tibetan. Because of this, there are abundant materials about the ethnic relations between Mongolia and Tibet, whether in Chinese, Mongolian or Tibetan. In addition to official history, there are important contents reflecting the relationship between the two nationalities in various local chronicles, biographies, religious history, temple records, Chinese, calendars and medicine.
Extended content
Tibetan etiquette
eating habits
Ciba made from highland barley, butter tea and highland barley wine is the main food for farmers and herdsmen. Ciba is fried noodles made by grinding highland barley or peas. Ciba is mixed with butter tea or highland barley wine, and kneaded into balls by hand for eating. Buttered tea is made by pouring the tea leaves of brick tea into a long barrel with a length of 1 m, adding salt and ghee, and impacting it up and down with a long shaft to evenly mix its various components.
Tibetan compatriots would rather have no meat in March than butter tea in a day. Highland barley wine is a kind of low-alcohol wine brewed from local highland barley, which is deeply loved by men, women and children. Most foods are meat and dairy products, and many people like to eat air-dried beef and mutton.
Clothing characteristics
The costumes of Tibetan men and women are intact. Different areas have different clothes. It is characterized by long sleeves, wide waist and big chest. Women wear long-sleeved robes in winter and sleeveless robes in summer, with shirts of various colors and patterns inside and an apron with colorful patterns in front of their waist. Tibetan compatriots especially like Hada and regard it as the most precious gift. Hada is a snow-white fabric, generally about twenty or thirty centimeters wide and one to two meters long. It is made of yarn or silk. Whenever there are festive events, or guests coming from afar, or visiting elders, or traveling far away, Hada should be presented as a sign of respect.
Tibetans are widely distributed in Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and other places, with colorful costumes and bold men's clothes; Women's clothing is elegant and unique, especially jewelry and gold jade as accessories, forming a unique style of plateau women.
National taboo
When receiving guests, whether walking or talking, we should put the guests or elders first, and use honorifics, such as adding the word "la" after the name to show respect and kindness, and avoid calling them by their first names. Bend your knees, smile, sit indoors, sit cross-legged, don't straighten your legs, face people and don't look around. When accepting a gift, you should take it with both hands. When giving gifts, bow your head and raise your hands above your head.
When offering tea, toast and cigarettes, offer them with both hands and don't put your fingers into the bowl. Tibetans are absolutely forbidden to eat donkey meat, horse meat and dog meat, and some areas do not eat fish. Don't eat, bite or drink water loudly when eating. When drinking butter tea, the host pours the tea, and the guest can only take it if the host holds it in front of him. No spitting and clapping on others' backs. When you meet religious facilities such as monasteries, manidui and stupas, you must go around from left to right. Don't cross the vessel, brazier, prayer wheel and turn around. Don't touch your head with your hands.
National etiquette
When greeting guests, Tibetans should not only dip their hands in wine three times, but also grab some highland barley in the grain barrel and throw it into the air three times. At the banquet, the host takes a sip first, and then drinks it all at once. After the host finishes the first glass of wine, everyone can drink at will. When drinking tea, guests must wait for the host to bring the tea to them before reaching for it, otherwise it will be considered impolite.
At dinner.
Be careful not to eat with your mouth full, chew quietly, drink quietly, and choose food without crossing the plate. When entertaining guests with mutton, a piece of meat with a tail at the lower part of the sheep's spine is the most expensive, so it should be given to the most respected guests. When making, leave a lock of white hair on the tail meat to show good luck.
Tibetan daily social etiquette Tibetans attach great importance to etiquette and bow to their elders and peers in their daily lives in different ways. When you meet an elder or a respected person, you should take off your hat, bend over 45 degrees, hold your hat in your hand and get close to the ground. When you meet your peers, all you have to do is lower your head and put your hat on your chest. At this time, bowing is just a courtesy. In some areas, crossing hands and bowing are used at the same time. Cross your hands above your head as a sign of respect. This kind of gift is mostly used to meet living buddhas or distinguished people.
When receiving guests, whether walking or talking, always let the guests or elders go first, accept gifts and pick them up with both hands. Give gifts, especially to elders, living buddhas and distinguished guests, bow and raise your hands above your head. Offer tea, wine and cigarettes with both hands.
Good wine is brewed at home. After the first time to worship God, the old man will taste it first. It is also the "patent" of the old people to collect and taste new grain every year. In daily family meals, when housewives cook and distribute food, they first give it to the elderly, and then the whole family eats it together, which is enjoyable. Tibetans are very hospitable. If guests come to our home, they will take out everything they have and provide good wine, tea and food for their hospitality.
Offering Hada is one of the most common rituals for Tibetans. In the past, there were strict rules on the etiquette of offering Hada. The layman presented Hada to the monk, and the young monk presented Hada to the big Lama. They should bow, hold Hada on their shoulders with both hands and offer it respectfully. Sometimes Hada can only be offered in front of the other person's seat or at his feet, but the other person does not return to Hada. Give Hada to the Buddha statue and the living Buddha. When it is difficult to get close, you can also throw it or give it to others. When a superior sends Hada to a subordinate, an elder to a younger generation, a monk to a layman, and an old Lama to a young monk, Hada often hangs directly around each other's necks. When the companions presented Hada, the two sides leaned forward slightly and held their hands evenly. The recipient hangs Hada around his neck conveniently, and often returns a Hada as a courtesy on the spot. On festive days, after the host accepts Hada, he often returns Hada to the other party conveniently.
Tibetans kowtow to Buddha statues, pagodas, living buddhas and old people. Kowtowing is usually done in temples with religious activities. Put your hands together, hold your head high, bow from top to bottom, arch your forehead against your chest three times, then crawl to the ground, straighten your hands, throw yourself on the ground, and so on. Knock your head short, cross your hands and arch three times, then bow down and kneel down and knock your head gently on the ground. When you meet your elders, you should kowtow to show your respect and blessing.
Tibetan New Year custom
Make "Chema"
The preparation for the New Year usually begins at the beginning of1February of the previous year. In addition to buying new year's goods, eating, drinking and having fun, every household should make a grain bucket called "cutting horses", that is, on the left and right sides of a wooden box painted with colorful patterns, put two rice cakes made of fried wheat grains and ghee, and insert colorful flowers made of green spikes and ghee on them. We should also soak a bowl of highland barley seeds in water to make them grow an inch or two in the new year. "chariots and horses" and wheat seedlings are enshrined in the middle of the magic plan, praying for a bumper harvest in the coming year.
Making "Gussie"
Near the festival, men are busy cleaning the courtyard, while women carefully make "Kasai", a kind of pasta fried with ghee, which is divided into ear-shaped, butterfly-shaped, strip-shaped, square-shaped, round and other shapes, painted with pigment and wrapped with sugar. It is not only a mysterious art decoration, but also a delicacy to entertain guests. The variety and color of "Gexi" often become the symbol of the hostess's diligence, wisdom and enthusiasm, which is particularly eye-catching in festivals.
Cleaning and decoration
Tibetan calendar1Feb. 29th, many people painted "Eight Auspicious Signs" (that is, eight auspicious emblems such as auspicious knot, Miaolian, Bao umbrella, right-handed conch, golden wheel, Shengli Tower, Aquarius and goldfish) and "Yongzhong" (that is, ten thousand characters) on the ground at the gate. Some people also put a lot of white dots on the beams to show that people are prosperous and eat Man Cang.
On New Year's Eve, new curtains should be put on doors and windows, new prayer flags should be inserted on the roof, and auspicious patterns such as cross symbols should be painted with white powder in front of doors, beams and kitchens to form a festive atmosphere.
Chigutu
In the evening, the whole family sit together and have a routine "ancient meal", which is similar to the Chinese New Year reunion dinner. The ancient painting is named after the date, and it is called "Nine" in ancient times, which means twenty-nine, and "Tu" means batter and soup. Generally, each family will make nine "Gu Tu" bags with different things. Housewives quietly put stones, wool, peppers, charcoal, coins and other items in some noodle towers before cooking. Whoever eats these things will spit them out in public, which indicates the fate and intention of this person. Stone represents ruthlessness, wool represents softhearted, charcoal represents black heart, pepper represents unforgiving, and coins represent wealth.
drive off
The whole family made a witch and two bowls out of Bazin, and poured the leftover "ancient bumps" and bones into the bowls made by Kaiba. A woman ran over with a witch and leftovers and threw them outside. A man lit a pile of hay, followed closely and said, "The devil is out, the devil is out!" " "Let the hay burn to ashes with witches and leftovers. At the same time, children set off firecrackers, which can be regarded as driving away demons and ushering in an auspicious new year.
Tiaoshenhui
People put on gorgeous costumes, grotesque masks, and play music with suona, conch and drum to pursue a grand and grand "dance". The boys danced wildly and sang loudly, indicating that they would bid farewell to the old and welcome the new, exorcising evil spirits and reducing happiness.
Grab water
On New Year's Day, housewives get up the earliest. At about five o'clock, we will cook a pot of Qiang Ku, which is green wine made of rotten wine, brown sugar and milk residue, and give everyone a bowl. Before getting up, the family drank "strong Ku" in bed and went back to sleep with their heads covered. Housewives sit at the window waiting for the sunrise. When the morning dawned in the east, they hurried to fetch water by the river or well with buckets, so as to fetch the first bucket of water for the new year. Legend has it that the water at this time is the most holy and sweet. Whoever puts auspicious water first can avoid many disasters in the new year.
Mulberry stew ceremony
Braised mulberry is a kind of smoke burned by pine and cypress branches, and it is a ritual for Tibetans to sacrifice to the god of heaven and earth. On the first day of the Tibetan New Year, people get up very early, the first thing they do is to stew mulberries to sacrifice to the gods, and they are always proud that they are the first people to stew mulberries.
Pay new year's call
At dawn, the whole family put on new clothes and finished washing, and the younger generation began to congratulate their elders on the New Year and say "Tashildler" to each other. Then we began to have breakfast and drink to each other. In pastoral areas, housewives cook sheep's heads according to the number of family members and hold a box in front of the oldest man. He will give each person a sheep's head and a knife in order of age. Walking to the stove, we peeled the head of the sheep and ate it. At the same time, I wish each other family harmony in the new year, and people will increase their livestock.
pay New Year calls
On New Year's Day, guests are generally not received. The streets are deserted, and people only hold celebrations and Buddhist activities at home. On the second day of January, relatives and friends began to pay New Year greetings. When guests come to the door, they will say "Happy New Year, Lozatahid", and the host Bay will greet the guests at the door with "chariots and horses". Guests will first pick up a sticky stick and throw some green trees into the sky with their thumb, forefinger and middle finger to show their respect for God. Pick up a pinch of Bazin and a green tree, put them in your mouth, and thank your host for his warm hospitality. Then sit down and have a drink and chat. From this day on, folk artists also went out to perform activities, singing Tibetan opera and "Zhega".
Mongolian New Year custom
Mongolian is a nation on the grassland. With the change of grassland nomadic culture, the Mongolian New Year customs have also undergone great changes. However, the custom of the Spring Festival is still colorful and unique. People will prepare a lot of delicious food to welcome the Spring Festival. So, what's the difference between Mongolian Spring Festival custom and Han nationality?
Mongolian White Festival Absorbs the Customs of Han Nationality —— Bao jiaozi
There are different views on the origin of Mongolian Spring Festival. First, according to the book Q&A in Black and White by xx V, "Genghis Khan took the capital of Xixia in A.D. 1227 and gave a banquet to celebrate, which was the beginning of the Mongolian calendar, and the stars and moons were called the first month". The month of the stars is from 65438+February 16 to 65438+ 10/0/5, which is one month different from the lunar calendar.
The Mongolian calendar in Ordos region is based on Bai Yue, May and June. From this perspective, the first year of the Mongolian calendar should be April of the lunar calendar. According to historical records, since the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians have accepted the calendar algorithm of the Han nationality, so Baiyue in Mongolian coincides with the first month of the Spring Festival of the Han nationality. This is the origin of Mongolian "Spring Festival". Near the end of the year, no matter in agricultural and pastoral areas, every household should set up lantern poles.
By the thirtieth, we should clean the courtyard and do a good job in indoor hygiene. A small altar should be set in front of the Buddha, and a piece of cooked mutton should be enlarged on the altar for dairy products and flour-made fruits.
Mongolian Spring Festival custom-ancestor worship ceremony
On New Year's Eve, an ancestor worship ceremony will be held. In the past, at the ceremony of ancestor worship, we had to strike while the iron was hot. Mongolians have an ancient legend that "iron comes out of the mountains", and people regard it as the legend of their own national origin. The night is brightly lit. Some also invited Mongolian folk artists to rap "Wuligeer" (Mongolian version). Young people get together to sing and dance. Girls who don't take part in singing and dancing get together to play "Shaha". Usually used to stay up until midnight.
Mongolian Spring Festival Customs-Han Customs
In recent years, although the Spring Festival of Mongolian people is basically the same as that of Han people, and some customs of Han people are absorbed, such as eating jiaozi and setting off firecrackers, many traditional customs of Mongolian people are still preserved, such as eating "hand-held meat" on New Year's Eve to show family reunion.
On New Year's Day, the whole family will put on holiday clothes and get together to celebrate the New Year.
First of all, from the younger generation to the older generation, in turn; The younger generation kowtows and peers pay tribute; There are also packs of cigarettes, toasts and hada. After receiving gifts, elders should express their blessings to their brothers, nephews and grandchildren. After the blessing, give the children some gifts and "lucky money".
At dawn, family, friends and relatives began to pay New Year greetings to each other. People who travel long distances have to ride horses or drive. New Year's greetings usually end before the 15th day of the first month.
In remote farming and pastoral areas, before the sun comes out in the early morning of the 16th day of the first month, people who often play together also have the custom of "printing black ink". It was secretly put on the forehead when the other person was asleep, and the paint was mostly pot bottom ash.
Mongolian Spring Festival Custom —— "Chagan Sari" Blessing
Mongolians call the first month "Chagansari" (Chinese means "Bai Yue"); Spring Festival activities on the grassland mainly include sacrifice, birthday celebration and New Year greetings. From the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month to the first month (Chagan Sari), it reached its climax.
Mongolian etiquette
The traditional festivals in Mongolia mainly include the Lunar New Year, and the Mongolian language is "Chagan Saren", that is, Bai Yue. In summer, the grass is rich and the cattle and sheep are fat, and the Nadam convention will be held on the grassland. The specific time is self-determined. This kind of festival can be big or small, and even a family can hold it. At that time, herdsmen from dozens to hundreds of miles away from Fiona Fang will ride and drive to participate. Other festivals include Aobao Festival, Horse Milk Festival and Shearing Festival, all of which evolved from production activities and religious sacrificial ceremonies.
Mongolian New Year Festival
Mongolian New Year Festival, also called "White Festival" or "Bai Yue", is closely related to the whiteness of milk. There are different legends about Mongolian New Year. According to historical records, since the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians have accepted the calendar of the Han nationality. Therefore, Bai Yue of Mongolia coincides with the first month of the Spring Festival of Han nationality. This is the origin of Mongolian "Spring Festival". The Mongolian New Year's Festival, though consistent with the Han festivals, has absorbed some Han customs, such as eating jiaozi and setting off firecrackers, but there are also many Mongolian traditional customs. If you eat "hand-grabbed meat" on New Year's Eve, there is no problem in pastoral areas, even Mongolians in agricultural areas should eat "hand-grabbed meat" to show family reunion. In the early morning of the first day, the younger generation presented "farewell wine" to their elders, and relatives and friends exchanged Hada to congratulate them on the auspicious New Year.
Nadam Fair
Mongolian means "game" or "entertainment". Originally refers to the Mongolian traditional "three men's competitions"-wrestling, horse racing and archery. With the development of the times, it has gradually evolved into a grand celebration that includes a variety of cultural and entertainment contents today. Nadam in history is not limited by time, and is generally held on occasions such as offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, military expeditions, triumphs, the emperor's accession to the throne, the first month, and large-scale celebrations. Nowadays, Nadam is held every year at the turn of summer and autumn. Generally speaking, it depends on the production situation of animal husbandry in that year, with a small harvest and a big harvest. In addition to the traditional "men's triathlon", there are cultural performances, track and field competitions and various economic and cultural exhibitions, as well as order negotiation and material exchange. ：
Horse milk festival [a custom of Mongolian in Xilinguole grassland]
Mongolian traditional festivals. Drinking koumiss is the main content, hence the name. It is popular in some pastoral areas of Xilin Gol League and Yikezhao League in Inner Mongolia. Usually held in late August of the lunar calendar, the date is not fixed and lasts for one day. In order to celebrate the bumper harvest and bless each other, besides preparing enough kumiss, we also treat guests with "hand-held meat", hold horse racing activities, invite folk singers to sing greetings, and present gifts to the elderly in Mongolian medicine. It is said that Nadam Festival originated from this.