1 1。 First of all, since the Warring States Period, China has experienced three climaxes of socio-economic, political and cultural development, namely three heydays: the first in the Western Han Dynasty, the second in the Tang Dynasty and the third in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The second climax, especially in the early Tang Dynasty, saw the vigorous development of agricultural production, increasingly sophisticated handicrafts, unprecedented prosperity of commodity economy and flourishing urban life. In the late Tang Dynasty, the economy of the south of the Yangtze River developed further, which laid the foundation for the economic level of the south to surpass that of the north in the future. At that time, in politics, there were "Zhenguan rule" and "Kaiyuan rule" successively. National unity, social stability, showing a scene of peace, achievements beyond the Western Han Dynasty's "rule of culture and scenery." During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it reached its peak in its heyday, and even the "prosperous Tang Dynasty" appeared in the literary world.
22。 The unprecedented economic development in the Tang Dynasty was due to the absence of internal troubles and foreign invasion. From Zhenguan to Kaiyuan, the population, land and grain output of the Tang Dynasty greatly exceeded that of the previous dynasty. People live and work in peace. This also provides a strong guarantee for the vigorous development of handicrafts in the future. The level of handicrafts in the Tang Dynasty is superb, even comparable to that of modern handicrafts. We can get a glimpse of one or two works of art in the Tang Dynasty, such as Three Colors in the Tang Dynasty. In the late Tang Dynasty, due to years of war in the north, the land was barren and the population was sparse. The relatively stable south gradually became the economic center of the Tang Dynasty. Different from the north, handicrafts play a more important role in the southern economy. Handicraft industry after the middle Tang Dynasty developed on the basis of the previous generation's production. As far as shipbuilding, casting and silk weaving are concerned, they have surpassed the early Tang Dynasty in technology, and with the progress and improvement of handicraft industry, commercial trade has also flourished. Most of the emerging cities in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are mainly commercial, such as Hongzhou and Suzhou, which were all commercial centers at that time.