1In July of 849, Nietzsche's father died of encephalomalacia. A few months later, my 2-year-old brother died. At that time, Nietzsche was only five years old, and his relatives died one after another, which made Nietzsche appreciate the dark side of life prematurely and cast his melancholy and introverted character. The year after his father died, Nietzsche moved to Naumburg with his mother and sister, and grew up in a completely female family. Grandmother's indoctrination of her Polish aristocratic family history had a far-reaching influence on the formation of Nietzsche's aristocratic complex. Nietzsche thought he was of Polish aristocratic descent and was proud of it. However, Nietzsche did not forget his father. His father's image has long been etched in his memory. He hopes to become a priest after his father's example, so he often recites some chapters of the Bible to his partners. Because of this, he won the title of little priest. Because of his father's early death, he was surrounded by religious women (his mother, sister, grandmother and two aunts), who connived at his fragility and sensitivity. Young Nietzsche deeply felt the impermanence of death and became withdrawn. Nietzsche once described his childhood like this: "All the sunshine that belongs to other people's childhood can't shine on me, and I have learned to think prematurely." In the process of Nietzsche's growth, the influence of devout Puritan mother can not be ignored. Later, he was a Puritan all his life, and his simplicity was like a stone carving, which had a far-reaching impact on his future growth and academics.
/kloc-When he was 0/0 years old, he studied in Naumburg Kewen Middle School and was very interested in literature and music. /kloc-entered Pufuda Middle School at the age of 0/4. The courses in this school are all classic and the training is very strict. It has produced many great men, such as Novalis, a poet and playwright, schlegel, a linguist and a scholar studying Shakespeare, the successor of Kant, and Fichte, a representative of great transcendentalism and moral philosophy. However, Nietzsche found it difficult to accept this new life. He seldom plays and is unwilling to get close to strangers. At this time, in addition to rational development and amazing progress, music and poetry have also become the sustenance of his emotional life. Nietzsche was the best female piano tutor in Prussia when he was a child. When his mother hired this teacher for him, Nietzsche deeply felt that his future life could not be separated from such spiritual support.
186 1 Nietzsche was seriously ill at the age of 17. He showed signs of health deterioration for the first time and was sent home for rest. Accept the Christian ceremony in March. From 65438 to 0864, Nietzsche and his friend Paul Deursen entered Bonn University to study theology and classical linguistics, but after the first semester, they stopped studying theology. He often listens to his classmates. Some people repeat the formulas of Hegel, Fichte and Schelling without faith and passion. Those great systems have lost the power to inspire people. There are also a group of people who like empirical science and read the materialistic papers of vogt and Buchner. None of this attracted Nietzsche. He was not interested in civilian politics, and he never wanted to live a quiet and comfortable life, so he would not be interested in the poor ideal of life, such as moderate joy and pain. Nietzsche has his own hobbies. He loves Greek poets, advocates various distinctive characters in Greek mythology, and skillfully combines them with German national spirit. When Nietzsche was still studying at school, he deeply realized the importance of mastering and developing his own country and national culture, which fully reflected his love for China's ancient writing, literature and classical art. He loved Bach and Beethoven, and loved Wagner, the opera giant that Nietzsche enthusiastically praised in The Birth of Tragedy.
1865, his beloved classical linguistics teacher, F. W. Ritschls, went to the University of Leipzig to teach, and so did Nietzsche. Although Nietzsche was young at that time, he had already begun philosophical meditation. During his stay in Leipzig, he accidentally bought Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation at an old bookstall. He is ecstatic. He goes to bed at 2 a.m. and gets up at 6 a.m. every day, immersed in this book, and his heart is full of neurotic excitement. Later, he recalled that he was experiencing some painful experiences in isolation, almost to the brink of despair, and Schopenhauer's book was like a huge mirror, reflecting the world, life and his own mood. In his opinion, Schopenhauer wrote this book specially for him. Nietzsche was puzzled at that time: why was a genius like Schopenhauer abandoned by the world, and why were his great works only found in the remote corner of the bookshelf? Schopenhauer is the idol of this young man, and he will be regarded as the successor of Schopenhauer's voluntarism in the future. At this time, he also learned traditional abstract concepts from Langer, Shpir, Tessie Miller, Turin and Hartman. In the same year, refusing to attend the Easter Eucharist ceremony caused panic in the family.
1867, 10 In June, he was recruited to the Nanmburg Artillery Wing. Fell off his horse and seriously injured his sternum. 1869 In February, Nietzsche, who was only 24 years old, was hired as a professor of classical linguistics in university of basel. The next decade was a relatively happy period in Nietzsche's life. In Basel, he made many friends, young and old, such as Jakob Halat, a famous Swiss cultural and artistic historian.1In April of 869, Nietzsche obtained Swiss nationality and became a Swiss from then on. 1May, 869 17, Nietzsche visited Wagner for the first time in Tripp, a suburb of Lucerne, Switzerland. On 28th of the same month, he delivered his inaugural speech entitled Homer and Classical Linguistics in university of basel. At that time, the doors of all the nobles in Basel were open to him, and he became the elite of Basel academic circles and the new favorite of the local upper class.
1870, Nietzsche was hired as a full professor. Soon came the news that Germany and France were at war, and Nietzsche volunteered to go to the front. Passing through Frankfurt, he saw a group of cavalry marching in the city. Suddenly Nietzsche's inspiration flooded out: "For the first time, I felt that the powerful and supreme' will to life' was never a tragic struggle for existence, but a' will to fight', a' strong will' and a' super will'!" 1In June, 870, Nietzsche returned to Basel Forum University. He met the theologian Flantz Hofstadter Baker, and they soon became close friends, living in a house and influencing each other. 1872, he published his first monograph, The Origin of Tragedy. This is an outstanding work of art, full of romance and wonderful imagination; This is also a naive philosophical work, full of anti-trend atmosphere. But in this philosophical work, the main philosophical thoughts of his life have been formed. The theme of Nietzsche's philosophy is the meaning of life, and his answer to this question is to save life with art and give it aesthetic significance. Nietzsche did not stop there. He firmly attacked David Strauss, the most respected model, and the vulgar arrogance and stupid complacency of the Germans: "Stendhal once warned that I would fight as soon as I came to this world." After the publication of the first batch of books, The Birth of Tragedy and Unzeitgemabe Betrachtungen, they attracted warm applause and were rejected by linguists headed by Wilamowitz. The professor's reputation has also been greatly damaged.
From 1873 to 1876, Nietzsche published four long articles, which were included in the book untimely investigation. The theme of this book is still cultural criticism. The first article, confessor and writer David Strauss, takes Strauss as an example to criticize mediocre scholars. It is worth noting that the book publicly attacked Prussia's hegemonism for the first time, pointing out that although the Franco-Prussian War ended in Germany's victory, its sinister consequence was the decline of German culture, "for the benefit of the' German Empire', the German spirit failed or even was cancelled". Since then, Nietzsche has been criticizing power politics based on cultural interests, and claimed to be "the last anti-political German" when Germany fell into nationalist political fanaticism. The second article, On the Advantages and Disadvantages of History to Life, points out that life is sick due to the heavy burden of history and calls for liberating life and creating a new culture. In the third chapter, Schopenhauer, as an educator, criticized that philosophy was divorced from life and asked Schopenhauer to follow his example and sincerely explore the problems of life. The fourth article, Wagner in Berry, focuses on criticizing modern art. This article nominally defends Wagner's music and regards it as the opposite of modern art, but in fact it already contains criticism of Wagner. The article is written between 1875 and 1876. Before that, Nietzsche's heart had been estranged from Wagner.
1878 65438+ 10. In October, Wagner sent Nietzsche a play by parsifal with a Christian theme, and Nietzsche didn't reply a word. In May, Nietzsche gave the book "Human Nature, Too Human Nature" (with obvious criticism of Wagner in the schoolbag) to Wagner and his wife. From then on, there is no longer any contact with each other.
1879, Nietzsche resigned from his teaching post in university of basel and began a ten-year wandering career. At the same time, Nietzsche also entered the golden age of creation.
1882 In April, Nietzsche went to Rome at the invitation of Bao and another friend Reyes. There, two friends introduced Salome, a charming and extremely intelligent Russian girl, to him, saying that she was his student. Nietzsche fell in love deeply, and Salome was attracted by Nietzsche's unique personality. They went to Lucerne together. On the way, Nietzsche told Salome about the past, recalled his childhood and taught philosophy. However, his shy personality made him afraid to confide in Salome, so he begged Ray to propose to him, but Ray himself fell in love with Salome. Salome didn't agree to the proposal of two suitors. In the end, the two can only maintain friendly exchanges. However, Nietzsche's sister Elizabeth was jealous of their friendship, maliciously spread gossip and sow discord, and finally they turned against each other. In just five months, this happy episode in Nietzsche's life ended.
1883, he finished the first and second parts of Zarathustra, the third part was in 1884, and the last part was in 1885. Nietzsche expounded the famous viewpoint of "eternal sameness" in this book. This is one of his two main ideological systems. Another idea of "will to power" died halfway because of his physical and mental collapse. The famous "Superman" ideal and "Superman" image were first put forward in this book. Nietzsche commented on his book: "In my book, Zarathustra said this" occupies a special position. This is my best gift to mankind. The sound of this book will reverberate for thousands of years, so it is not only the supreme one in the book, but also a book that really exudes the alpine atmosphere-all the facts of human beings are under it, infinitely far away from it-and the most profound one. It comes from the depths of the core wealth of truth and is an inexhaustible spring. Every barrel put down is full of gold, silver and jewels. Here, there is no prophecy of any' prophet', and no so-called leader is called a mixture of terrible disease and strong will to preach. From the point of view of never hurting one's wisdom for no reason, people will definitely listen to the calm self-reflection voice in latour Stella's mouth first. The calmest words are the first sound of a hurricane; Ideas that come quietly will control the world. " "
From 1886 to 1887, Nietzsche collected proverbs, aphorisms and phrases he wrote while wandering around the world, and formed two collections: The Other Side of Good and Evil (1886) and The Genealogy of Morality (1887). In these two episodes, Nietzsche hopes to destroy the old morality and pave the way for superman, but some of his reasons are difficult to establish. In addition, the ethical system expounded in these two collections also left an impression-full of exciting exaggeration. On the eve of Nietzsche's madness, Wagner incident, idol dusk, anti-Christianity and look! This man "and" Nietzsche against Wagner "are in one go. They are unconventional and profound. But at the same time, these books also have unprecedented aggressiveness and jaw-dropping self-boasting. 1889, the disaster in Turin came. Nietzsche, who has not been understood for a long time, is said to have lost his mind because he couldn't stand the loneliness for a long time and hugged a horse abused by the groom in the streets of Turin. A few days later, his friend Oviebeck came to Turin and took him back to Berlin. Nietzsche entered the last decade of his life. He first lived in the mental hospital of Jena University. 1890 In May, his mother took him to Nanpu's home for care.
1897 In April, due to the death of his mother, Nietzsche moved to the home of Weimar's sister Elizabeth worster Nietzsche. In Nietzsche's life, family has always been his warm haven. As the only male in this family, five female members of the family have been around him, caring for him in every possible way, taking care of him in every possible way and trying to satisfy all his wishes. However, for the lofty ideal in his heart, Nietzsche resolutely abandoned all this and wandered, starved and meditated in this stormy world like an ascetic monk.
1900 On August 25th, this untimely thinker died in Weimar at the age of 55.