Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns. There are a large number of notional words in classical Chinese, and mastering more notional words in classical Chinese is the key to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese. When learning the notional words in classical Chinese, we should pay special attention to its three main features in grammar: one is polysemy, the other is the ancient and modern changes in the meaning of words, and the third is the flexible use of parts of speech.
Function words function words have no practical meaning, generally can't act as sentence components, and can't answer questions alone. (A few adverbs, such as "bu", "may" and "bu", can answer questions independently), and they can only make sentences with notional words to express various grammatical relations. Function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. Function words in classical Chinese only account for a small part of the whole vocabulary in classical Chinese, but they have great grammatical functions. Many sentence patterns in classical Chinese are marked by function words, such as judgment sentences. . Who? . "Ye" and "Wei" in passive sentences. . Institute. . "Equivalence is frequently used in classical Chinese, and its interpretation is quite flexible. The main commonly used function words are: knowledge, strangeness, Yu, Yi, Er, Ze, Nai, Ruo, Er, Zhe, Wei, Ran, Shi, Ben, Si, Bi, He, An, Who, Hu, Di, Although, Although, However, Nature and Ye. Yi, Hu, zai, Yan, ear, etc.
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18 function words in classical Chinese
2. Summarize the usage of classical Chinese function words and 18 classical Chinese function words and their example sentences [II. Harmony, Hu, Nai, Harmony, and, if, suo, Wei, Yan, Ye, Yi, Cause, Yu, and, then, Zhe] 1, and (/kloc
1. indicates a coordinate relationship. Generally, it is not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you".
(1) The crab kneels six times and pinches twice, but no one is sent to the cave where the eel is not a snake ("Persuade") (2) Although the steeple pass is firm and severe, one person can't defend it, but ten thousand people can't force it ("It's difficult to get through the Shu Road") (3) Save Zhao in the north, save Qin in the west, and attack the five tyrants ("Xinlingjun steals symbols to save Zhao") (2) It can be translated as "and" or "and".
This gentleman learned to save himself with Japanese ginseng. (Persuade) ② Chu Huaiwang was greedy for Zhang Yi, so he was completely out of order (Biography of Qu Yuan) ③ Looking back at the scenery of the sun, whether it was Xifeng, the sky, crimson or refuting color, it was all rolling (the record of climbing Mount Tai) ④ It was all in the depths of his mind (the record of traveling to the treasure toad mountain) 3. It shows the relationship of inheritance.
It can be translated into "Jiu" and "Then" or not. (1) Therefore, I let you eat the capital in order to win the position of welcoming guests ("Chen Qingbiao") (2), and I drew my sword and broke it.
("The Hongmen Banquet") 3 If you are born without knowing, who can be confused ("Teacher Shuo") 4. Represents a turning point. It can be translated into "but" and "indeed".
(1) green, which is taken from blue, is blue ("Persuade to Learn") (2) There is such a trend, and it was robbed by the power accumulated by the Qin people ("Six Kingdoms") (3) The letter, my brother is strong, and his children are dead ("Chen Qingbiao") (5) represents a hypothetical relationship. It can be translated as "if" and "if".
(1) If you are interested, you can also expect horses. ("Feng Wanzhen") (2) Death is known, and its geometric points ("Sacrifice to Twelve Lang Wen") (6). Represents a modifier, that is, an adverbial of connection.
There is no translation. (1) I'm looking forward to it after tasting it, so I might as well learn from it ("advise learning"). (2) Fill it up, pick up the weapon, and leave without armor ("I am in the country"). (3) Xiang Wang pressed his sword and said, "Who is the guest?" ("Hongmen Banquet") 7. I'm sorry that I can't enjoy the trip with my husband (to Baochan Mountain). I don't need it to express my evil ability (Battle of Red Cliffs). Is for purpose, ① looking far, but looking auspicious (Epang Palace Fu) ② I am an official, I am a shopkeeper, but I am waiting for the general. Occasionally it is also the subject, translated as "you".
(1) and Weng Gui, from plural ears ("promoting weaving") (2) Every time you say Yu Yue: "Somewhere, but your mother is here" ("Ji Xiang Xuanzhi") (3) Say "like": like it. (1) The army was surprised and bad.
("Cha Jin") The modal particle that is placed at the end of the sentence and indicates restriction is equivalent to "Jiu". (1) Those who shake their heads and stamp their feet in a short time will only get dozens of people (Tiger Hill Story). (2) I have heard that those who specialize in art are just so (Master). (3) I decided to fly, the gun stopped, but it didn't arrive, and it was controlled by the ground (carefree tour).
1) I try my best to die. (2) After March.
The situation is "except", that is, using rhetorical questions to go further. (1) Zhong Qing was placed in the water today, although the wind and waves could not sound.
And the situation is stone! (2) The skills are not bad, but the situation is good! (3) Although I am a fool, I know I can't do it, but I will soon have wisdom (Ten Thoughts of Taizong), for a while. (1) Wu Min rebellion please toward, five people were punished (five tomb tablet); (2) when their bodies were buried in the well, they turned anger into sorrow and were heartbroken (promoted); (3) when they were sued, menstruation loved his son, but he couldn't help it (Liu Yi's story); He (1) is used as an interrogative pronoun.
1. is a predicate alone, often followed by the modal particles "zai" and "ye", which can be translated as "why" and "why". 1 which? The prestige of a big country is to cultivate respect.
(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (2) What is it to taste the kindness of the ancients or do something different from them? ("Yueyang Tower") 3 Qi people have never felt guilty about Qin, and finally moved out of the Five Kingdoms. Why? (On Six Countries) II. As the object of a verb or preposition, it can be translated into "where" and "what". Put "he" back when translating.
① Where is Yuzhou today? (Battle of Red Cliffs) (2) Fuck the king? ("The Hongmen Banquet") 3 Why do you often entrust yourself to Zhao when the mountain falls down? ("Touch the Dragon to Tell Queen Zhao") 3. As an attribute, it can be translated into "what" and "which". 1) What do you hear here every morning and evening? The cuckoo's bleeding cry, the ape's sobbing.
("Pipa Travel") 2 But when can we be happy? (The Story of Yueyang Tower) ② Used as an interrogative adverb. 1. Used at the beginning of a sentence or before a verb, it often expresses rhetorical questions and can be translated as "why" and "how".
(1) Why don't you stay put and go north? ("Battle of Red Cliffs") (2) How to share with you? ("Zou Ji satirizes coachable and the King of Qi") 2. Used before adjectives, it expresses a deep degree and can be translated as "how", "how" and "how so". (1) as for the oath day broken hair, tears streaming down her face, what a failure! (Biography of Lingguan) (3) As an auxiliary word, it is equivalent to "ah".
(1) behind the bride's car, faint with him. (Peacock flies southeast) (4) Ho: Pass "Ah" and ask questions.
(1) believe me fine pawn Chen Libing and who? Who is he? Oh, ask him who he is.
It means checking and questioning. (On Qin Dynasty) How to express questions or rhetorical questions is translated as "how", "how to do" and "why".
① Take pot calling the kettle black as an example ("Ji Jia will attack"); (2) he humiliated others and regarded the death of five people as serious (Tomb Monument of Five People); ③ Pei Gong was frightened and said, "Why?" (The Hongmen Banquet) (4) How to spend and how to use it will precipitate (Gong Fangfu). Preposition phrases are used as adverbials in interrogative sentences, which are equivalent to "what to take" and "why" according to different usages of "one". (1) After the hill collapsed, why did Chang 'e entrust herself to Zhao (said Mo Long)? (2) What's the difference between people who don't do it and people who can't do it? (Qi Huan Jin Wen Shi E)? (3) How can my king play music without illness (Bao Zhuang meets Mencius)?
(1) It is understandable that Fu Jun never forgets his past. He Nai is translated as "How Can I" (Promotion of Weaving). (1) One mother is a government official: He Naitai is just a district (Peacock flies southeast). Third, Hu (1) as an auxiliary word. 1. The tone of doubt.
It can be translated into "what" and "what". How cold is it? Want to eat? (Selected Annals of Ji Xiang) What about the technical cover? .
3. Overview of important notional words commonly used in classical Chinese and their usage. 1. Common sense of notional words in classical Chinese. The common sense of notional words in classical Chinese includes: ancient and modern different meanings, polysemy, interchangeable words, flexible words and so on. Second, function words are auxiliary words and pronouns. The usage of function words commonly used in junior middle school classical Chinese (examples are mainly in Volume 4, 5 and 6) (1) pronouns are third-person pronouns, which can express people, things and things. Daiduo is the third person, which translates as "he (she) (they)" and "it (they)". The public rides it and fights with spoons. (Cao Gui Debate) (2) Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders. (The Chen She Family) (3) Carnivores are welcome. (Cao Gui Debate) Sometimes in the first person, translated as "I". For example, Qiu Gou thought he could teach and humiliated him, but he was lucky. (Hanshu Taiwei Shangshumi) (2) Auxiliary words 1. Structural auxiliary words, translated into "de", some may not be translated. Such as: ① Taste the heart of the ancient benevolent people. ("Yueyang Tower") 2 Prisons, large and small, although unobservable, must have feelings. (Cao Gui Debate) 2. Structural auxiliary words, placed between subject and predicate, cancel the independence of sentences and do not translate. Good medical care is the credit for not getting sick. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong") 2 Lotus flowers don't touch when they are alone. ("Ailian said") 3 I attacked Song with Wang Lizhi, which is similar to this. (Public Loss) 3. Syllable auxiliary words Used to adjust syllables, meaningless, generally not translated. For example: ① The general drummed (Cao Gui debated) ② For a long time, his eyes seemed to be lost, and he was very idle (Wolf) ③ For a long time (Chen She family) 4. Structural auxiliary words are a sign that the object moves forward. What's the problem? What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? ("Public Loss") 3. The people in the city are unknown. ("Travel Notes of Man Jing") 5. Structural auxiliary words are the sign of attributive postposition. Such as: ① If you live in a high temple, you will worry about the people, and if you live in the rivers and lakes, you will worry about the king. ("Yueyang Tower") ② Looking north at the Yellow River. (Hanshu Taiwei Shangshumi) (3) As a verb, it can be translated as "Zhi" and "Zhi". I want the South China Sea, what? Structural auxiliary word (for learning), translated as "... Three husbands are in the pass, and while one man guards it" (Yugong Yishan); (2) If a person commits a crime and is honest and kind, he should be punished by a teacher (for example); If they can't do it, it will be easy; Otherwise, they will have a hard time (learning); (4) and live in the land of anling fifty miles, only a gentleman. ("Tang Drama Live Up to its Mission") (2) Modal auxiliary words are used after the subject to indicate a pause, and the predicate part generally ends with the word "ye", which plays a judgment role. Such as: ① Beishan fool, 90 years old (Yugong Yishan); (2) a fool in Zhu Gekongming, he is also from Wolong. (Longzhongdui) is mainly used as a conjunction, which can express the following relations: L. The coordinate relationship is generally not translated, and sometimes it can be translated as "you". For example: ① review the past and learn new things, and you can learn from Ten Analects of Confucius; Dongpo (the story of the nuclear ship) is a proud man; 2. Inheritance relationship can be translated into "JIU" and "Jie" or not. Such as: ① Bian Que left in anticipation ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong") ② Wei Jianting rose to the top, captured and killed the captain ("The Chen She Family") ③ He was defeated by the ring. The previous "harmony" means to undertake the relationship. How much help you get from the Tao, how much help you get from the Tao. 3. The turning point is translated as "but", "but" and "but". I don't know the strangeness of the Western Hills. (Journey to the West Banquet Collection) ②
4. Organize knowledge points of classical Chinese A Gong Fangfu 1. Different meanings in ancient and modern times 1, intrigue ancient: refers to the uneven structure of the palace, beautifully made; Today: it is a metaphor for exhaustion and intrigue. 2. Xinggu: bright starlight; Today: refers to people who have made achievements in the industry and made a name for themselves. 3. Ancient management: jade, jewelry and other things; Today: refers to planning, management or organization (enterprise, activity). 4. Elite ancient: refers to things such as jade jewelry; Today: refers to outstanding talents. 5. poor ancient: poor; Today: pity, sympathy. 6. isolate the ancient meaning: isolate the present meaning: don't be together and avoid contact. 7. Go straight to the ancient meaning: the trend to the present meaning: walking. 8. Ancient meaning of climate: The text refers to the meaning of emotional atmosphere. Today's meaning: refers to the meteorological profile of an area. 2. Classification of common notional words: 1, 1: ① Six Wangs and One Family in Four Seas (unified poor and scorched soil (numbers) ③ Yellow Crane never revisited the land (once) ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Family: ① Qin is the family of Qin, not the family of the whole world (extinction) ② Scholar-officials, the teacher said disciple Yun Zhe (class) 5. Shoulang's waist and back (noun, Susie, noun as adverbial here) farsightedness (adjective, through "human") made Qin love the people of the six countries (conjunction, if) 8. Sing a song in the evening, be a person in A Qin Palace (verb, become), and then be a king for three generations (verb, do, become) 3. Classical Chinese function words 1. Yan (1) adjective suffix is equivalent to "ran". This is a sign of inheritance. Li Mountain was built in the north and folded in the west/with a long-term vision, while looking forward to happiness/saying that three generations can last forever, mourning for Jun/Qin people. (2) Later generations mourn for it, indicating a turning point. Within a day, the climate between the first palace and the second palace was uneven/making everyone dare not speak and dare to be angry/future generations mourned without warning. Yishan (on behalf of the six countries)/once you can't get it, you will lose it (on behalf of the state of Qin) (2) pronouns, your own, as an attribute. Make the six countries love each other. 4. Take the preposition (1) and go downstairs to the hall. Come to the preposition (2) and compare it. Make the pillar of the negative building, the heart of a thousand people is also pronoun. Why did you take all the money (on behalf of the property)/Qin people couldn't help mourning for themselves, and later people mourned for it (on behalf of Qin people). 3. Flexible use of (1) nouns as verbs 1, you come to Qin (by coach). 2. Singing at night ((jade is the key)) 4. Gold nuggets and pebbles (with gold as the example; Think of pearls as) 5. The Chu people burned a torch) 6. Qin Ye, Qin Family (genocide, killing) (2) Noun as adverbial 1, Li Mountain is built in the north and folded in the west (north; West) Mount Li is built in the north and folded in the west. Straight into Xianyang (north, west)/Langyaohui, with high eaves (such as ribbons)/honeycomb vortex, I don't know that tens of millions of people fell (such as honeycomb, such as vortex)/left the downstairs hall to come to Qin (by chariot). It's not Ji Hehong (rainbow appears)/Long Bridge is lying on the waves, it's not clouds and dragons (dragons appear)/singing night strings, but burning (singing and playing the piano)/Chu people for Qin Gongren, scorched earth (turning into scorched earth)/tinkling jade, gold nuggets and pebbles (used as sonorous, stone, lump and gravel) (4) verbs as nouns. Management in the Han and Wei Dynasties (referring to things with precious stones) (5) Verb conation usage. Later generations mourn for it without learning it (take ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Make the negative building columns more than Nanmu farmers (Nanmu farmers are more, prepositional phrases are put behind) (2) Qin people can't help but feel sorry for themselves (self-pity). The corridor twists and turns like a broadband ring, and the eaves tilt like a high bird peck; (These pavilions) are built according to the terrain, with connected seats and staggered eaves. 3. The long bridge lies in waves and there is no cloud. After the road is empty, isn't it a river rainbow? The long bridge lies across the water, (just like Youlong, but) without clouds, how can there be mosquito dragons (flying)? After the day, (just like the rainbow in the sky) (but) it's not raining, how can there be a rainbow (flying)? 4. Qin people can't help feeling sorry for themselves, and later people mourn for them; Later generations mourned it without learning the lesson, which made them mourn it again. The rulers of the Qin dynasty had no time to lament for themselves, only to let future generations lament their demise; Later generations lamented the demise of Qin, but they could not learn from it, and they would also let his later generations lament him again (repeating the mistakes of Qin). 5. Zhao Yanzhi, Han Weizhi, Qi and Chu elites, plundered their people from generation to generation and piled up like mountains.
5. The word1. Forget each other if you have money. ("nothing" means "no", no) 2. Left voice, defend Yuyang ("fitness" means "change", levy and adjust hair) 3. To sing for the world, more people should respond ("sing") to wear ancient and modern synonyms (in bold) and wait for death: the same, the same. Today: wait, wait. Stroke often has an ancient meaning: it is everywhere. Today: often, often. The ancient meaning of Chu people's pity: love, love. Today: pity, pity. The wake has an old meaning: 67/ 10, which means score. A conjunction indicating a hypothetical relationship. Modern meaning: borrow today to die, ancient meaning: escape, escape. Modern meaning: death. In the temple next to Wu, the ancient meaning was: sneaking around. Modern significance: gap. Today, I sincerely call myself son Fu Su, Xiang Yan, which means "truth". Modern meaning: sincere, true and true. Compared with Chen's ancient meaning: and so on. Modern significance. Meetings, conferences, etc. The ancient meaning of accounting: gathering today's meaning: financial managers. Ancient meaning of bonfire: refers to the fire covered with bamboo, ghost fire. Modern meaning: refers to a fire burning in an open place or the wild. Or think of death, or think of the old meaning of death: some people. Today means: or, maybe. Call three old people, heroes and everyone to explain to them. Ancient meaning: the township official in charge of education in feudal society. Modern significance: three old people. Ancient meaning of hero: here refers to local people with prestige and status. Modern meaning: a talented person. Taste cultivates public servants. Ancient meaning: once modern meaning: taste the taste of things. Swallows know the ambition of swans. Ancient meaning: What? Poor quality is out of date. Ancient meaning: estimating present meaning: limited, quantifier. Use nouns flexibly as verbs and be king. The world is painful, and Ku Jin is painful. Adjective conative usage, suffering, because suffering ... night bonfire night: nouns as adverbials, verbs modified at night. Bonfire: Nouns as verbs, carrying lanterns. There is a fox in what does the fox say. Just like a fox, if you put a person in the belly of a fish and a noun is used as a verb, you catch it with a net. A general's body was firmly grasped. An adjective is used as a noun, a hard armor. Sharp: adjectives are used as nouns, sharp weapons. When a country dies, it can die: an adjective is used as a verb, and you are dead ... Nedan Shudan: nouns are used as adverbials, and cinnabar is used. Law. I'm surprised at ... I'm angry: the use of adjectives makes me angry. Everyone refers to Bobby Chen's eyes: nouns are used flexibly as verbs, which are expressed by my eyes. Means: nouns are used flexibly as verbs and punished with fingers: nouns are used flexibly as verbs and punished. Ambiguous words: On the ridge of the field that has been ploughed out (verb, meaning Fu Su), the swallow knows the ambition of the swan (structural auxiliary word, true), and the Chu people pity it (pronoun, meaning Xiang Yan). Times: Chen Sheng, both of them are in the line (editing) the trip of the ambassador to Wu Temple (traveling or stopping over the troops). Meeting: There will be rain (which will happen by chance) and they will all explain things. Soldiers are mostly users of the altar (quilt) and alliance (building) books: Naidan writes books in the belly of fish (letter, here refers to Dan book): so many people say they want to die (several times). Tens of thousands of people (died). Yes) Chen Shengli is the king (Sui): The name of the order to call Sanlao, Hao Jie and Junlai to do accounts (verb, order) is Zhang Chu (Dingguo), thus: admonish the past (cause) with a few numbers, and blame it with strange ones (after "already", it has been). Today, I would like to call myself the childe Fu Su and Xiang Yan (Ba) and sacrifice them to the east of the capital. So it is generally said that they want to die (intentionally). Fu Su used several figures to protest the reason. Take away the captain (ostensibly to bear) and defend the death (ostensibly a turning point, but). On the ridge of dropping out of school to farm (locative noun, above). Moral order: it is the order of Ying Ge, generals, soldiers (order) and Chen Shouling's absence (county magistrate). It is appropriate for a servant to smile, say (answer), respond (respond), etc. Waiting for death, the country can wait for rain. However, Guangwu thinks this is a ghost (however). Intention) refers to Bobby Chen's desire (direction): I want to die (think, want) and follow the people's desire (desire, desire): I sincerely call myself childe Fu Su and Xiang Yan (conjunction, meaning if): follow the people's desire (shun), small benefits are not satisfied, and people's obedience (following) are all (yes) Qin officials in various counties.