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In the history of China, there are many cases in which princesses or imperial daughters married the kings and relatives of the country, which is nothing more than their situation.

There are two situations: one is that the national strength is weak, and it is necessary to settle grievances with relatives in order to make a fortune; The other is a strong national strength.

Zhao Zhen shocked the world, appeasing remote countries with relatives, which means giving marriage. The former takes advantage of women's beauty with humility.

Gentle and lovely, easing conflicts on the battlefield; The latter is arrogant, proclaiming the posture of a big country and using relatives to win over.

Affect foreigners outside Xinjiang. During the period of Emperor Taizong, Princess Wencheng married Tubo far away, which was a model of the latter blood relationship.

Tubo is now Tibet, and there was no contact with China before the Tang Dynasty. It is said that Tubo was the Southern Liang King in the late Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The descendants of Xianbei bald deer orphans lost their country and wandered to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In memory of their ancestors, they called it "baldness"

It is a country name, and later it was changed to "Tubo" according to its similar pronunciation. Tubo people live a nomadic life, raising yaks and horses.

Pigs and single-mountain camels, and some also grow highland barley and buckwheat. In the 7th century AD, he abandoned Zongnong Zan and succeeded Tubo Zanpu (Tu

Fan Wang, also known as Songzan Gambu, was a brave and good-fighting leader who led the army to unify the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

Many tribes in the primitive world established a powerful kingdom centered on Luomou city, which is today's Lhasa.

In the twelfth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, Songzan Gambu led the Tibetan army to attack Songzhou, a major town in the Tang Dynasty, which is now Songpan County, Sichuan Province.

Under the rule of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, the country was rich and powerful, and the army was strong. Hou was sent to lead an army to crusade. Defeat Tubo in Song Dynasty

Under the city. Songzan Gambu had to bow down and admire the power of Datang. While he wrote the letter of apology, he also

Pat proposed to Tang Ting.

After some consideration, Emperor Taizong decided to grant his request, so he set up an imperial clan familiar with poetry and calligraphy in the palace.

Daughter, named her Princess Wencheng; Princess Wencheng was originally the daughter of Li, a distant relative of Emperor Taizong. She was dignified and plump.

Mann, who has read many poetry books since childhood, is full of yearning for novels, although she has doubts about the distant Tubo, so

Agreed. After more than two months of preparation, in the fifteenth year of Zhenguan, Lu, a large-scale farewell party, arrived at the Ministry of Rites.

She escorted Princess Wencheng to see Tubo and his relatives under the guidance of Li Daozong, the king of Jiangxia County.

The reason why I set out in Luji is that it takes more than a month to get to Tibet from Chang 'an via Longnan and Qinghai.

There are several fast-flowing rivers along the way, which are gentle during the land season and convenient for the farewell party. This team,

In addition to carrying a generous dowry, there are a large number of books, musical instruments, silk and grain; Composite members other than text

In addition to the princess's maids, there are a group of scholars, musicians and agricultural technicians, which is almost like a "cultural visiting group"

There is also the "agricultural technology team". What are these people doing? Because at that time, Tu Shan had already defeated Tu Gu Hun, and Yi Ran became a success.

A powerful country that plays an important role in southwest China; Emperor Taizong was far-sighted and thought that only by strengthening the netting of Tubo could the southwest of Datang be guaranteed.

The border is stable, so we do everything possible to help them economically and culturally, so that Tubo can unconsciously.

Appreciate and follow the Tang Dynasty. Princess Wencheng is actually shouldering the political task of harmonious diplomacy and distant marriage. This is a gift.

Pro-team also went to help her finish this task.

After more than a month's arduous trek, Princess Wencheng and her party arrived in the Yellow River in the face of snow and spring.

The birthplace is Heyuan, where lush water plants and flocks of cattle and sheep change the desolate scene of sandstorms along the way, which makes people relaxed and happy.

A pillar. Princess Wencheng, who was worried about the bad terrain all the way, breathed a sigh of relief at this moment, so she sent a farewell party.

I had a short rest here for a few days.

At this time, Songzan Gambu personally led a team to greet the wedding procession to Heyuan, and Songzan Gambu and his party met with Ambassador Tang.

Li Daozong, king of Jiangxia County, bowed his head and gave his son a wedding present. He has decided to take Datang as the Tubo Kingdom. Li Dao

Zong invited Princess Wencheng to meet Songzan Gambu. When the king of Tubo galloping on the plateau saw the golden branches and jade leaves in middle earth, he immediately

Dumped for her, I saw Princess Wencheng dressed in gorgeous costumes, dignified and elegant, simple and simple Tubo.

Women are completely different. The Songzan Gambu seen by Princess Wencheng was shaped by the scorching sun and strong wind on the plateau.

Dark and rough, but with his tall and strong figure and bold spirit revealed from his brow, he looks very heroic;

Princess Wencheng is very happy that she married a good husband.

Teams sending affinity wedding teams swarmed into some cities with dignity and prestige. Under the auspices of Li Daozong, Sonzan was praised.

Princess Gambu and Princess Wencheng held a grand wedding according to the etiquette of the Han nationality, which was praised by people in all cities.

Singing and dancing with my wife. Songzan Gambule said to his men, "My family and my father have never had a precedent of intermarriage.

Today, I am lucky to have Princess Datang as my wife. I want to build a magnificent palace for the princess.

Generation. "

Soon, a beautiful palace was built with gorgeous houses inside. The pavilion is exquisite and elegant, and it is also excavated.

In the rippling pond, there are all kinds of beautiful flowers and trees, and all the organizational systems are modeled after the Datang Palace for safety.

Dunwen became a princess to comfort her homesickness. In order to have more languages with Princess Wencheng, Songzan Gambuto.

He put on the leather clothes he used to wear and the silk Tang suit sewn by Princess Wencheng, and tried to learn from Princess Wencheng.

China people, an alien couple, have a harmonious relationship, love and respect each other, and started their new life.

According to the traditional custom, the Tubo people paint their cheeks with ochre clay every day, saying that it can ward off evil spirits, although it looks like ten.

It's ugly and uncomfortable, but because it's a traditional custom, no one raises any objection. Most Tubo people just follow the rules.

After Princess Wencheng arrived in Tubo, she carefully understood and pondered this habit and thought it was unreasonable and harmful to health.

It was really a bad habit, so she gently put forward her views to Songzan Gambu. Songzan Gambu fell asleep.

What she said was very reasonable and immediately ordered the abolition of this custom. At first, some Tibetans who are nostalgic for the past are not used to it, and slowly.

Slowly, I think it is convenient and beautiful to keep my true colors, and everyone is willing to accept it. They even ...

I am very grateful to Princess Wencheng for breaking the rules for them.

After the life settled down, the Han musicians brought by Princess Wencheng began to perform their duties, and they worked very hard for it.

Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng played the most popular music in the Tang Palace. The music is soothing and beautiful, making Songzan Ganbu as big as smelling fairy sounds.

He praised musicians and music, and selected a group of boys and girls with smart qualifications to follow Han musicians.

Learning, so that the music of the Han nationality gradually spread throughout Tubo and flowed into the hearts of Tubo people.

Then the scribes began to work. They helped to sort out the relevant documents of Tubo and recorded Songzan's announcement to the ministers.

The important talk made Tubo politics go out of the primitive and move towards normalization. Songzan Gambu was very happy and ordered the minister.

Sincerely worship the scribes as teachers, take noble children, learn Chinese culture, and study the poetry books they bring; Then he also

Sent a batch after batch of aristocratic children, not far away to Chang' an, into the Tang Dynasty, learned poetry and released Han.

The culture of this tribe has returned to Tubo.

Agricultural technicians don't say anything, but first sow the grain seeds brought from the Central Plains on the fertile soil of the plateau.

Then carefully irrigate, fertilize, weed and so on. In the harvest season, the crops grow sturdily, with amazing high yield, which makes people vomit.

FanRen stare big eyes; Because the Tubo people also planted some crops such as highland barley and buckwheat at that time, but they didn't manage them well.

Management, often only planting, so the output is extremely low, they have to admire the superb planting technology of Han agricultural technicians.

At the behest of Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng, agricultural technicians began to teach agricultural technology to Tubo people in a planned way, making him

Besides nomadism, children can also harvest a lot of food. Especially after the technology of planting mulberry and sericulture was passed on to them, Tubo also

Gradually, a homemade silk fabric with soft luster and rich colors greatly beautified the life of the Tubo people and made them happy.

Thank you very much for the benefits Princess Wencheng brought to them after she entered Tubo.

Princess Wencheng treated Songzan Gambu with tenderness, which made the Tubo king who grew up in a wild land have a deep understanding.

Realizing the accomplishment and enthusiasm of Han women, he not only cherished Princess Wencheng, but also tried to adopt some of her suggestions.

With her knowledge and insight, Princess Wencheng carefully observed the Tibetan people's feelings, and then put forward various reasonable constructions.

Discuss and help her husband to govern this vast and quaint country. Besides, Princess Wencheng is not the kind of person with great power.

A woman with latent desire, she participated in governing the country, but never asked Songzan Gambu to give her an official position, which is heavy for the Tubo country.

She only puts forward her own views on major political decisions and does not interfere forcibly, so Songtsan Gambo and ministers are very kind to her.

Yue Yan often asks her about the political system of the Tang Palace as a reference for their administration, and the majority of Tubo people value her more.

Like a god.

In the twenty-second year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong sent Wang Xuance, who has a long history, to Tibet to negotiate relations between the two countries. On the other hand,

I went to see Princess Wencheng married by Wang Yuan. When Wang Xuance led an emissary team with a large number of silk cultural relics on the road and passed through Tianzhu,

Unfortunately, it was plundered by Tianzhu people. Except for Wang Xuance who escaped with a small number of troops, most of the troops and articles were robbed.

Wang Xuance arrived in Tubo in a mess, met with Songzan Gambu and explained the robbery. Songzan Gambu thinks Tianzhu is a country.

Deliberately provoked, destroyed his relationship with Datang, sent troops to crusade against Tianzhu, destroyed their capital and captured them.

Prince Tianzhu also captured a large number of livestock and rescued the entourage of the Tang Dynasty envoys, which was a relief to the Tang Dynasty envoys.

In the twenty-third year of Zhenguan, Taizong Li Shimin died, and Tang Gaozong was the heir to the Prince. The new Tang Emperor awarded Songzan Gambu.

With a captain's horse attached, he sealed the king of Xihai County and sent a special envoy to send a large number of gold, silver, silks, poetry books and grain seeds, which is a special article.

Princess Cheng sent jewelry and cosmetics as a reward for her kindness to Fan Fan.

Songzan Gambu printed a thank-you letter, which faithfully said: "When the son of heaven first ascended the throne, if his subordinates were unfaithful, they should be punished."

Hard-working soldiers went to the countryside to get rid of it. "And offer fifteen kinds of jewelry, please give it to the mausoleum of Emperor Taizong to show his grief. From Tang Gaozong to Songzan Gambu

Moved by his loyalty, he was promoted to be the guest king and given him 3,000 pieces of colored silks. After the Tubo emissary arrived in Chang 'an, it was an eye-opener.

Tang Gaozong was pleased to ask him about the techniques of brewing, rice milling, paper making, ink making and stone making, and Tang Gaozong agreed.

Yes The relationship between Tang Dynasty and Tubo, based on the contact with Princess Wencheng, reached the peak of harmony.

During the period of Songzan Gambu and Princess Wencheng, they made great efforts to carry out reforms, and under the proper planning of Tubo Prime Minister Lu Dongzan.

At present, Tubo has made rapid progress in military, political, economic and cultural aspects, which can be called

Dominating the western regions became a powerful barrier to the westward advancement of the Tang Dynasty.

Unfortunately, soon after Songzan Gambo died, his grandson succeeded him as Zampa. Because Zampa is young, he has many national affairs.

Lu Dongzan is in charge, and Princess Wencheng is in charge of family affairs. At this time, everything is going well. However, Lu Dongzan also died soon.

When he went there, his son, Qin Mausoleum, also made a boast. Later, the relationship between Tubo and neighboring Gu Hun deteriorated, and they all wrote to Tang Ting.

Request to judge right and wrong, and Tang Gaozong has been slow to make a ruling, Qin Shi Huang couldn't help it, got up and defeated Gu Hun. Unexpectedly, this

This move violated Tang Ting's dignity. Tang Gaozong thinks that Tubo used force before making a judgment, Jane.

Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty insisted on it, so he enjoyed the first year and sent Xue to crusade against Tubo.

Who knows that Xue's army was defeated by the Tubo army in Dafeichuan area, and the Tubo people no longer worked for the Tang Dynasty.

Gas, invaded the Datang border every year. Tang Ting sent a huge army commander to guard the Taohe River to prevent the harassment of the Tubo army.

Caught in a hostile situation, Tubo became the biggest enemy that the Tang Dynasty could never solve.

In the early spring of the fifteenth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign, Princess Wencheng married Songzan Gambu and went to enjoy Xue in the first year.

For thirty years, Princess Wencheng's erudition has influenced the civilization of Tubo.

The sound was very loud, which not only consolidated the frontier defense in the west of the Tang Dynasty, but also spread the culture of the Han nationality to the western regions, which was the merit of Emperor Taizong.

Meaning, it's a pity that Tang Gaozong finally can't make good use of, easily start a war, resulting in an unmanageable situation, making

How can the harmonious situation painstakingly created by Princess Wencheng come to an abrupt end?

In the first year of Yonglong in Tang Gaozong, Princess Wencheng died of illness in some cities. Tang Tingte sent envoys to pay homage, which failed to improve.

Diplomatic relations between the two countries. Princess Wencheng was admired by Tibetan officials and people, and her relationship with the Tang Dynasty did not diminish.

Death caused the decline of all Tubo people.

After the death of Princess Wencheng, the Tubo people set up temples and shrines for her in various places to commemorate her. She was accompanied by some writers and craftsmen.

They have always been treated with generous courtesy and have been buried on both sides of Princess Wencheng's tomb since their death. So far, Princess Wencheng and this

Some friendly messengers are still regarded as gods by Tibetans.

Wei xiaowen's reform custom. In 47 1 year, Emperor Xiaowen of Wei decided to take reform measures after he ascended the throne. Emperor Xiaowen of Wei stipulated the salaries of officials and severely punished corrupt officials. Implement the "land equalization system" and distribute the wasteland to farmers, 40 mu for adult men and 20 mu for women, so that they can grow grain and distribute it to mulberry fields. Farmers must pay rent and serve the government. When farmers die, they should all be returned to the government, except Sangtian. As a result, more fields were cultivated, farmers' production and life were relatively stable, and the income of the Northern Wei regime also increased. Emperor Xiaowen of Wei was a politically successful man. He believes that in order to consolidate the rule of Wei Dynasty, it is necessary to absorb the culture of the Central Plains and reform some backward customs. To this end, he decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang. He was afraid that ministers would oppose the idea of moving the capital, and first proposed a massive attack on Nanqi. Once in court, he put forward this plan, and ministers opposed it. The most intense one was Ren Tuoba Cheng. Emperor Xiaowen was angry and said, "The country is my country. Do you want to stop me from fighting? " Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am the minister of the country, and I know the danger of using troops. How can I not talk about it?" After thinking for a moment, Emperor Xiaowen announced his retirement from the DPRK and returned to the palace. He summoned Tuoba Cheng alone and said to him, "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. What I really mean is that I think Pingcheng is a place where soldiers are used and it is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, but I have to move the capital. In fact, I want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move to the Central Plains. What do you think? " TaBaCheng suddenly enlighted, immediately agreed with Wei Xiaowen. In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry south, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened that the autumn rain lasted for a whole month, and the roads were muddy everywhere, making it difficult to March. However, Emperor Xiaowen still rode out of the city wearing a helmet and armour and ordered to continue marching. Ministers didn't want to send troops to cut Qi, so they took advantage of the heavy rain to stop it. Emperor Xiaowen said seriously: "This time, if you choose to mobilize the masses, if you give up halfway, it will be a joke for future generations. If you can't go south, move the capital here. What do you think? " Everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said, "Don't hesitate. The station that agrees to move the capital is on the left, and the station that disagrees is on the right. " A nobleman said, "As long as your majesty agrees to stop the expedition to the south, then we are willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Although many civil and military officials are not in favor of moving the capital, they have heard that the southern expedition can be stopped and have to express their support for moving the capital. Emperor Xiaowen arranged one end of Luoyang and sent Wang Cheng Tuoba Cheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng, and called the nobles and the old ministers to discuss the relocation of the capital. There are still many voices of opposition among the nobles of Pingcheng. They moved out one reason after another and were refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. Finally, those people really couldn't figure it out and had to say, "Moving the capital is a big deal. Whether it is bad luck or bad luck, let's divine. " Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult things." There is no doubt about moving the capital. There is nothing to worry about. If you want to rule the world, make the four seas your home. There is no fixed reason for going south today and going north tomorrow. Besides, we moved several times in the last generation. Why can't I move? "Noble ministers were speechless, so it was decided to move the capital to Luoyang. After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, he decided to further reform the old customs and habits. On one occasion, he discussed state affairs with ministers. He said, "Do you think it is better to change the customs or stick to the rules? Tuoba Xi, the king of Xianyang, said: "It is certainly good to change customs. "Emperor Xiaowen said," Then I will announce the reform, and no one can violate it. "Then, Emperor Xiaowen announced several decrees: it is difficult for people over the age of 30 to change their words and they can go slow. At present, all those under the age of 30 who are officials in the imperial court must change their words into Chinese, and those who violate this rule will be demoted or dismissed; It is stipulated that all officials and people should wear Han clothes; Encourage Xianbei people to intermarry with Han gentry and adopt Han surname. The northern Wei royal family was originally named Tuoba, and later changed its surname to Yuan. Emperor Xiaowen's name is Justin, which is the surname of Han nationality. The drastic reform of Emperor Xiaowen of Wei greatly developed the political economy of the Northern Wei Dynasty and further promoted the integration of Xianbei and Han nationality. -