And it's fast. Clay mixed with sand, gravel, broken shells or broken pottery will be used to make bonfires to burn ceramics, because they provide an open blank from which water and other volatile components can easily leave. The coarse particles in clay will also play a role in limiting the internal shrinkage of ceramic body during cooling, and the cooling will be carried out at a slower speed, reducing the possibility of thermal stress and cracking. Early pottery fired by bonfires was mainly round-bottomed, in order to avoid sharp corners and make it easily broken. The earliest purposeful kiln was cave kiln or trench kiln, that is, digging a hole in the ground and then covering it with fuel. The holes in the ground provide the best insulation layer, so that the firing process can be better controlled.
Primitive pottery
The earliest known ceramic products are statues of Gravit culture, such as pottery found in the Lower West Nietzsche region of the Czech Republic today: West Nietzsche loves God. This is a small statue of Venus, the goddess of love, dating back to 29,000 years ago to 25,000 years ago (Gravit culture), showing a naked female image. The oldest pottery container is the pottery pot fragment of Xianrendong culture in Jiangxi, China, which was found on 20 12. About twenty thousand years ago to 19000 years ago. Striped pottery unearthed in 3B 1 floor of Xianrendong culture in Jiangxi, China in 2004, its firing age is at least 13000. Early Japanese rope writers also made pottery pots about 10500 years ago. Rope writing refers to the marking on pottery containers and statues by winding wooden sticks with ropes. Pottery made 10000 years ago has also been unearthed in China. There are indications that pottery in North Africa developed independently before 10000 years, while pottery in South America developed 7000 years ago.
The development of pottery from 6000 to 3500 years ago
The pottery wheel was invented in Mesopotamia about 6,000 to 4,000 years ago (Ubud period), which brought revolution to pottery production. Because of its appearance, specialized ceramists can meet the development needs of world-class cities. In China, traces of the use of pottery wheels were also found in the cross-lake bridge culture (from 6000 BC to 5200 BC). . The second stage (5500-4800 BC) and the third stage (4800-3500 BC) of the Melgar period in ancient India used pottery, which was the Neolithic or Bronze Age of ceramics. Pottery, including those containers called ed-Dur, originated in the Indus Valley and was found in different parts of indus valley civilization.
1, the development of pottery 500 to 300 years ago.
In the dark ages of Greece in the Mediterranean region (BC 1 100- 800 BC), artists used geometric patterns such as squares, circles and straight lines to decorate binaural bottles and other pottery.
The development of pottery from 500 years ago to 100 years ago.
The pottery in the Roman Republic (509-27 BC) formed its own style on the basis of Etruscan pottery. At that time, pottery was dominated by black. In the early Roman Empire, the appearance of large pottery workshops improved the quality and output of pottery, and the color of pottery changed from black to red. This technology has spread all over Europe in about 70 years, including Britain and Denmark in the north and Greece in the east. North Africa also acquired this technology and formed its unique African red pottery. Because of the better quality of pottery in North Africa, it was brought back to Europe by European businessmen for sale.
In China, pottery figurines began to appear in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and reached its peak in the Qin and Han Dynasties. There are famous terracotta warriors and horses in the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. The pottery in Qin and Han dynasties was mainly hard pottery, as well as ceramic tiles, tiles and tiles, which were beautifully made, so it was called "Qin Brick Hanwa" in later generations. The technology of adding lead to glaze appeared in Han Dynasty. Lead can increase the glaze smoothness and flatness of pottery, and also make colorants such as iron and copper present beautiful colors such as green, yellow and brown.
The development of pottery is from 700 years to 1 200 years.
About 700 years ago, the Arabs invaded North Africa and terminated the pottery trade in North Africa. The center of the pottery industry was brought back to Europe, but the quality was not good. The development of pottery technology was led by the Sui Dynasty (58 1 -6 18) in eastern China. Pottery artists there began to make ceramic cups and pots, and the popularity of these pottery spread from East Asia to West Asia. But because pottery itself is not suitable for long-distance travel, it becomes too expensive in West Asia. The above situation made the local people think of using lead as glaze to imitate the white color of China ceramics at low cost. This technology is slowly reversed and sent back to China and Europe. In the Yuan Dynasty (about 1200), China's glass technology made West Asia come up with a way to imitate China again, and Europe also came up with a way to imitate West Asia's glass.
The development of pottery was from 1, 500 years to 1, 800 years.
In the Antu Taoshan era, Japanese ceramic technology began to sprout. At that time, Japan mainly imported prisoners of war from South Korea to meet its demand for tea ceremony. Cha Sheng Mori Noriky vigorously promoted and renovated Japanese ancient kilns, taking simplicity as the essence, which greatly improved the development and quality of Japanese pottery. /kloc-After the collapse of the Ming Dynasty in the middle of the 0/7th century, it was gradually difficult for Europe to obtain high-quality pottery from China, so it turned to introduce Japanese pottery, which gave Japanese pottery-making technology a chance to further develop. In the later period, Japan closed its doors to the outside world, which enabled Japan to spread and explore local traditional crafts, but the slow development of ceramic art included too much decoration and skills.
/kloc-In the late 6th century, the production of purple clay pottery began to mature, and various tools of purple clay pottery began to appear, among which the purple clay teapot was the most important. In the Qing Dynasty, the shape of teapot became complicated, and inscriptions, paintings and even seal cutting appeared on the surface of teapot, which became the plaything of literati.
The development of modern pottery was in the late19th century, because the introduction of machines brought the era of mass production, but it also destroyed the development of pottery. The declining trend of pottery quality continued until the 20th century, and it was not until the AD1930s that there was a recovery between Europe and America. The development and changes of ceramic art bring innovative trends to individual ceramic artists, while some ceramic artists get inspiration from Japanese primitive ceramic art or ancient American Indian ceramic art, and modern commercial products are inspired by it and introduce popular items, such as tableware.