The original meaning of the word baroque refers to an irregular and weird pearl, which was derogatory at that time. At that time, people thought that its gorgeous and ostentatious style belittled the Renaissance style, but now it has been recognized that Baroque is a great artistic style in Europe.
The classicists thought Baroque was a degenerate art, and only later did they have a fair evaluation of Baroque art ... Baroque art came into being in the second half of16th century and reached its peak in17th century. Except for northern and central Europe, it gradually declined. Baroque art originated in Italy, which is undoubtedly related to the anti-religious reform. Rome was the center of church power at that time, so it was not surprising that it rose in Rome. It can be said that Baroque art was not invented by religion, but served the church and was used by religion, and the church was its most powerful pillar. Generally speaking, baroque art has the following characteristics: first, it has the characteristics of luxury, both religious and enjoyable; Secondly, it is a passionate art, which breaks the tranquility and harmony of reason, has a strong romantic color and attaches great importance to the artist's rich imagination. Thirdly, it places great emphasis on movement, and movement and change can be said to be the soul of baroque art; Fourth, pay great attention to the sense of space and three-dimensional sense of the works; Fifth, comprehensive. Baroque art emphasizes the comprehensive means of art forms, such as the integration of architecture, sculpture and painting. In addition, Baroque art also absorbed some factors and imagination in literature, drama, music and other fields. Sixth, it has a strong religious color, and religious themes occupy a dominant position in baroque art; Seventh, Baroque artists tend to stay away from life and times. For example, in some zenith paintings, the image of people becomes insignificant, just like some patterns. Of course, some active baroque masters do not belong to this situation. For example, the works of Rubens and Benigni are still closely related to life.
[Edit this paragraph] The origin of Baroque art
There are two views on the origin of baroque, which have great influence. Italian Croce and others think that it originated from Baroco and was originally a special term of syllogism in logic. On the other hand, it comes from baroco in Portugal or barrueco in Spain, which means all kinds of irregular pearls, and is extended to "unconventional". Baroque first appeared in the art criticism before the end of 17, which generally refers to all kinds of unconventional and strange things. At that time, many people were optimistic about the Renaissance. On the other hand, many people lived a religious life of seclusion in the mountains and abstinence, and he gradually rose with a trend of seclusion. /kloc-used as a derogatory term in the 0/8th century, generally referring to violation of natural laws and classical artistic standards. Until the middle of19th century, it was still a derogatory term, not an artistic style. 1888 H. Woelfflin published the book Renaissance and Baroque, which systematically discussed the Baroque style, and then defined the Baroque concept as an artistic style. In the 20th century, western scholars made a deeper study of Baroque and gave it different meanings, but as an artistic style, understanding is still the mainstream.
[Edit this paragraph] Baroque architecture
Baroque architecture is an architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in 17 ~ 18 century. It is characterized by free appearance, dynamic pursuit, rich decoration and sculpture, strong color, and commonly used curved surface and oval space.
Roman Jesuit church embodying baroque style
The original meaning of the word baroque is grotesque, and classicists use it to refer to this architectural style that is considered to be deviant. This style has played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles and expressing secular interests, and has influenced city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. It was once popular in Europe.
The Jesuit church in Rome, designed by the famous Italian architect and architectural theorist Vignola in the late Renaissance, is a masterpiece of the transition from technicalism to baroque style, and some people call it the first baroque building.
Handicraft is an artistic style in Europe in the late16th century. Its main feature is the pursuit of weird and unusual effects, such as expressing space in a deformed and uncoordinated way and expressing characters in an exaggerated slender proportion. In the history of architecture, it refers to the tendency of early baroque style in the works of some Italian architects from 1530 to 1600.
The Jesuit church in Rome has a rectangular plane with a shrine at the end, which evolved from the Latin cross used in Gothic churches. The central hall is wide, and the vault is covered with statues and decorations. Two rows of small prayer rooms were used on both sides to replace the original side porch. A dome rises in the middle of the cross. The altar of the church is richly decorated and free, and the mountain flowers on it break through the classical French style, making icons and decorating the lights. The facade of the church draws lessons from the treatment method of Santa Maria, a small Florence church designed by Alberti, an architect in the early Renaissance. The eaves and mountain flowers above the main entrance are made into overlapping arcs and triangles, and inclined columns and flat pilasters are used on both sides of the main entrance. There are two pairs of large scrolls on both sides of the upper part of the front. These therapies were unique and were widely imitated later.
Baroque style broke the blind worship of Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architectural theorist, and also broke through all kinds of rules and regulations formulated by classicists in the late Renaissance, reflecting the secular thought of yearning for freedom. On the other hand, the baroque church is magnificent, which can create a very strong mysterious atmosphere and meet the requirements of the Catholic church to show off its wealth and pursue mystery. Therefore, Baroque architecture originated in Rome and soon spread all over Europe, even as far away as America. Some baroque buildings pursue luxury and verve too much, even to the point of being bulky and piled up.
Since 1930s, the wealth of Italian churches has been increasing day by day, and all parishes have built their own baroque churches. Because of the small scale, the Latin cross plane is not suitable, so it is changed to round, oval, plum blossom and round petal cross.
St. Carlo Balotec Church
For example, a single-space temple will use a large number of surfaces when modeling.
A typical example is the church of San Carlo in Rome, which was designed by Borromini. Its temple plane is approximately olive-shaped, and there are some irregular small prayer rooms around it; There is also a living courtyard. The hall plane and ceiling decoration emphasize dynamic curve, the vertical mountain flowers are disconnected, the cornice is horizontally bent, the wall is concave and convex, and the decoration is rich, which has a strong light and shadow effect. Although the design technique is skillful, it is inevitable that there is a feeling of affectation. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/7th century, baroque churches became popular in Italy. There are many novel and original works, but there are also buildings with poor technology and excessive stacking.
In order to show off the wealth of papal countries to pilgrims, the papal authorities built wide avenues and magnificent squares in Rome, which opened up a new road for the free and unrestrained style of Baroque.
Roman Polo Square, built by Roman architect fontana in the17th century, is the intersection of three radial main roads, with an obelisk in the center and statues and green belts around it. There are two symmetrical churches with the same style between the radial main roads. This square is open and unrestrained, and many European countries are scrambling to follow suit. France built a radial square in front of Versailles Palace, and Russia built a radial square in front of the Admiralty Building in Petersburg. The square in front of St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome was designed by bernini, an outstanding baroque architect and sculptor, and is surrounded by the Tuscan colonnade in Rome. The whole layout is bold and dynamic, and the light and shadow effect is strong.
Baroque architectural style is also very popular in some countries in Central Europe, especially Germany and Austria. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, many German architects combined Italian Baroque architectural style with German national architectural style after returning from studying in Italy. By the first half of18th century, German Baroque architecture had become a wonderful work in the history of European architecture.
Baroque church in Germany is simple and elegant in appearance, soft in shape, less in decoration, dry and flat in exterior wall, and in harmony with the natural environment. The interior decoration of the church is very gorgeous, which creates a strong contrast between the inside and the outside. Famous examples are the Fourteen Saints Pilgrimage Church in the suburbs of Bamberg and Abbey Church in Roche.
The layout of the pilgrimage church of the Fourteenth Saints is very novel. The main hall and shrine are made into three continuous ellipses, and the arched ceiling echoes this. The interior of the church is covered with all kinds of plant-like decorative patterns made of lime mud, which is magnificent. The appearance of the church is relatively dull, with a pair of towers on the front, dotted with soft curves and full of intimacy.
Representative of Baloter Architecture: San Diego Cathedral, Spain
The appearance of Roche Abbey Church is also very simple, and the interior decoration is also very exquisite, especially the ceiling above the shrine is covered with flying angels carved with white marble, and in the middle of the shrine is a group sculpture composed of the Virgin and two angels; Below the shrine is a group of statues of saints with different expressions.
Austrian baroque architectural style was mainly imported from Germany. /kloc-In the first half of the 8th century, many famous buildings in Austria were designed by German architects. For example, the Shubelen Palace in Vienna is a serious classical architectural form, while the interior hall is Italian Baroque style. All the pillars in the hall are carved into human shapes, and the pillars and vaults are covered with relief decoration, which is the product of the combination of baroque style and classical style.
It rose in the middle of17th century, with free and unrestrained style and complex and changeable modeling, but some architectural decorations were piled up too much. Santiago Cathedral in Spain is a typical example of architecture in this period.
Baroque art and literature
Baroque literature is a literary school in the late Renaissance of the West, which merged with classical literature and Puritan literature into three major literatures in the17th century. It rose after the decline of humanistic literature movement.
Baroque literary masterpiece "Idiot Ximu Biography"
It is a kind of aristocratic formalism literature, which advocates that literature should be created for a few people with cultural literacy. Deliberately carved in art, the content tends to write about faith crisis and pessimistic thoughts. This kind of works pursue form, empty content and grandiose language. Italian marino, Spanish Gongra and Calderon, German Grimmelshausen, British metaphysical poet john donne, French Walter Vataire and so on are all representatives of Baroque literature.
Representative works include Calderon's novel Life is Like a Dream, and Grimmelshausen's wandering novel The Story of an Idiot.
[Edit this paragraph] Baroque art clothing
Minimalism in the 1990s is now a thing of the past. At present, the trend of classicism permeates every corner of the fashion stage, and jewelry design focuses on decorative baroque style. Gorgeous diamond necklaces are irregularly wound, and romantic hearts shine with crystal clear light. The uniqueness lies in the perfect cutting shape of each heart, which reveals luxurious and charming temperament everywhere.
Baroque period is an era of advocating high glory. At that time, most shoes were made of high-quality materials, such as leather and brocade, with luxurious decorations, such as ribbons, big buttons, embroidery and jewelry. Now imitate baroque boots, focusing on retro details, such as cross drawstring on the upper, disharmonious patterns, and mix and match fashion. Although low-key, it is extremely simple and elegant.
Classical charm is popular, which makes it full of.
Baroque clothing style
The romantic wedding dress with retro feelings also presents a luxurious style. Baroque chest-lifting and waist-binding, layered skirts, showing complex and exquisite workmanship in details, and then incorporating modern popular tailoring and fashion elements, such as bows and folds, to create a different style that is both ancient and modern. Large flower headdress is the most conspicuous accessory in wedding dress. It can cover the whole head and bloom on both sides. It's amazing.
From the beginning to the climax of the plot development, this "script" about classical drama is full of luxury. The short and elegant wavy hem makes the coat elegant in tough and sexy, and the Gothic sleeves exude modernity in retro details, and the colors are bright and bright, which makes people feel like they are in a grand palace dance.
Baroque fashion attaches great importance to the cutting of the lower body and strives for variety. Slightly fluffy knee-length narrow skirt combined with exquisite folds, coupled with casual lace, exudes a gentle and sweet romantic atmosphere. Although the fabric is not a typical floating brocade, it uses smooth and light tulle, showing a unique sense of luxury. In terms of color, champagne and off-white are no longer dominant, but bright pink. With a milky knitted coat, the neckline is ruffled, which is elegant, reserved and beautiful.
Waist girding is one of the main features of baroque fashion, and it will also become the best protagonist on the fashion stage in the new season. Satin shirts are full of nostalgia, and various patterns express the artistic style of the neoclassical era. The bright red waist is the finishing touch, which not only forms a strong contrast in color, but also highlights the fashionable fashion of red and purple that was once wildly popular in those lost years. The four colors of black, white, orange and red form a strong visual contrast, creating an elegant and noble lady image.
[Edit this paragraph] Baroque furniture
Baroque furniture (17th century-18th century) experienced the Renaissance, and Italian architecture in17th century was in a complex contradiction. Some small and medium-sized churches, city squares and garden villas are designed into novel and complicated shapes, characterized by curves and surfaces, such as gorgeous gables, scroll decorations, portrait columns and deep plaster lines.
Baroque furniture
The main feature of baroque furniture is to emphasize strength, change and movement. The gorgeous cloth cover of the sofa cooperates with exquisite carving, and the noble shape and floor decoration are integrated into one, with elegant temperament. It emphasizes the comprehensiveness of architectural painting, sculpture and indoor environment, and highlights the characteristics of exaggeration, romance, passion, irrationality, illusion and fantasy. Break the balance, the plane is changeable, and emphasize the level and depth. The use of various colors of marble, precious stones, bronze, gold and other gorgeous and spectacular decorations broke through some procedures and principles of Renaissance classicism.
Baroque style house and furniture design has real life and rich emotions, which is more suitable for the functional and spiritual needs of life. Baroque furniture is characterized by relatively concentrated decorative details, simplifying unnecessary parts and emphasizing the overall structure. The overall modeling and decorative style of furniture is strictly unified with Baroque architecture, interior furnishings, walls, doors and windows, creating a harmonious overall effect of architecture and furniture. Baroque-style furniture is gorgeous in shape, which expresses the boldness and enthusiasm of life.
Baroque furniture, with the romantic spirit as the design starting point, is endowed with a kind and soft lyrical artistic conception and pursues a jumping decorative style, which sets off a magnificent, vivid, enthusiastic and unrestrained artistic effect. Baroque furniture uses varied curved surfaces, uses various decorations, carries out large-area carving, gold foil veneer and gold paint, and applies a large number of fabrics to cover sitting and lying furniture. Complex spatial combination and strong layout tone, with strong comfort and delicate and warm tone treatment, express the lyrical color of each piece of furniture, and very successfully express the artistic effect of passion and romance.
[Edit this paragraph] Oil painting of Baroque art
Typical representatives of Baroque painters are Rubens in Belgium, Rembrandt in the Netherlands, Velazquez in Spain and Van Dyke in Britain. Their paintings are vivid and bold, bright in color, emphasizing the change of light and shadow, and emphasizing humanistic consciousness more than painters in the Renaissance.
Rubens's religious paintings have intense human posture and bright colors; Rembrandt's paintings are like on the stage, with the characters' faces in the highlights, in sharp contrast with the surrounding shadows; Velazquez's Maid-in-waiting, a weaver girl working in the light outside the window in the background, once had great enlightenment to later romantic painters.