First, when the Qing emperor abdicated in 19 12, the private property owned by the royal family was really huge.

1965438+On February 9, 2002, the "clean room preferential conditions" were reached through tripartite negotiation among Nanjing Provisional Government, Yuan Shikai and the royal family of the Qing court. It is stipulated that after the abdication of the Qing emperor 1, the title of emperor will not be abolished, and the Republic of China will be regarded as a gift from foreign monarchs; 2, the annual use of 4 million Liang (yuan), allocated by the Republic of China; 3. Temporarily live in the Forbidden City and then move to the Summer Palace; 4. The mausoleum of the ancestral hall is full of worship and protected by the guards of the Republic of China; 5. The mausoleum project of Dezong (Guangxu) and the Feng 'an Grand Ceremony remain unchanged, and the expenses shall be borne by the Republic of China; 6, the palace staff can continue to retain, but can not recruit eunuchs in the future; 7. After the resignation of the Emperor, "his original private property was specially protected by the Republic of China"; 8. The Palace Guard was incorporated into the Ministry of War of the Republic of China, and the post salary remained unchanged. ①

Article 7 Although the scope and content of "royal private property" were not clearly defined, it was understood by the Qing Dynasty at that time that all articles in the palace, including cultural relics, silver coins, satin tables and chairs and other daily necessities, should be classified as "royal private property" according to preferential conditions. Although the government of the Republic of China has not clearly confirmed this, it has not expressed any opposition.

In short, when the Qing emperor abdicated in 19 12, his main private property included: items hidden in the palace (cultural relics, silver coins, daily necessities), items hidden in the Jehol Palace (now chengde mountain resort), items hidden in Shengjing Palace (now Shenyang Forbidden City), the Summer Palace and an unknown number of royal farms (the Ministry of Internal Affairs has never made it clear.

Second, the government of the Republic of China made a big mistake by not distinguishing the palace cultural relics from the private property of the royal family.

Among the palace collections, many cultural relics are the most valuable. Most of these cultural relics came from folk search, especially during the Qianlong period. Take the famous paintings of French posts as an example-during the reign of Kangxi, the famous paintings of court French posts mainly came from the contributions of ministers; The court's appreciation ability is limited, and Gao Shiqi and others even dare to keep the original and pay tribute with fakes. By the time Ganlong arrived, the famous paintings of French posts were gradually gathered in the hands of countless folk predators, which gave Ganlong the convenience of searching all the famous paintings of folk posts. According to Yang, an art historian and museum scientist, Qianlong can often collect the collections accumulated by several generations of famous domestic collectors into the palace with only a piece of imperial edict or a small fee. "In short, the objective conditions are favorable to Li Hong, who is particularly possessive of calligraphy and painting, so the famous calligraphy and painting accumulated in the Qing Palace is flourishing, and almost all the precious Mo Bao circulated by the people are collected by the imperial palace. ..... After Qianlong, the accumulation of calligraphy and painting decreased obviously, because the famous folk stories were concentrated in the imperial court. ...... The collection of the Forbidden City in the Qing Dynasty is a great concentration of famous calligraphy and painting in the past dynasties, and basically all the traces of famous artists handed down from the past dynasties have been obtained, with a total of more than 10,000 pieces. "

In this way, it is not difficult to imagine the rich collection of cultural relics in the palace and its great cultural value. These cultural relics should belong to all citizens, not Essien Choro. However, in 19 12, due to the sinister international situation (mainly because Russia and Japan wanted to take the opportunity to make profits), both the north and the south hoped that the Qing Dynasty would abdicate peacefully as soon as possible to complete the regime change. Therefore, when agreeing on the preferential conditions for the Qing Dynasty, there was no time to separate the cultural relics collected by the court from the royal private property.

Soon, the government of the Republic of China found that this was a major mistake. 19 12 12 in February, Xiong Xiling became the governor of Jehol, and found that all kinds of antiques in Jehol Palace were being sold seriously, so he wrote to Yuan Shikai, demanding that the antiques in the summer resort be sorted out, transported to Beijing, bought out from the Qing Palace at a certain price and handed over to the museum for collection. Yuan approved the proposal. From June 2003 19 1 1 to March 2003 19 14, the government of the Republic of China delivered 1 10000 from Jehol Palace and Shengjing Palace. These cultural relics are collected in the "Antiquities Exhibition Hall" located in the former dynasty of the Forbidden City. However, because the government of the Republic of China had no money to pay for the Qing Dynasty, until September 19 16, Premier Duan still had to admit in his submission to President Li: "The antiques displayed in the halls of Wenhua Wuying were all private property of the Qing Dynasty, with an estimated value of about 5 million yuan. The classification of categories and registers was originally planned to be nationalized by the government, but only because of financial constraints. " Since the government of the Republic of China admitted that these exhibits still belonged to the private property of the royal family, the Qing Dynasty was impolite. Many cultural relics, such as "a bracelet made of pearls in the East China Sea" and "two diamonds and swords", were taken away by the Interior Office of the Qing Dynasty. Taking it away is a small matter. Worst of all, in order to raise funds for daily operation, the Qing Dynasty often sold its hidden cultural relics, and many of them flowed into the hands of outsiders. For example, in 1922, Puyi planned to sell Sikuquanshu to Japan to raise money for marriage. Although the cultural circles were extremely indignant about this, the government of the Republic of China admitted that these cultural relics were the private property of the royal family, so it could only condemn them in public opinion.

3. After participating in the restoration of Zhang Xun, Puyi felt guilty and secretly smuggled thousands of cultural relics out of the palace.

The restoration of Zhang Xun (19 17) made the "clean room preferential conditions" widely questioned by public opinion. Many people think that since the Qing Dynasty's participation in the restoration preceded the breach of contract, the original "preferential conditions of the Qing Dynasty" should also be abolished. For example, Feng Yuxiang, who took part in the crusade against Zhang Xun, advocated expelling Puyi from the palace. 1June, 922, the first direct service ended in failure, and President Xu Shichang, who sympathized with the Qing Dynasty, resigned. Puyi panicked and began to plan to smuggle cultural relics from the palace to prevent accidents.

The smuggling method chosen by Puyi is called "rewarding Pu Jie". According to Pu Jia (cousin Pu Yi) who participated in this matter, the specific operation method is as follows:

"As early as around 1922, because Beijing was often threatened by war, I was afraid that once Puyi could not live in the Palace, there would be nowhere to avoid chaos, so my father (Zai Tao) bought a building on behalf of Puyi in Tianjin British Concession 13 Road ... and made some preparations. Starting from 1922, we secretly smuggled the ancient books (mostly Song editions) and the calligraphy and paintings of famous people in past dynasties (mostly handwritten) out of the palace in batches. This batch of books and calligraphy is very large, and it took a lot of effort to transport them out of the palace. Because the items stored in each palace are kept by eunuchs in each palace, if Puyi wants to give a palace item, he should not only record it clearly in the account book of a palace, but also get the secretary's office to show that some items are given to someone, and then write a note to carry it out of the palace. At that time, we thought of a very clever way, one is to give this large number of antiquities to Pu Jie, sometimes to me, and take advantage of the opportunity that Pu Jie and I leave the palace every day to take them out in batches. We think it is so close that no one will know. But with the passage of time, the number has increased, which has attracted people's attention. Soon, the eunuch and his companions in the palace (servants in the palace, who bring my schoolbag to school every day) asked me: Are these all for you? ..... When these antiquities were transported to Tianjin, it took a lot of trouble. These books, calligraphy and paintings are packed in 70 or 80 large wooden boxes (I can't remember the exact figures). ..... all in Building 166 and Road 13. "

When the cultural relics were inspected, every volume, volume and ancient book were marked according to their value. Draw 5 circles for the highest value and 1 circle for the worst value. Those smuggled out of the palace by Pu Jie and Pu Jia were selected from the cultural relics painted in five circles. According to the statistics of 1925 "Cleaning Committee", according to the Puyi Appreciation Table and other materials, Puyi smuggled out more than 0/000 scrolls of paintings and calligraphy in past dynasties, with more than 200 kinds of album pages and hanging scrolls, and 200 Yu Ben of precious books in Song and Yuan Dynasties.

1924, when Puyi was expelled from the palace, she took away her private property, mainly silver and daily necessities.

1924165438+1October, Feng Yuxiang staged a coup, and Cao Kun resigned as president. The Regent Cabinet, headed by Huang Yue, held a state meeting and decided to amend the Preferential Conditions for Clearing Houses, requiring Puyi to move out of the Palace immediately. Article 5 of the revised Preferential Conditions for Clean Houses stipulates: "The private property of clean houses shall be fully enjoyed by clean houses and specially protected by the government of the Republic of China, and all its public property shall be owned by the government of the Republic of China." It is the first time that there is a "public property" hidden in the palace. When asked by reporters about the difference between public and private property, Li Yuying, a national representative, replied: "The difference between public and private property is extremely clear, and there is no danger of chaos. Public property such as Miyagi, buildings and treasures of past dynasties, and others are private property. " Public opinion has similar views on how to distinguish between public and private property. For example, Lin Baishui, editor-in-chief of Social Daily, said: "What should belong to Puyi and what should belong to the Republic of China is purely based on whether it has historical value and whether it is related to culture. Generally, small pieces of jewelry, gold and silver, leather goods and silks and satins can be classified as Puyi. The large-scale heavy objects and stone paintings and calligraphy related to history and culture are nothing more than national treasures for thousands of years, and have nothing to do with Essien Joro. It is difficult to be privately owned. "

1On October 5th, Puyi was forced to move out of the Forbidden City. Most of the historical and cultural relics in the palace have been preserved. Puyi took away mainly personal belongings such as jewelry, silver and daily necessities. Among them, silver 1 1 ten thousand yuan. Except for a few gold ingots engraved with the words "Fulu Xi Shou" for exhibition, the "Clean Room Renaissance Committee" handed all the rest to Puyi. However, Wang Xizhi's "Quick Snow Clear Post" and Chou Shizhou's "Chunxiao in Han Palace" hidden in Puyi's luggage were found and detained. When two concubines, Jing Yi and Rong Hui, left the palace, they were allowed to take all 235,300 taels of silver, clothes, articles and furniture.

1February, 925, Puyi fled to Tianjin and settled in the Japanese Concession. At this time, the property it can rely on is mainly the treasures of the Forbidden City smuggled out in the form of "rewarding Pu Jie". Among them, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi's "Cao E Bei" and "Two Thanks"; Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, etc.

Five, the puppet Manchukuo fell, Puyi became a prisoner, lost all the treasures, and the royal assets were zero.

During her stay in Tianjin, Puyi continued to sell cultural relics to maintain her daily expenses. However, the style of writing is far less generous than the palace. According to Puyi himself, on May 3 1, 1924, the Ministry of Internal Affairs once made a one-time transaction with Beijing Salt Bank, amounting to 800,000 yuan (silver dollar) (the annual income of famous middle-class Lu Xun was only 3,000-5,000 yuan), and the collateral provided by Puyi included * * weight 165438+. * * * There are more than 0/0000 treasures, gold albums, treasure boxes/kloc-pieces, more than 0/900 pearls/kloc-pieces, and more than 0/80 precious stones/kloc-pieces ... Today, there are several transactions of this scale in one year. However, in Tianjin, the number of cultural relics in Puyi's hand is far less than before, and it is not very smooth to sell. It was once United by local antique shops to unify the price, so that the treasures in its five circles only sold at a low price of 60 thousand yuan. It was not until he met Rosenthal, a French businessman, who sold a batch of cultural relics for 600,000 yuan that he was able to tide over the economic difficulties. During this period, Puyi often asked the servants if they were "bargaining" (that is, bargaining). ⑨

It is unknown how many precious cultural relics Puyi sold in Tianjin in seven years. However, most of the cultural relics smuggled out of the Forbidden City still seem to be preserved. According to his bodyguard, Yan, who is in charge of the management of this batch of cultural relics, when Puyi sneaked into the Northeast in 1932, he still had "1300 paintings, about 30 boxes; 40 volumes of famous calligraphy and painting, 4 boxes of * * *; Painting and calligraphy hanging shaft 3 1 piece, packed in 1 box; 200 books of Song and Yuan Dynasties, 3 1 box; The temple edition is packed in 3 boxes; There are two large vaults, two suitcases and more than 30 small portable vaults. 200 pieces of leather goods, packed in 8 boxes. " By 1935, these cultural relics were secretly transported to the Puppet Manchu Palace in Changchun. ⑩

1945 Japan surrendered. Puyi reluctantly took more than 10 boxes from these 70 boxes of paintings and calligraphy and embarked on an escape train from Changchun; In Dalizigou, Tonghua, some cultural relics were exchanged for food by local people because the fake Manchu coins were useless. When I flew to Shenyang, I only picked two suitcases of paintings and treasures because of the heavy load. After arriving at Shenyang airport, he was captured by Soviet troops. The cultural relics lost in Changchun were looted by the guards left behind by the Puppet Manchuria Palace, and many masterpieces handed down from ancient times were torn to pieces or even shattered. After 1949, two boxes of treasures confiscated by the Soviet Union returned to China, including The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. During the period of being a prisoner in the Soviet Union, Puyi still kept hundreds of pearls, diamonds and other little treasures by using the interlayer of boxes, thermos bottles and soap. During the period, in order to prevent being discovered by the Soviet side, many were also discarded. 1August, 950, Puyi was extradited to China, and the last batch of 486 "sandwich treasures" were handed over. ( 1 1)

The above is the change process of Aisingiorro royal family's assets after the demise of the Qing Dynasty. This process is so clear that it is absolutely impossible for any "descendant" or "Gege" to still hold the treasure map and have a huge "royal heritage". As for the 300-year-old emperor Qianlong who took the elixir of life, if anyone believes it, it can only be a question of IQ.