Bank loan refers to an economic behavior that banks lend funds to people in need of funds at a certain interest rate according to national policies and return them within the agreed time limit.

Classification of bank loans

According to different classification standards, there are many types of bank loans. For example:

According to different repayment periods, it can be divided into short-term loans, medium-term loans and long-term loans;

According to different repayment methods, it can be divided into demand loans, term loans and overdrafts;

According to the purpose or object of the loan, it can be divided into industrial and commercial loans, agricultural loans, consumer loans and securities broker loans.

According to the different loan guarantee conditions, it can be divided into bill discount loan, bill mortgage loan, commodity mortgage loan and credit loan.

According to the loan scale, it can be divided into wholesale loans and retail loans;

According to the different ways of interest rate agreement, it can be divided into fixed interest rate loans and floating interest rate loans, and so on.

Moreover, in different countries and different development periods of a country, the types of loans classified according to various standards are also different. For example, industrial and commercial loans in the United States mainly include ordinary loan limits, working capital loans, standby loan commitments, and project loans. In Britain, industrial and commercial loans mostly take the form of discounted bills, credit accounts and overdraft accounts.

Small and medium-sized enterprises' skills in obtaining bank loans;

Establish a good relationship between banks and enterprises.

Pay attention to credibility.

Investment projects should write a feasibility study report, highlighting the characteristics of the project.

Choose the right loan opportunity.

Get the support of SME guarantee institutions.

Bank loan method:

(1) Venture loan

Venture loan refers to a special loan issued by an individual who has certain production and operation ability or has engaged in production and operation activities, applies for the capital demand for starting or re-starting, and is recognized by the bank and provides effective guarantee. Eligible borrowers can get a single loan of up to 500,000 yuan according to their own resources and repayment ability.

Eligible borrowers can get a single loan of up to 500,000 yuan according to their own resources and repayment ability.

If the enterprise reaches a certain scale, it can give a higher amount of loans.

The term of venture loan is generally 1 year, and the longest is no more than 3 years.

To support laid-off workers to start businesses, the interest rate of business start-up loans will be lowered according to the same interest rate stipulated by the People's Bank of China, and they can enjoy a certain percentage of government discount.

(2) Mortgage loan

For those who need to start a business, they can flexibly use personal consumption loans to start a business. The mortgage loan amount generally does not exceed 70% of the assessed value of the collateral, and the maximum loan amount is 300,000 yuan. If you need to buy commercial housing along the street, you can apply for a commercial housing loan from the bank with the proposed house as collateral. The loan amount generally does not exceed 60% of the appraised value of the proposed commercial house, and the longest loan period does not exceed 65,438+00 years.

Suitable for entrepreneurs are: real estate mortgage, chattel mortgage, intangible assets mortgage and so on.

Real estate mortgage loan. Entrepreneurs can use land, houses and other real estate as collateral to obtain loans from banks.

Chattel mortgage loan. Entrepreneurs can use stocks, government bonds, corporate bonds and other securities recognized by banks, as well as movable property such as gold, silver and jewelry as collateral to obtain loans from banks.

(3) Pledge loan

In addition to certificates of deposit, personal loans can easily obtain certificates such as treasury bills and insurance company policies. 80% of the loanable deposit certificate amount of the pledged loan; 90% of the denomination of the national debt that can be loaned by the national debt pledge loan; The amount of the loan pledged by the insurance company shall not exceed 80% of the cash value of the policy at that time.

Judging from the scope of pledge, the scope is relatively wide, such as certificates of deposit, treasury bills, bills of lading, trademark rights, industrial property rights and so on. Entrepreneurs can apply for bank loans as long as they can find their own things and take these rights as collateral.

(4) secured loan

If you don't have certificates of deposit, government bonds or insurance policies, but your spouse or parents have a better job and a stable income, it is also an excellent credit resource. At present, banks have a soft spot for high-income groups. Lawyers, doctors, civil servants, employees of public institutions and people in the financial industry are all listed as preferential targets for credit loans. Employees in these industries can get about 654.38+10,000 yuan of secured loans from ICBC, CCB and other financial institutions only by looking for one or two colleagues to guarantee, and all kinds of materials can be approved on the same day and venture capital can be obtained quickly.

(5) Small loans for laid-off workers

According to the regulations, "laid-off and unemployed people under 60 years old, healthy, honest and trustworthy, and with certain labor skills, who are engaged in self-employment, self-employment, partnership or organized employment, can apply for small secured loans from commercial banks or their branches with the re-employment concession card issued by the labor and social security department. Entrepreneurs can hire laid-off workers, and after consultation, they can apply for unemployment loans with re-employment concession cards. Everyone can borrow up to 20,000 yuan, and the interest rate is the lowest among local bank loans. Enterprises can take laid-off workers 10 and enjoy low-interest loans of up to 200,000 yuan.

(6) International trade financing

International trade financing refers to short-term financing or credit facilities provided by the government and banks to import and export enterprises related to import and export trade settlement. These businesses include letter of credit opening, import bills, delivery guarantee, export bills, packaged loans, discount of foreign exchange bills, international factoring financing, forfaiting, export buyer's credit and so on.

1) Short-term financing of international trade

* Exporters can obtain short-term funds from imported goods and banks. Including: ① advance payment from importer to exporter. ② Banks provide loans to exporters, such as unsecured loans, trust receipt bank loans, export commodity mortgage loans, packaged loans, goods in transit mortgage loans, foreign storage loans, etc.

* Importers can obtain short-term funds from exporters and banks. Including: ① loans provided by exporters to importers, such as account opening credit and bill credit. ② Banks provide loans to importers. Including direct bank financing for importers, discount of acceptance bills, bank acceptance letters of credit and letter of credit financing.

2) Long-term financing (export credit) in international trade Export credit is an economic activity in which the government or banks provide credit funds to domestic exporters, foreign futures dealers or importer banks to encourage domestic enterprises to export goods. This is an important trade finance method for small and medium-sized enterprise to alleviate that financial pressure. Including seller's credit and buyer's credit.

Seller's credit refers to an export credit method in which banks provide credit to domestic exporters and exporters provide deferred payment credit to importers.

Buyer's credit refers to a form of export credit in which the exporter's local bank draft or a credit company provides loans to the importer's local bank or importer to broaden the scope of commodity export.

3) Compensation trade financing

Compensation trade financing refers to the economic activities that overseas institutions provide domestic enterprises with machinery and equipment, technical services and training as loans, and domestic enterprises repay them with the products of the project or by other agreed means after the project is put into production. This way is one of the effective ways to solve the backward equipment technology and the shortage of funds in small and medium-sized enterprises. This kind of financing means that foreign investors import enterprise equipment and technology first, and then pay the import price by installments with the income obtained from it or the products produced.

The general procedure is:

Feasibility study on project financing. It mainly includes investigating the supporting construction environment and conditions of the project in China and enterprises, such as supporting funds, technology, talents, land, materials from different places, infrastructure, relevant national policies, etc. The economic and social effects of the certification project; Because the products are oriented to the international market, it is necessary to certify their international competitiveness and overseas market prospects.

Determine the project and submit it for approval. After the project feasibility demonstration is qualified, the relevant materials shall be submitted to the prescribed competent department for examination and approval.

Negotiate with foreign businessmen. The main contents of the negotiation include equipment or technical performance, price, quantity, installation, maintenance and personnel training; Definition of ownership of transferred technical property rights; The quantity, specifications and quality standards of the products to be reimbursed; Time limit for repayment.

Sign the contract. After both parties reach an agreement, the relevant negotiation results will be written into the contract.

Fulfill the contract. After the contract comes into effect, both parties will operate according to the contract, and the enterprise will make trade financing repayment according to the contract.

(7) Comprehensive credit granting

Comprehensive credit, that is, the bank grants a certain amount and a certain period of credit to some high-quality customers (customers or customers who can provide low-risk guarantees) with good operating conditions and reliable credit, and enterprises can recycle them within the validity period and credit line.

The comprehensive credit line shall be declared by the enterprise at one time and approved by the bank at one time. Enterprises can use the money by stages according to their own operating conditions and pay it back at the end of the year, which also saves financing costs. Comprehensive credit quality customer conditions:

The credit rating is above AA+ (inclusive).

The asset-liability ratio is not higher than the good value of the customer's industry.

The balance of contingent liabilities shall not exceed the net assets.

There was no operating loss in the past two years, and return on total assets was not lower than the industry average in the first half of the year.

No bad credit record in the past two years.

(8) secured loans

Secured loan is a loan method in which the borrower provides a third-party guarantor that meets the statutory conditions to the bank as a repayment guarantee. When the borrower fails to perform the repayment, the bank has the right to require the guarantor to perform or bear the joint liability for repayment as agreed. These include loans secured by natural persons, loans secured by professional guarantee companies and loans secured by custody. According to the above methods, more specific financing methods can be formed. For example:

1) bill discount financing. It means that the holder transfers commercial bills (mainly bank acceptance bills and commercial acceptance bills) to the bank and obtains the funds after deducting the discount interest. Financing in this way, the cost is very low, just bring the corresponding bills to the bank to handle the relevant procedures.

2) Intellectual property pledge loan. It refers to applying to the bank for financing after evaluating the legally owned patent rights, trademark rights and property rights in copyright.

3) export loans. It means that for enterprises that produce export products, banks can provide packaged loans according to export contracts or credit visas provided by importers; Enterprises with cash accounts can provide foreign exchange mortgage loans; For enterprises with foreign exchange income sources, they can obtain RMB loans with proof of foreign exchange settlement; Enterprises with good export prospects can also borrow a certain amount of technical transformation loans.

In addition, for small temporary loans, credit card overdraft can also be used to obtain funds. At present, the overdraft function of bank credit cards is increasing day by day. Generally, a credit card costs as little as 3,000 and as much as 5,000. For entrepreneurs who buy and sell on a small scale, if several shareholders or several beautiful women each have a few more cards, they can also solve the problem that they have no funds to buy for a certain period of time (for example, 60 days).

Four interest-saving strategies of bank loans

Four interest-saving strategies of bank loans: reasonably planning the length of loan period

Strategy 1: Shop around and choose a bank carefully.

At present, the competition between banks is very fierce. In order to gain more market share, banks will adjust the loan interest rate according to the loan interest rate range stipulated by the state. Therefore, when making loans, the fund demanders should "shop around" and choose low-interest banks to lend.

For example, the same loan is 654.38 million yuan, and the loan period is one year. One is to implement the benchmark interest rate, and the other is to implement the interest rate that rises by 20%. If you choose the latter, you will pay 6,543,800 yuan more than one year.

Strategy 2: Plan the election period reasonably.

For those who need funds, it takes a long time to use them. Therefore, in order to avoid paying more interest, when making a bank loan, we should plan the loan term reasonably. It is also a loan. The longer the loan grade is chosen, the higher the interest rate will be. In other words, the longer the loan term, the different interest will be paid even if it is repaid on the same day.

For example, the current short-term loan interest rate is divided into two grades: half a year and one year. It is stipulated that the half-year grade interest rate shall be implemented within half a year of the loan term, and the one-year grade interest rate shall be implemented after half a year and less than one year. If the loan term of the capital demander is 7 months, although it is only over the half-year time point of 1 month, according to the current loan interest-bearing regulations, only one-year loan interest rate can be implemented, which invisibly increases the loan interest burden of the capital demander.

Strategy 3: Find out how to optimize the price difference.

At present, the loan management methods in the banking industry mainly include credit, guarantee, mortgage and pledge. Accordingly, when banks implement the loan interest rate, the floating range of the loan interest rate will be different. It is also a loan with the same application period and the same amount. If you choose the wrong loan form, you may bear more loan interest expenses and let yourself pay more for nothing.

Therefore, it is very important for fund demanders to pay attention to and understand the spread under different loan methods when lending to banks. For example, banks currently have discounted bills and pledged loans with the lowest interest rates. If your own conditions permit, it is definitely more appropriate to borrow through these two forms.

Strategy 4: Carefully sign the loan agreement.

Nowadays, many fund demanders are very casual when signing agreements on bank loans. In fact, this natural and unrestrained behavior shows that they lack a good sense of financing and financial management, and often pay more interest when lending, resulting in artificially "high interest rates." Because now some banks' loan forms will make fund demanders pay more interest invisibly. For example, loans that retain the balance of deposits and loans that withhold interest.

The so-called retained deposit balance loan means that when the fund demander obtains a loan from the bank, the bank requires him to retain a part of the loan principal and deposit it in the bank account, so as to limit the fund demander from repaying the loan principal and interest on schedule. But for those who need funds, the discount of the loan principal is equivalent to paying more interest.

The so-called interest deduction loan means that some banks deduct all the loan interest from the lender's principal when issuing loans to ensure that the loan interest can be repaid on time. Because this method will reduce the loan funds available to the fund demanders and objectively increase the financing cost of the fund demanders.

Further reading: How to buy insurance, which is good, and teach you how to avoid these "pits" of insurance.