I reluctantly gave up my master's thesis on western jewelry culture for 200 points.

4. 1 Jewelry in Ancient Western Civilization

Ancient humans in ancient Greece, ancient Rome, ancient Egypt and the two river basins created brilliant ancient civilizations and created

Ancient people made unique handicrafts, and jewelry is one of them, which can be seen from unearthed cultural relics and literature records.

It can be seen that jewelry has appeared in the early days of mankind, and they are accompanied by the development process of the whole mankind.

It plays an important role. The following will introduce the early history of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, ancient Egypt and the two river basins.

Decoration and its culture.

4. 1. 1 ancient Greek jewelry

In Homer's epic, Mycenae was mentioned many times as "rich in gold", and many jewels were found in Mycenae.

It is gold jewelry, including gold crown, golden crown chrysanthemum, gold necklace, gold ring, gold bracelet, gold earrings, money ornaments and so on. Among them, the golden crown is the most exquisite. There is a kind of "gold and silver wrong" technology in jewelry, which is unique. In addition to gold jewelry, there are purple jade agate necklaces, amber necklaces and crystal beads.

The democratic system of slavery in ancient Greece was the social basis for the prosperity of arts and crafts. Ancient Greek pottery

Like the bronzes in slave society in China, they belong to the arts and crafts of slave society, but the ancient bronzes in China are full of majesty and coldness, while the Greek pottery is full of lightness, liveliness and vigor. This is mainly due to Greece's unique democratic system [13]. Compared with the autocratic slavery system in the East, the creativity of the ancient Greeks was less suppressed, and the work of artists was more valued. Imaginative Greek mythology is the spiritual resource for the prosperity of ancient Greek arts and crafts. Without Greek mythology, there can be no rich and colorful Greek art, which is determined by the religious thought of Greek pantheism. Therefore, Greek mythology is actually the sum of ancient Greek stories about ideas and heroes, with certain "democratic" and "humanitarian" ideas [13]. This is a mythical world, shaped by the view that God and human beings are isomorphic. On the one hand, the Greek gods can be said to be people with typical human nature. They're just well-connected people who won't die. On the other hand, realistic people can also have the character of God, and there is no insurmountable gap between them. In fact, the Greek belief in God is only an affirmation of people in reality.

Therefore, their outlook on life is positive and optimistic, and their persistent belief is that man is the first of all things.

4. 1.2 ancient Roman jewelry

Ancient Roman culture was developed on the basis of absorbing the cultural achievements of Etruscan and Greek. archaic

Roman culture is the epitome of ancient Mediterranean civilization, and it is also the disseminator of Greek and Oriental civilizations and their cultures.

Achievements had a profound impact on later Europe [13].

The metal craft of ancient Rome occupies an important position in the history of ancient European arts and crafts, especially the silversmith.

Art and bronze craft, with a wide variety, gorgeous decoration and excellent production, are deeply loved by the world.

The softness of silver is second only to that of gold, and it has good ductility during processing. From a technical point of view, the installation at this time

Decorative techniques are mainly hammered on thin silver plates. From the 2nd century to the 3rd century, it gradually entered the late Roman style. This is a transition from naturalistic description to new decorative expression.

Cheng. In addition to geometric patterns, character representation and spatial representation are also flat.

Like the silverware craft, the jade craft in ancient Rome also prevailed in the late Qing Dynasty, especially in the imperial period.

Reach the peak. Its materials are rich and colorful, including carnelian, red agate, amethyst and stone.

Garnet, beryl, topaz, olivine, emerald, sapphire, etc. This material is first used to make seals or rings with sealing function. In addition, the ancient Romans also liked to make various amulets or their own with jade.

He is wearing ornaments.

4. 1.3 ancient Egyptian jewelry

Egypt is one of the world famous ancient civilizations. Egypt has a long history: there are many pyramids 1 10.

Ancient hieroglyphics and the golden mask of Egyptian pharaohs show the glory of ancient Egyptian culture.

Judging from the relics of ancient Egyptian civilization, jewelry is widely used. Ancient Egyptian jewelry materials

Most materials have colors that imitate nature and take their symbolic meanings. Gold is the color of the sun, and the sun is alive.

Source; Silver represents the moon and is also the material for making idol bones; Lapis lazuli is like a dark blue night sky; The dark green jasper produced in the desert east of the Nile is like the color of fresh vegetables, representing regeneration; Chalcedony and red jasper

Color is like blood, symbolizing life [13].

The main types of ancient Egyptian jewelry are necklaces, earrings, crowns, bracelets, bracelets, rings, belts and protective gear.

Body symbols, etc. , are carefully crafted and have a specific meaning. There are many kinds of earrings, including those from Zhui Er and those without pendants.

Son, there are rings.

The jewelry of Pharaoh, which represents the highest achievement of ancient Egyptian jewelry, was once buried with a large number of exquisite ones.

Treasure jewelry, but after years of excavation, most of them have been lost. Among the few pharaohs who were not dug up.

Among these tombs, the jewels of the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun in the 18 dynasty are the most famous. In addition to archaeological discoveries, ancient times

Egyptian statues, reliefs and jewels worn by characters in pictures also show us today with their vivid descriptions.

It shows the brilliant achievements of this ancient civilization in jewelry technology. (See No.20)

4. 1.4 Two Valley Jewelry

The earliest civilization in the world is the civilization of the two river basins, which refers to the Tigris River and the Euphrates River.

The valley between the bottom rivers was called "Mesopotamia" by the Greeks, also called "fertile soil"

The "Xingyue" area attracted early humans to stop, and civilization inevitably developed. Mesopotamia

Civilization, like a torch, lit the fire of civilization in Greece, Rome and even Europe.

It was Sumerians who entered Mesopotamia from the time of Obeid. Sumer has no copper.

There were even no other metal deposits, but the Sumerian trade activities were quite frequent at that time, which made a large number of copper, silver, gold and chalcedony beads enter and gradually be used in jewelry.

There are already rings, necklaces, anklets and bracelets in the types of jewelry, and some jewelry styles in various parts of the world have not left there so far.

4.2 medieval jewels (500- 1450)

The Middle Ages in Europe (500- 1450) are also called the Dark Ages, because they were in Europe for about a thousand years.

During the feudal society in Europe, an important feature was the religious power rule of the unity of politics and religion, and religious culture greatly restricted people's thoughts and aesthetics. Therefore, from a macro point of view, denying secular beauty has become the most remarkable feature of European medieval artistic spirit. In this Millennium, western civilization lost its way, groped in the dark and found its place.

Since the Lord was crucified, Christianity has accelerated its penetration into all levels of society. end

Therefore, under the influence of God and religion, arrogant kings acknowledged the legal existence of Christianity. At the same time,

And use it to consolidate his rule. Archbishop of Rome, become the supreme privileged figure. At this time,

The crown began to turn into a hemisphere full of gold, silver and jewels. On each crown, there is a cross to represent the emperor.

The crown is given by God [14].

During the long European Middle Ages, jewelry and clothing were seriously divided, and the texture of jewelry of different classes was also different.

There is a difference in decoration. In the Middle Ages, jewelry also reflected a status hierarchy. If there are rules, diamonds are king.

Only men and nobles can wear it. Jewelry such as scallops often appear in high society, brooches are exquisite and gorgeous, and even shoes are decorated with jewelry and gold foil.

In the late Middle Ages, people began to pursue beautiful fashion again. Gemstones are not only used in all kinds of jewelry.

In production, it also appears in the decoration of clothes and belts. Women's hair accessories vary widely and are used for hair styles.

The jewelry on the table is also very rich. For example, the hair net covering the head is made of gold wire, and the hair net is decorated with beautiful gems, which is very luxurious. Brooch and belt buckle are also made of gold and silver, inlaid with precious stones. Zhenshi jewellery

It has gradually lost its religious and magical amulet significance, and jewelry must become a simple decoration.

Products. Women's hair accessories vary widely, and the jewelry used in hair styles is also very rich. Such as a hairnet covering the head

The hair net woven with gold thread is inlaid with beautiful gems, which is very luxurious. So are brooches and belt buckles.

It is made of gold and silver and decorated with precious stones.

4.3 Jewelry in the Renaissance (1450- 1600)

Renaissance is the starting point of a new era of western civilization and progress, which refers to the west from14th century to16th century.

In an important historical period in the history of cultural and artistic development. Renaissance is a people-oriented period.

During the Renaissance, court jewels in European countries pursued luxury, and clothes were decorated with dozens of golden roses.

The flowers are inlaid with rubies, sapphires and pearls, and the collar is also inlaid with colorful gems. necklace

There are many styles, from gold and silver inlaid with precious stones to necklaces with small bells.

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Gold and silver are widely used in ladies' jewelry, which is gorgeous and elegant, and gold is inlaid with pearls.

The chain is wrapped around the bun, and a pendant inlaid with precious stones is hung in front of the gold pearl necklace. Among women in the upper class, this has formed a kind of

Jewelry shows wealth and comparison. People compete to invest in jewelry and hats.

Hair is covered with pearls and jewels, and hair is covered with ribbons of jewels. Even the belt is covered with jewels and pearls.

In the heyday of the Renaissance, people's necklaces, earrings and other jewelry became more generous and heavy.

And more and more complicated. The lady is almost immersed in gold and silver jewelry.

4.4 Jewelry in Baroque Period (1600- 1750)

Opera was born in 1600, and Bach died in 1750, which is called the baroque period. "baroque"

The source of the word (Baroque) is different. It is generally believed that there are three: one is the Portuguese word "barroco"

And Spanish "barorueco", which means "deformed pearl" and "unconventional"; The second is China.

/kloc-the Latin "baroco" in the 0/9th century means "absurd thinking" and "complicated and ridiculous theological discussion"; The third is meaning.

"barocchio" means "ambiguous and suspicious business activities" in Italian. Baroque art style was originally

Refers to the architectural style of17th century, which emphasizes showing off wealth and uses a lot of precious materials, and also affects the situation.

The overall transformation of art at that time. The style of baroque art is inherited from the affectation at the end of the Renaissance.

Emphasize the expression of strong feelings, emphasizing the characteristics of liquidity, drama and exaggeration. Although it inherited the pretender,

Meaning, but also eliminate those ambiguous, loose and artificial forms [13].

Due to the influence of baroque artistic style, jewelry also has obvious baroque style characteristics.

It is characterized by extravagance and splendor, and it is good at expressing all kinds of strong emotional colors and infinite feelings. Often use a sense of movement.

Modeling elements such as curves, diagonals, etc. The style characteristics of arts and crafts in Baroque period can be summarized as follows:

Strong and unrestrained, luxurious and spectacular, strange and mysterious, magnificent, full of masculinity, paying attention to the big watch.

Now

4.5 Jewelry in Rococo Period

The word "Rococo" comes from the French word "Rocaille", which means rock or shell ornaments.

Ci refers to the artistic style characterized by the decoration of rocks and mussels [13]. This style originated from an artistic rebellion after the death of Louis XIV of France in 17 15. It is characterized by slender, light and gorgeous.

And decorated with C-shaped, S-shaped, whirlpool-shaped curves and gorgeous and flashy colors.

The most significant difference between Rococo art style and Baroque art style is that Rococo art is transformed from Baroque art.

Luxury tends to be refined and elegant.

4.6 Jewelry in Arts and Crafts Period

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, in the global colonial expansion of capitalism, European culture penetrated into every corner of the world.

At the same time, they got diversified nourishment from the wealth plundered by the colonists. At this time, the cultural exchange between China and the West.

Mobility appeared in the form of unequal colonization, which also led to the global anti-colonial and anti-hegemonic independence in the 20th century.

Build a craze. The arts and crafts movement is a comprehensive reflection of social changes in this period. Accustomed to traditional delicate hands

It is difficult for skilled people to accept the rough, rough and linear products produced by big machines, but they hope that society will repay them.

Workshops are unrealistic. Therefore, artists represented by william morris are striving for social transformation.

The Artistic Transition Form in Xing Period

Some pictures and words of jewelry culture in Yamaraja are still being sorted out. If my information is consistent with what you want, please leave me an email address after choosing mine as the best answer, and I will send you my collected pictures.