From the 10 century BC to the 7th century BC, the Italian peninsula was in a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural period. "Ancient Italians" are the most important group. During the Bronze Age of 1000 BC, they crossed the Alps and Adriatic Sea in the north and east and came to Italy, brutally forcing many local indigenous tribes to migrate. They lived a nomadic life at first, but they have mastered the skills of making bronzes and using horses and wheeled carriages. After arriving in Italy, they formed a lifestyle dominated by agriculture. This way of life became the main way of life of its descendants in the following centuries until the decline of Roman civilization. "Ancient Italians" are made up of several nationalities, including Sabine, umbria and Latin.

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& ltbr & gt In the 9th and 8th centuries BC, two new nationalities appeared on the Italian peninsula: the Serus and the Greeks. The ancients believed that the Cyrus came from Anatolia in the east, and some archaeological discoveries today have confirmed this. From the origin, it seems that they are not ancient Italians, just as their language is not Indo-European, and their civilization is a mixture of various factors from the East and the West. The famous Villanova civilization represents the initial development stage of the Serus people, from which we can see their extraordinary cultural progress in new fields. This new territory is located in the coastal plain between the Apennines and tyrrhenian sea in the northeast of Italy. These people live in independent and powerful city-States, which usually form alliances. These city-states were originally ruled by a monarch, and later became oligarchy ruled by parliament and elected officials. Serus were originally farming tribes, and they had well-organized troops. They use these troops to rule the surrounding ethnic groups, and they also like to run enterprises and engage in handicrafts. Tuscany and Latin America in the north should be the earliest settlements of Serus. A small number of Latin people flourished at the southern end of this territory, and the city of Rome was finally established here. Therefore, the Romans, who were only villagers in the heyday of Serus civilization, were closely related to Serus' language, thought and religion: Serus had a unique and most important influence on the transformation of Roman culture into civilization.

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& ltbr & gt On the other hand, during the Mycenaean civilization from16th century BC to1th century BC, the Greeks sailed vertically and horizontally in the coastal areas of southern and central Italy, and the subsequent stagnation period brought their navigation to an end. Forced to compete with the Phoenicians on the western trade routes, they established a new trade base, which further enabled the colony to develop in an all-round way in the 8th century BC. They first established a colony in Piisku, Italy (Iskiel Island in the Bay of Naples), and then pushed their forces slightly northward to the Kumi continent in Sicily and the southern coastal areas of Italy. With the contact with the Greeks, the Cyrus people soon became more mature. They created letters according to Greek characters, formed their own sculpture and painting styles, developed religious beliefs based on Greek anthropomorphic gods, and carefully formulated a set of rituals for divining the future. All these were later inherited by the Romans.

Seruscan Art (Etruscan Art)

The art of seruscan. Serus is an ancient people in Etruria, Italy, who live in the area between the Tiber River and the Arno River west of the Apennines. In the 6th century BC, its urban civilization reached its peak. From the 8th century BC to the 3rd century BC, they created arched buildings, decorative murals with oriental style, and vigorous and realistic sculptures, which had a far-reaching impact on later Roman art. ..

build

The architecture of Thales can be divided into three categories: urban architecture, temple architecture and mausoleum architecture. Its urban architecture no longer exists. According to Roman documents, because Cyrus people contacted and absorbed Greek culture, they began to build regular cities with crossroads as the mainstay according to Greek technology. This barracks structure was widely used by the Romans. The only relic of the castle building is Augusta Gate in Perugia, from which we can see the comprehensive utilization of architectural factors such as arches and Greek columns. Due to the wooden structure of the temple building, except that the abutment is higher and the temple is divided into three parts to symbolize the trinity god, the overall design is similar to that of the Greek temple from the only foundation. The inner wall of the temple is decorated with many reliefs. As for the mausoleum building, it meets the needs of funeral customs and soul concepts. The tomb was built completely according to the structure of daily living, with exquisite interior decoration and a large number of funerary objects.

draw

The painting remains of Seruscan people are mainly tomb murals. These murals are all painted with mineral pigments. The content of the description is mainly daily life scenes, and the style is relatively free, unlike the stylized murals in ancient Egyptian tombs. In the tombs of Tacuna and other places, most of them depict grand scenes such as banquets, dances, wars and hunting. The characters in the painting are quite harmonious with the natural scenery, and some characters also reflect the emotional changes. In the 4th century BC, with the increasing prosperity of Rome, the economy and culture of Serus people began to decline, and the free and cheerful atmosphere in murals was replaced by tense and dignified images.

Sculpture and craft

Serus' sculptures mainly include the decorations of tombs and temples, pottery coffins and statues. These sculptures have been painted with strong colors, and the expression of characters has gradually changed from stylization to personalization and realism. The earliest sculpture was a pottery humanoid jar containing ashes. The lid is made into a human head, and the body is expressed only by adding two nipples to the jar. This technology is greatly exaggerated. The decorative statue "Apollo" of Apollo Temple found in city of victoria has life-size figures, a leaning body, an antique smile on her face, strong muscles in her chest and legs, and decorative clothing patterns. The style of the whole work is a combination of Greek idealism and Etruscan realism.

In arts and crafts, bronze crafts and gold jewelry are the main products, and ivory carving and jewelry amber are also excellent. The female wolf sculpture is a work in the heyday of bronze craft. Its realistic technique and skillful casting technique are the unique expression of the combination of imagination and observation of the Greek people.

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