(1) as an adverbial of time
She seized the opportunity at once.
Seeing the police, he hurried away. As soon as he saw the policeman, he ran for the exit.
My opposition increased when I passed this place. After that place, my depression became more and more serious.
(2) As an adverbial of cause
She soon recovered. She was taken good care of and soon recovered.
When writing Harry Arthur, she didn't notice these mistakes. She didn't pay attention to spelling mistakes because she wrote in a hurry.
He was knocked down by a bus. He accidentally left the sidewalk and was knocked down by a bus.
(3) as a conditional adverbial
Mary was advised to talk less. She kept silent when we were talking. If someone tells Mary to talk less, she will keep silent when we talk.
Including the delay on the way, it will take you half an hour to get to the station.
Defeated in every game, the enemy will soon surrender. If the enemy loses every battle, they will surrender.
(4) As an adverbial of concession
Grantingthistobetrue, we can't explain it. Although we admit that this is true, we can't explain it.
When he received the jewels, he admitted to being involved in the robbery. Although he admitted accepting the stolen jewels, he denied taking part in the robbery.
(5) adverbial of action mode
yougovemesuchafrightcreepinguponmelikethat！ You startled me by coming quietly like that.
You immerse me in joy (quietly). You really gave me a fright when you suddenly came here like that.
My flight is delayed, so killed time/killed two hours is reading a book. My flight was delayed, so I had to kill time [two hours] by reading.
(6) As an accompanying adverbial
the littleboywentupsteirstrailinghistedbyberbehindhim。 The little boy dragged his teddy bear upstairs.
He has been courting the director, hoping to become the leading role. He has been courting the director and wants to play the leading role in the play.
She actively explores women's insight. She gave a lecture tour on women's rights in North America.
(7) As an adverbial of purpose
At present, the usage of participle as adverbial of purpose is very limited, which is mainly found in verbs expressing human activities, such as boating, climbing mountains, fishing, hunting, riding, sailing, shopping, shooting, skating, skiing, swimming, walking and washing. Use the following example:
I used to go skiing every winter.
If the weather is warm enough, we will go swimming.
I don't want to go shopping with Jane at the expense of taking a day off.
(8) As an adverbial of degree
The use of the present participle as an adverbial of degree is also limited, mainly in the following expressions, in which the present participle is equivalent to an adverbial of degree, indicating a meaning similar to very, and is mainly used to strengthen the mood:
Boiling (like cooking) heat burning (like burning) heat
Cold environment (destructive) cold
Shocking (severe) bad weather
Anxiety (heartbreakingly, violently)
Big (stunned)
He said. He was caught in a heavy rain and his clothes got wet.
heworehisthincoat in freezingolddaysandfelillsoon。 In the cold weather, he was still wearing a thin coat and soon became ill.
(9) Adverbial as a result
Child well, face the door and cut it. The child fell, hit his head on the door and broke it.
I fell down and hit my head on the door and was cut by it. I fell and hit my head on the door and cut myself.
He flew down the stairs and landed. He fell down the stairs and rolled into a ball at the bottom.
anatwaspassing theamyxtraordinarypowers。 The passage of this bill gives the army special powers.