After the end of World War I, the Allies made a German reparations payment plan in 1924. Due to the exhaustion of Germany's financial resources and the conflict between the victorious countries and Germany's reparations, it became a thorny dispute in capitalist international economic politics in the 1920s that Germany paid reparations according to the Treaty of Versailles (see Paris Peace Conference). According to the British proposal, the Allied Compensation Commission added two special committees in June1923165438+10. One was to study the method of balancing the German budget and stabilizing the German finance, and the other was to investigate the German capital outflow and design the method of making it return. These two special committees are chaired by American banker C.G. Dawes. 65438+February An international expert committee composed of representatives from France, Belgium, Italy, Britain and the United States went to Germany to investigate and study the German reparations. 1on April 9, 924, Dawes drew up a plan to solve the compensation problem, which was called Dawes plan in history. The plan was discussed and passed at the London meeting (attended by Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Greece, Portugal, Romania, South America and the United States) from July/KOOC-0/6 to August/KOOC-0/6 of the same year, and came into effect on September/KOOC-0/6 of the same year. The plan tries to ensure that Germany pays reparations by restoring the German economy. The main contents are as follows: The Allies supervised the restructuring of Deutsche Bank, implemented monetary reform, and the Allies lent 800 million goldmark (equivalent to 65.438+0.9 billion US dollars) to stabilize its monetary system. In the case that the total amount of compensation has not been finalized, the annual limit of German compensation is set, that is, from the first year (654.38+0.924 ~ 654.38+0.925) to 654.38+. Germany's financial resources for paying reparations come from customs duties, tobacco, alcohol and sugar monopoly taxes, railway revenues and industrial and commercial enterprise taxes; Issue 1 1 billion gold standard railway bonds and 5 billion gold standard industrial bonds; Germany's financial foreign exchange, railway operation and tax collection are all subject to international supervision. Germany made the withdrawal of France and Belgium from the Ruhr area a condition for accepting the indemnity plan. On August 6th, 1924, the plan was accepted by both parties. The implementation of Dawes Plan played an important role in the recovery and development of German economy in the second half of the 1920s. From 1924 to 1929, Germany paid a total of11000000000000 gold marks, and obtained various foreign loans of about 2 10/000000000 gold marks. 1928 Germany claims that it is on the verge of bankruptcy and cannot implement the plan. 1930 was replaced by youth program. The Dawes Plan is one of the crystallization of Dawes' superb economic and political talents, and it is also an important step for the United States to move toward an "independent cosmopolitan" policy after World War I. 192 1 On March 4th, 2008, Republican Warren G Harding took office as the 29th president of the United States and swore that the United States would never intervene in foreign disputes. On April 12, Harding told a joint session of Congress that the United States "will not participate in the League of Nations". But at the same time, the president also promised that his government will cooperate with foreign governments who want to form a national alliance that he considers non-political and revive the ravaged European countries. In other words, Harding's so-called "non-intervention" and "non-participation" just want to exert influence on Europe in the American way. Because they knew that the United States didn't have the "ability" to control the League of Nations at that time, but they also knew that the United States already had influence and it was obviously impossible not to participate in European affairs. This is the American background of Dawes project. As a solution to the compensation problem in Germany, the emergence and implementation of "Dawes Plan" has a more specific background. As we all know, the Plan not only ended the chaotic state of German economy, but also solved a series of technical problems in Germany's continued compensation, and greatly eased the contradictions, struggles and deadlock between the United States and France around the issue of German compensation. Another problem is that Germany's war compensation to the Allies in the 1920s was linked to the post-war countries' repayment of war debts to the United States. At the end of World War I, the war debts owed by European countries to the United States amounted to $654.38+0.034 billion. Among them, 4.3 billion in Britain, 3.4 billion in France and 65.438+65 billion in Italy. Although the Treaty of Versailles stipulates that Britain and France can get war compensation from Germany, they must also repay the debts of the United States. Therefore, it is advocated to discuss the issue of reparations and war debts together. 1920 in may, the heads of government of Britain and France issued a statement, claiming to cancel the war debt to the United States and the claim for compensation to Germany at the same time. When Germany's financial and economic situation further deteriorated and it was unable to repay the indemnity of the Allies, the contradiction between Britain and France on the issue of German indemnity became increasingly acute. 1922, 1 In August, British Foreign Secretary Belfo sent a note to six French and Italian allies-the famous "Belfo Note", proposing that Britain was "prepared to give up all future compensation rights to Germany and pay its war debts. As long as this abandonment becomes part of the overall planning, this major problem can be solved as a whole. " The implication is that the United States is required to work together to give up the demand for war debt. On February 26th, 65438, when the Paris Conference manipulated by France decided to impose sanctions on Germany, on the 29th, the United States issued a signal of "participation". On this day, US Secretary of State Charles Ivins Hughes delivered an important speech at the American Historical Society in New Haven, Connecticut, pointing out that an "impartial" international expert committee should study the issue of German compensation, including making a new estimate of Germany's solvency. And said that American citizens will participate in the work of this Committee. The law 1923 65438+ 10/01is more acute than the contradiction between Britain and France on the German issue after the army occupied the Ruhr, and Germany also stopped paying compensation to Britain and France and other countries. Taking this opportunity, on June 5438+1October 1 1, US President Coolidge declared to the press that Hughes' position expressed in his speech in New Haven was still valid, and at the same time he opposed the discussion of linking war debts with reparations. Britain agreed to form an expert committee to discuss the German compensation again. In order to force France to submit, Britain combined with the United States to exert various pressures on France, which led the Compensation Commission to announce that C·G· Dawes and Owen D Young were American experts to investigate the financial situation of Germany in Paris on June 5438+0923+ 10 15, and then formed an expert committee headed by Dawes. Subsequently, Britain and France cancelled the German reparations under the pressure of the United States.
World War I, the victory of Berlin Wall Street-the plunder of civilization;
After World War I, a large number of American companies did all kinds of speculative business in Germany. Of course, these speculative companies are mainly controlled by the financial giants on Wall Street. Britain, France and the United States demanded that Germany pay huge war reparations, but Germany, which had just emerged from the war, obviously could not raise the money, so it had to start printing money with all its strength. In this way, the craziest financial disaster happened in Germany, and super inflation swept across the country. While Germans were looted by hyperinflation, financiers on Wall Street and Britain were making a fortune in full swing.
Such terrible inflation is like a "huge wealth harvester", and a large-scale wealth transfer has taken place in the process of the sharp depreciation of the German currency. Compared with any naked plunder driven by force in the past, this transfer is more civilized and cruel. "Any foreigner with a little dollars or pounds in his hand can live like a king in Germany. A few dollars can make people live like millionaires. Foreigners flocked to buy family fortune, real estate, jewelry and works of art at incredibly low prices. "
Huge social wealth was plundered crazily and invisibly, countless Germans went bankrupt, and the purchasing power of dollars or pounds was magnified countless times. Huge wealth quietly changed hands in the process of plunging and soaring between the dollar and the pound and the mark. Keynes proudly said, "This method (hyperinflation) can arbitrarily deprive people of their wealth, but in the process of making most people poor, a few people become rich ... This process has potentially accumulated destructive factors in various economic laws, and one in a million people can't see the root of the problem."
However, he was wrong. At this time, in a prison in Bavaria, a future demon mentioned: "The gold standard and currency comparison are the root causes of the German people's disaster."
World War II, mutual use of transactions-profiteers and demons;
President Hoover would first ask France for advice on any solution to the German debt, so he fell out of favor with financiers and stepped down.
Why?
On the issue of compensation, the attitude of France makes the giants on Wall Street feel very sad. The French government's high-pressure policy of compensation to Germany has caused a considerable part of American loans and investments in Germany and Austria to be frozen by the German authorities, and France has received the main part of German compensation, and the ultimate source of this money is Wall Street. In this way, the money from Wall Street flowed to France through Germany, but Germany could not repay the money from the United States. The financial giant's money seems to have disappeared invisibly. Wall Street bankers who are increasingly dissatisfied with France held a meeting at 1929. Bankers from Morgan and Rockefeller departments and super financial blackmail experts from the Federal Reserve got together to discuss how to "save" Germany from the pressure of France. The meeting agreed that this goal must be achieved through a strong person. The chosen leader is Hitler. Sidney was ordered to contact Hitler.
In the initial meeting, the conditions put forward by Wall Street bankers were "advocating an offensive foreign policy and inciting feelings of revenge against France", and Hitler's demands were even more unambiguous. As long as he gave 654.38 billion marks, he promised anything. Sydney returned Hitler's proposal to the banker. The tycoons thought Hitler was too greedy, and 654.38 billion marks was too high. They proposed to reduce the counter-offer by half. Hitler, who had not yet become a climate, didn't care, and immediately agreed.
193 1 10 In June, Wall Street bankers met again, and Norman, Chairman of the Bank of England, attended the meeting. They thought that the $6.5438 billion spent on Hitler was enough, so the meeting finally decided to further support Hitler. During this period, Wall Street paid Hitler enough money to expand the armed and political influence of the stormtroopers.
1933 On February 27th, the German Parliament was set on fire. Hitler suggested to bankers that it would take at least 654.38 billion marks to complete the final power grab, and Wall Street paid 59 million marks.
So graphite became the dictator of Germany.
In the third war, I was blackmailed by the devil-just to make a wedding dress;
193365438+1On October 30th, Hitler was appointed as German Chancellor, leaving the home market saturated with profits, and Wall Street capital began to invest heavily in Germany, hoping to recover their capital invested in Hitler.
However, as the German Chancellor who lacks the minimum economic strength, some people want to use their money unceremoniously to revive the German economy, give full play to their deceptive talents and give them good promises. Owen, president of Morgan's American General Electric Company, is the most important financial investor of United European Investment Company. From 1924 to 193 1, Wall Street provided Germany with a loan of 138 billion marks, while Germany only paid 86 billion marks in war reparations during this period, so Germany actually received a huge financial aid of 52 billion marks funded by the United States, and the entire German military industry.
What is even more outrageous is that, under the temptation of graphite, self-righteous financial giants not only provided low-interest short-term financing for German industry in new york commercial paper discount market, but also spared no expense to transport a large amount of gold reserves directly to Germany.
Hitler also carried out financial system reform, the most crucial point of which was to recover the currency issuance right of the German private central bank. After getting rid of the inefficient consumption procedure of issuing currency with national debt as collateral, with the help of Wall Street capital, the German economy rose wildly. 1933 The unemployment rate in Germany was as high as 30%, and 1938 saw a labor shortage.
"A large sum of money belonging to American bank depositors was given to Germany without any mortgage. The Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank only rely on German commercial paper to issue American currency. Billions of dollars were injected into the German economy, and this process continues today. The pricing of cheap German commercial paper is postponed here (new york), which is mortgaged by the credit of the American government and paid by the American people. 1On April 27th, 932, the Federal Reserve transported 750,000 dollars worth of gold belonging to the American people to Germany. A week later, another batch of gold worth $300,000 was shipped to Germany in the same way. In mid-May alone, the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank sent gold worth as much as $654.38 million to Germany. Almost every week, gold carriers sail for Germany. Mr. President, I believe that depositors of Bank of America have the right to know what the Federal Reserve does with their money. 」
Rep. McFadan questioned the chairman of the Federal Reserve.
But Hitler didn't have the sincerity to cooperate with Wall Street tycoons at all, because Hitler believed that "as long as the international monetary system is based on gold, a country that can monopolize gold (the United States and Britain) can make the country that lacks gold (Germany) yield by sucking up its foreign exchange sources and forcing it to rely on borrowing to maintain production."
To this end, Hitler put forward his theory. He said: "A country does not rely on the superficial value of money to maintain its life, but on real production, and production can make money gain value. Production is the real money preparation, and it is meaningless to store gold in the bank safe. "
So he played a very destructive means: 1, taking production as the basis of German currency, not gold as the standard. 2. Import and export trade by direct barter. 3. Stop the so-called "foreign exchange freedom", that is, allow gambling in currency and transfer private property from one country to another according to political conditions. When you have the manpower and material resources to work, you will make money instead of borrowing money from foreign countries. Because at that time (and now) the main way of international financial profit was to lend money to countries with economic difficulties, Hitler's new economic policy was like a sword at it.
This policy is to repay the German economy by exporting goods, earn money from the products produced by German industry supported by American and British financial tycoons, and skillfully transfer the economic burden of revitalizing the German economy to western countries, while western countries have no choice but to rely on the powerful forces established by American and British capital.
So American Secretary of State Hull said angrily, "There is really nothing more shameless than Hitler."
Fourth, the rise of Nazi Germany-the economic sacrifice of the western world;
As a result, Germany not only got rid of the economic disaster caused by super inflation since 1923, but also quickly recovered from the severe recession that swept the world, and equipped the most powerful armed forces in Europe at an alarming rate.
All this is at the expense of the great economic recession of western powers. The United States, the largest country in the world, fell into another financial recession since 1929 because of Hitler's financial transfer, and the unemployment rate rose to 17%, which made Britain and France struggling. It was not until 194 1 the United States directly entered the war that the economic situation of the United States was fundamentally reversed.
When Nazi Germany built rows of brand-new modern factories, it armed a powerful army, while the United States, Britain and France barely maintained rusty production workshops during the Great Recession. No wonder US Congressman McFadan accused Wall Street bankers and the Federal Reserve of using American taxpayers' money to finance Germany's economic war machine. What he doesn't know is that these giants are also one of the victims.
On September 1939 and 1 day, Ximo took advantage of the western economic depression and launched a war with strong force, and the world entered a whirlpool of death.
German conservative forces, British aristocrats, American financiers and Russian Bolsheviks all tried to use the devil to achieve their goals, and the only result they did was to be deceived by the devil in the end.
As a philosopher said:
When you want to use the devil, you have actually become his slave!