1860, 1000016 October, the British and French allied forces invaded Yuanmingyuan and robbed it madly. In order to cover up the crime, Britain and France set fire to Yuanmingyuan in 10/0/October 7-9. 1840 after the first opium war, western capitalist countries forced the Qing government to sign the first batch of unequal treaties, and seized many privileges from China, such as reparations, agreed tariffs, opening five-port trade, consular jurisdiction, and unilateral MFN treatment. The British bourgeoisie thought that it could dump a lot of goods to China through these unequal treaties. But this is not the case. According to relevant data, in 1850, Britain imported 750,000 fewer goods into China than in 1844. The reasons are as follows: First, China's self-sufficient natural economy stubbornly resists the invasion of foreign goods; Second, there is a contradiction between the increasing opium trade in Britain and the development of legal trade. After the Opium War, British and other colonialists imported opium into China in large quantities, and China's silver kept flowing out, which offset China's income from exporting tea and raw silk and made it unable to buy more British industrial products, which was of course very unfavorable to Britain. The British bourgeoisie should not only maintain the opium trade that brought great benefits to it, but also expand the sales of industrial products to China. This will force the Qing government to open more commercial ports, further control China Customs, and strengthen the control of the Qing government. In order to further open the door to China, Britain, France, the United States and other western countries tried to oppress the Qing government and give it new rights and interests of aggression in the name of amending the treaty. 1853 In May, Britain first asked China to amend the relevant provisions of the treaty of nanking, followed by the United States and France, all of which were rejected by the Qing government. When the "treaty revision" negotiations initiated by colonialists such as Britain, America and France failed, they became angry from embarrassment and decided to launch a new war of aggression against China to realize their unreasonable demands. 1 On the morning of October 8th, 1856, the rowboat1Roya, moored at the dock near Guangzhou Haizhu Battery, was preparing to set sail. At this time, the Qing army 1 patrol boat rushed in. The officers and men of Guangdong Navy boarded the rowing boat, questioned the identity of 14 sailors on board one by one, detained 12 of them and took them back to Guangzhou on patrol boats. The Yarra was originally a rowing boat with a deadweight of 65,438+000 tons, which was built by China native Su Yacheng. Later, it was taken away by pirates and handed over to China, becoming a smuggling ship. For the convenience of smuggling, I obtained a license from the Hong Kong authorities, but it has expired. The China Navy's search for smuggled ships and the arrest of China sailors are purely China's internal affairs. However, Parkes, the British consul in Guangzhou, claimed that the ship was a British ship, on the pretext that it was registered in Hong Kong and licensed. He also fabricated out of thin air that the China navy tore down the British flag on board and insulted Britain. Therefore, he sent a strongly worded note to Ye, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, demanding the immediate return of all detained prisoners of war and apologizing and compensating Britain. 10 10 On October 23rd, British Admiral Simigory led British warships into the provincial capital river and attacked Guangzhou, which provoked the Second Opium War. At present, Ye, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, has blindly compromised and ordered not to fight back. 10 year1October 29th, British troops invaded Guangzhou, and Ye fled for his life. 1in the spring of 857, the news of the "Yarrow" incident reached London, and the British big bourgeoisie clamored for war, and the British Parliament passed a proposal to expand the war of aggression against China. In March, the British government appointed former Canadian Governor Elgin as the plenipotentiary to lead Lu Haijun's visit to China. At the same time, it sent notes to France, the United States, Russia and other countries, proposing joint sending troops to force the Qing government to sign new unequal treaties. On June+10, 5438, French Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte (namely louis bonaparte) also used the "Father Ma incident" (namely "Xilin religious case") as an excuse, appointed Gro as the plenipotentiary, led the invading army, and drove the British troops to China under the pretext of "fighting to defend the holy church". The United States and Russia also agreed to the British proposal and actively supported Britain and France to launch a new war of aggression against China. In this way, the four ambitious invaders, based on common interests, temporarily formed a United front of aggression against China, further expanding the Second Opium War launched by Britain. In June+10, 5438, Erkin and Ge Luo led the fleet to Hong Kong successively. Levilien, the American plenipotentiary, and Puyatine, the Russian envoy, rushed to Hong Kong to study the strategy of colluding with Britain and France to invade China. In 65438+February, Britain and France formed a coalition with more than 5600 people. 12 and 12 In February, representatives of Britain and France sent notes to Ye, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, respectively, asking them to enter Guangzhou to negotiate "amending the contract" and "compensating for losses", and to give an answer within 10 days. Otherwise, they will attack Guangzhou. Ye Chenming ignored the notes from Britain and France and did not make any preparations for war. 12 On February 28th, the British and French allied forces shelled Guangzhou, and Ye Chenming fled. General Mudner of Guangzhou and Governor Bai Gui of Guangdong surrendered shamelessly. On the 30th, Guangzhou was once again occupied by the British and French allied forces. The occupation of Guangzhou is not the ultimate goal of the invaders. 1858 In April, warships from Britain, France, the United States, Russia and other countries went north to Dagu one after another. At 8 o'clock on the morning of May 20th, the British and French allied forces sent a note to the Qing government, ordering the Qing army to hand over the Dagu Fort within two hours. The Qing government ignored it. Two hours later, the British and French allied forces with dozens of small steam turbines and sampans brazenly broke into Dagukou and launched a fierce attack on Dagu Fort. The patriotic officers and men guarding the fort rose up and gave the invaders a head-on blow. However, due to weak defense and disparity in strength, Dagu was occupied that day. On the 26th, the British and French allied forces arrived outside Tianjin. On the 29th, the Qing government sent Gui Liang, a university student, and Hua Shanna, an official minister, to Tianjin to negotiate with representatives of Britain and France, and signed the Tianjin Treaty on June 26th and 27th respectively. Countries such as Britain and France are pushing their luck and preparing to expand the war of aggression against China in the name of Beijing's exchange of contracts. /kloc-in the spring of 0/860, British and French warships sailed for China one after another, and assembled again outside Dagukou at the end of July. 1 year in August, British and French allied forces captured Beitang,1year in August, Tanggu in August, Dagu in February1year in August, and Tianjin in August 24. The Qing government soon sent Gui Liang and Hengfu to Tianjin for peace. However, the invaders deliberately wanted to capture Beijing and kept asking exorbitant prices in the negotiations, which made the negotiations fail and the British and French Coalition forces approached Beijing. /kloc-in September of 0/8, the British and French allied forces captured Zhangjiawan and Tongzhou, and captured Baliqiao in September of 2 1 2008. Emperor Xianfeng was frightened and sent his sixth brother, Prince Gong, as an imperial envoy to stay in Beijing to preside over the peace talks. On the morning of 22nd, Emperor Xianfeng took his empresses, princes, princes and a group of ministers and hurriedly fled to the Jehol Palace (now chengde mountain resort, Hebei). On October 5th, 65438/KLOC-0, British and French troops arrived at the gates of Beijing. According to the information provided by Russian diplomat ignatieff, the defenders of the Qing army are concentrated in Dongcheng, and the northern city is the weakest place, which should be captured first; I also heard that the Qing emperor of China was in Yuanmingyuan in the northwest suburb. As a result, the British and French allied forces bypassed Andingmen and Deshengmen, invaded Yuanmingyuan and looted Yuanmingyuan, creating a "burning Yuanmingyuan" incident that shocked China and foreign countries. Located in the northwest suburb of Beijing, Yuanmingyuan was built in the Ming Dynasty. 1709, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty gave this garden to his fourth son, Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi), and named it Yuanmingyuan. After more than 50 years' operation by the five emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng/KLOC-0, we have concentrated a lot of material resources, entertained countless skilled craftsmen, poured the blood and sweat of millions of working people, and carefully built a large-scale and beautiful detached palace. Every summer, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty came here to spend the summer, listen to politics and deal with military and political affairs, so it is also called the Summer Palace. Yuanmingyuan Fiona Fang10km is composed of Yuanmingyuan, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden. Yuanmingyuan is the largest, so it is collectively called Yuanmingyuan (also known as Yuanming Three Gardens). In addition, there are many affiliated gardens in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan, including Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain and Qingyi Garden (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis). , with a total area of more than 5000 mu. Yuanmingyuan not only brought together several famous scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplanted western garden buildings, which was a masterpiece of gardening art at that time. There are magnificent palaces, light and exquisite pavilions in the garden; There are "buying and selling streets" symbolizing lively markets and "mountain villas" symbolizing rural scenery; Some are modeled after the autumn moon in Pinghu, the sunset photos of Leifeng in Hangzhou West Lake, and some are modeled after the lion forest scenic spots in Suzhou. There are also poems and paintings modeled after ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Chunjing. It can be said that Yuanmingyuan is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the working people in our country, and it is also a model of the architectural art and culture of our people. In addition, Yuanmingyuan also contains countless priceless treasures with different styles, extremely precious historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as paintings, gold and silver jewelry, Song and Yuan porcelain and so on. It can be called one of the treasures of human culture and the largest museum in the world. 10 year10.6, the British and French allied forces invaded Yuanmingyuan, and then carried out robbery crazily. The first to break into Yuanmingyuan was the French invaders, who took everything they saw. The treasure in each French soldier's pocket is worth 30 thousand to 40 thousand francs. They came empty-handed and returned loaded. In the French military camp, there are valuable clocks and watches, colorful silks and satins and precious works of art worth 30 million francs. Although the British invaders came a little late, their pockets were full of gold and silver. To make matters worse, they smashed those big porcelain and enamel bottles that could not be moved. After the British and French invaders looted the Yuanmingyuan, in order to eliminate the spoils and cover up the crimes, the British Minister Plenipotentiary Erkin, with the support of British Prime Minister Pa Max Don, ordered the Yuanmingyuan to be burned. Large-scale burning * * * twice, the first time was 10/kloc-0, and it mainly burned Yuanmingyuan from October 7 to 9. The fire burned for three days and nights, making this world-famous garden a scorched earth. This catastrophe, as described and criticized by Hugo, a famous French writer, is that one day, two robbers broke into Yuanmingyuan, one robbed and the other set fire to it. Two robbers, one is English and the other is French. 10 10 13, the British and French invaders captured andingmen and took control of Beijing. 10 June 18 and June 19, these grave robbers robbed precious cultural relics hidden in many gardens, such as Wanshou Mountain, Yuquan Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain, and carried out a second large-scale burning, burning down temples, pavilions and pavilions in the above gardens. At this time, Emperor Xianfeng, who fled to Jehol, issued an order that he could only make up his mind to save the overall situation. Adhering to this will, Yi fully accepted the conditions proposed by Britain and France. On11October 24th and 25th, he exchanged the Tianjin Treaty with Er Jin and Ge Luo in the lobby of the Ministry of Rites, and signed the Beijing Treaty with China and Britain and Russia on1October 4th. These unequal treaties, which humiliated the country, further deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China and deepened the disaster of the people of China.