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Tutankhamun is widely known to modern westerners because his tomb has never been stolen for 3,000 years, until the British explorer howard carter, with the support of Lord carnarvon, discovered his tomb and unearthed a lot of treasures, which shocked the western world.
When Tutankhamun ascended the throne, the Great Pyramid had a history of 1250 years. He was only 19 years old when he died, and his tomb was never stolen, because the pyramid he built was not repaired when he died, and it was taken a fancy to by the later prime minister Ayi. Tutankhamun is only buried in a small place, so his grave is the only one that has never been stolen.
The whole tomb consists of front hall, tomb, ear room and library. Except the tomb, all the places are full of furniture, utensils, boxes and other utensils, including the owner's treasure house. Everything in the tomb is decorated with gold, silver, pearls and jade. Two life-size ebony gold-plated statues were also found in the tomb, which scholars believe are the images of Tutankhamun. These two statues are lifelike, which fully embodies the superb skills and rich imagination of ancient artists. During the eight-year excavation, more than 2,000 cultural relics were found in the tomb, including many rare treasures.
Tutankhamun's sarcophagus and funerary objects were originally used by one of his ancestors. Because no one expected that he would die so early and had no time to prepare for him, he had to give it to others first. Tutankhamun's famous gold mask weighs about 10.23 kg. Tutankhamun's mummy is protected by three human coffins and three outlines, each of which is exactly the same size as the other, and the craft is quite elaborate. The innermost human coffin is made of 22K gold and weighs 1 10.9 kg, which is about10.5000 USD according to the current market price. The outline of the outermost layer is large enough to be used in the garage of a medium-sized car. In Tutankhamun's grave, there is a small personal first-aid kit, which contains bandages and suspenders similar to those used in fracture besides some first-aid medicines. According to Carter's estimation, there are about 350 liters of precious oil in Tutankhamun's tomb, most of which are stored in some stone bottles. Tutankhamun is not alone. There are two aborted baby girls in his grave.
Tutankhamun is a fashion man who loves fashion. A large number of clothes were found in his grave, and there was a wooden model made according to his body shape next to the clothes. In addition, the scarf used by Tutankhamun when he was baptized was found, which was made of good material and fine by hand. Tutankhamun has about 100 pairs of shoes, made of leather, wood, wicker and even gold. There are about 30 brands of wine in Tutankhamun's tomb, one of which is "Tutankhamun house number wine", which is also marked with year, grape producing area and manufacturer. There are 30 boomerangs in Tutankhamun's tomb. In ancient times, boomerang was used for hunting. In addition to the golden coffin and golden chrysanthemum, the big things that are often mentioned are the throne of the queen's anointed body, two life-size woodcarving sentries and alabaster boxes. Among them, the alabaster box is the most intriguing. There are four alabaster jars with Tutankhamun's head on the lid. What's in it? The jar actually contained the liver, lungs, stomach and intestines of the little Pharaoh.
Carter spent about five years digging Tutankhamun's grave, eight years cleaning him, and nearly ten years cataloguing about 5,000 funerary objects found in the grave. However, in his life, he never published these amazing discoveries and finishing results in print.
The history of reduction
Tutankhamun was born about 134 1 year BC. His father is the famous reform Pharaoh Okhennathan (also known as the poet Pharaoh). Mother is a foreign princess married to a distant place. Mother died young and was raised by Queen Nefertiti. Naftiti loves him very much, treats him as his own, and betrothed one of his daughters (Anhosennam is four years older than him) to Tutankhamun. He grew up in the new imperial capital of King Okhennathan. King Okhennathan opposed the traditional Egyptian god Amon, but believed in Adon, the new sun god, and moved the palace from the old capital Thebes.
Tutankhamun married Okhennathan's daughter. Okhennathan once carried out a religious reform, establishing Atong as the main god, reducing temples and offering sacrifices to gods to weaken religious power. However, Okhennathan's rash reform deeply touched the rights and interests of the old forces, and the whole country was in turmoil during Okhennathan's period. After Tutankhamun ascended the throne, the actual power was in the hands of his grandmother, Empress Tai Caliso. With the intervention of Tai Caliso, the old religion was restored, the God Amon was re-established, the temples were restored, and the capital moved back to Thebes. Tutankhamun's name was also changed from Tutankhamun Adong (servant of God Adong) to Tutankhamun (servant of God Amon). At the same time, his father Okhennathan was declared a "sinner", and his name should be erased from everyone's memory, so the words "Okhennathan" should be removed from the building.
About the cause of death of Tutankhamun
Combining some historical records and unearthed murals, we can generally know that Tutankhamun was very young when he ascended the throne, and he could only take power with Ayi, an old minister. 19 died suddenly. Next, the old minister Ayi succeeded to the throne.
There is no record of Tutankhamun's death in history. Although archaeologists found traces of head injury when examining his mummy, he was partially cured before his death. This may be an accidental injury, but the possibility of assassination is not ruled out, because according to the X-ray photos, there is a black spot under the back of his head, indicating that he may have chronic trauma caused by a heavy blow to the back of his head. And his successor tried to erase the historical records, so history rarely recorded him before his grave was dug up.
According to the Sunday Times on the 26th, the mystery of the mysterious death of the young Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun, the most enduring mystery in archaeology, has finally been solved. Last week, archaeologists conducted a further and more detailed examination of Tutankhamun's mummy, overturning the previous academic conclusion that Tutankhamun died.
Since the discovery of Tutankhamun's mausoleum 83 years ago, there have been various speculations about the death of this young Egyptian Pharaoh. Researchers believe that he may have been killed by his compatriot Ayi, who succeeded to the throne, because of the struggle for inheritance. Because the medical examination and X-ray examination of Tutankhamun in the 1960s showed that his skull was fractured, Ayi was always suspected as the murderer. However, a further and more detailed examination of Tutankhamun's mummy last week found that the initial suspicion was wrong and Ayi was not the murderer.
The latest research shows that Tutankhamun died of murder. The murderer is the closest person to him: Ai. Ai is Tutankhamun's closest attendant and the young boy's minister. He is a priest of the God sun gear. But then I believed in the old religion: Amon. Finally, he murdered Tutankhamun and used the queen's desire for children to force her to marry him. When the queen became Pharaoh, he became a relative of the royal family and had the right to inherit. Finally, he killed the queen and inherited the status of Pharaoh. (After the murder: Lao Wang was disabled and fell ill. This kind of patient will die with a light blow on the back of the head.
Tutankhamun, the Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty in Egypt, was only about 19 years old when he died. His small tomb in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Egypt, was discovered in the 1920s. British researchers later scanned his mummy with X-rays and found that there were broken bones in the skull of the deceased, so it was inferred that Tutankhamun might have been murdered and died suddenly.
However, Egyptian radiologists reported new findings on the 27th, which overturned this assertion. It is reported that Tutankhamun suffered a thigh fracture shortly before his death. Although it was not fatal, it was probably infected, which led to the early death of the young Pharaoh.
Fracture and infection
Ashraf Salim, a radiologist at Cairo University, announced the results of the recent radiological examination of Tutankhamun's mummy at the annual meeting of the American Radiological Society held in Chicago on the 27th. The report said that the examination confirmed that the mummy had a fracture in the thigh, which may be the trace of Tutankhamun's injury shortly before his death.
Tutankhamun was an outstanding Pharaoh in the history of ancient Egypt. He ascended the throne at the age of 8 and died in BC 1352, at the age of 19. British archaeologist howard carter discovered Tutankhamun's mausoleum in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor, a historic Egyptian city, on 1922.
There are many funerary objects in the tomb, including the famous Jin Mianju, but the space in the tomb is relatively narrow. Archaeologists infer that Tutankhamun may die suddenly and be buried in a hurry, so he will "misappropriate" other people's tombs.
Experts from the University of Liverpool, England, scanned Tutankhamun's mummy in 1968 and found broken bones in the skull cavity of the deceased. This discovery adds to the fog of Tutankhamun's death. Researchers suspect that Tutankhamun was killed by a blow to the head.
This speculation is in line with the historical background of political instability in Tutankhamun's era. It is speculated that when Tutankhamun grew up, he sought more autonomy, clashed with his prime minister and died young. There is also speculation that a senior cleric who once accused Tutankhamun of disrespect may be suspected of murder.
No trauma to the brain and skull.
Salim's research team used computed tomography (CT) to scan Tutankhamun's mummy, which is far more complicated than the technology used by British researchers 1968. Through this examination, the researchers obtained about 1900 cross-sectional statues with different angles, which is equivalent to a three-dimensional "perspective view" of a mummy.
The report released by Salim on the 27th said: "There is no evidence that he suffered severe trauma to his skull or chest before his death, but his thigh bone may have been fractured, which may have led to his death."
Salim said that thigh fracture may also lead to trauma exposure and infection, and eventually lead to Pharaoh's death. Experts suspect that Tutankhamun was accidentally injured while hunting.
Salim also found that Tutankhamun's mummy "is in a dangerous state at present, and the body has been divided into several parts, some of which are missing."
There may be several reasons for the damage to Tutankhamun's remains, either in the process of making mummies or because archaeologists handled the mummies carelessly during the excavation of the ancient tomb in 1922. Salim prefers the latter possibility.
Salim also found broken bones in the skull cavity of Tutankhamun mummy. He explained that this broken bone was consistent with the first vertebra missing from the deceased's cervical vertebra. "We believe that during the removal of the golden mask by Carter's team, the first vertebra of Pharaoh's spine was broken and moved. The gold mask is quite firmly combined with the remains of the deceased. "
With the development of science and technology in the 20th century and the application of advanced X-ray technology, five top forensic doctors in the world (including those in the federal court now) conducted a comprehensive examination of Tutankhamun's mummy. Forensic doctors confirmed that the young people's skull had a crack because of their physical development, which is a unique physiological feature of young people. Therefore, the suspicion of death from head injury was ruled out; But because of the leg injury. According to historical documents, Tutankhamun personally led a team to cross the Nile to fight the enemy at that time. Although he won the war, Tutankhamun was cut under his knees by the enemy with an axe in the battle. Although this knife can be cured with a few simple stitches in modern medicine, it was fatal in ancient Egypt thousands of years ago. Pharaoh returned to the palace and waited slowly until the blood ran dry. Then the wound died and a bad cocoon grew.
About the curse of Pharaoh
On the tomb of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun, there is an epitaph: "Anyone who interferes with the peace of the Pharaoh will die on his head." For decades, after the hype of various movies and novels, the "Pharaoh's curse" became more and more fantastic, which not only scared off grave robbers, but also worried many archaeologists and tourists.
The spell carved on Tutankhamun's grave claimed revenge on those who invaded his grave. 1On the afternoon of October 26th, an expedition led by British archaeologist howard carter opened the ancient tomb that had been sleeping for thousands of years. 1923 On April 23rd, that is, six months after the Pharaoh's tomb was opened, the mysterious death of Lord carnarvon, a scientist who participated in the expedition, reminded many people of the curse, and the media and the public began to pay attention to it. Even Conan Doyle, a famous British detective novelist and author of Sherlock Holmes, called him very.
The Pharaoh in the tomb was disturbed, and his revenge and anger triggered a series of mysterious disasters. Shortly after the death of Lord carnarvon, another member of the expedition, Arthur Mays, was found unconscious in a hotel room in Cairo. Then George Gould, a friend of the Lord who visited him and went to the grave, had a high fever and died. Archibald Reid, a scientist who tried to determine the cause of Pharaoh's death with the help of X-ray technology, also died when he just returned to London to start analyzing the collected data. Strange things also include ominous signs-on the day of Lord carnarvon's death, there was a power outage in Cairo, and the Lord's dog died in England.
A few days ago, a group of Egyptian scientists took the mummy of the ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamun out of the tomb of the Valley of the Kings and scanned it with CT in an attempt to solve the mystery of the young king's death. However, according to Hawass, chairman of Egypt's Supreme Cultural Relics Committee, many strange things happened on the day of CT scanning. Although these may be purely coincidental, he can't despise the "Pharaoh's curse" that has been circulating for more than half a century.
It is reported that Egyptian archaeologists and medical experts recently scanned the mummy of Tutankhamun, a young Pharaoh in ancient Egypt during the 18 dynasty, and then synthesized these scanned images into three-dimensional images by computer, thus determining the cause of death of Tutankhamun and his actual age at the time of death.
However, on the day when they scanned Tutankhamun's mummy with CT, the research team of 10, who was in charge of this task, encountered a series of "strange things": their car going back and forth to the Valley of the Kings almost had a fatal car accident that day, and the scientists were all surprised in a cold sweat; In the CT scanning experiment, the computer in charge of CT scanning suddenly went on strike for two hours for no reason. Finally, the scientist finally restarted the computer and scanned it for 15 minutes. In addition, on the day of CT scanning of mummies, a strong wind suddenly blew in the Valley of the Kings of Egypt, and yellow sand filled the sky. This sudden gale made scientists who never believed in evil feel "very strange" and had to think of "Pharaoh's curse".
Since British archaeologist howard carter discovered Tutankhamun's mummy in the Valley of the Kings in 1922, scientists have conducted a detailed examination for the fourth time. Since 1922, there have been many mysterious deaths around Tutankhamun's mummy. First of all, Sir Carnaveen, Carter's patron, suddenly died after entering Tutankhamun's mausoleum, allegedly infected by mosquito bites. Then, a tourist from the mausoleum, Yeel, fell into the water and drowned. Carter's assistant Petrel was also killed, while Petrel's father committed suicide by jumping off a building, and an 8-year-old child was run over by a funeral car.
But in fact, scientists have now proved that only 5% of the first people who entered Tutankhamun's cemetery died abnormally. If there is anything unusual, it is probably because the space is closed, and the bacteria in the tomb can't co-evolve with the outside air, thus forming an independent evolutionary body that human beings can't touch and resist. Other events triggered by the so-called Pharaoh curse are also largely fabricated.