Close? Keys? Words: 3200 words in the third grade of Time High School.
Words: 3200 words composition
This article is suitable for: senior one and senior three.
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This composition is about 3200 words in Grade Three. The title is "The Age of Great Navigation". Welcome to contribute enthusiastically.
1409, an era has begun. The curtain raisers were King Joao II of Portugal and his son Prince Henry. They assembled in Lisbon port: 1.7 million sailors, 1.9 million army and more than 200 warships. And captured the fortress of Ceuta on August 2 1 day.
Most Europeans eat bacon, which is tasteless even in the mouths of princes and nobles. Since the introduction of spices, meat has become delicious, and the odor caused by long-term storage has also been eliminated-Europe urgently needs a lot of spices.
Spice is called the first driving force in the era of great navigation. West Indies would never have thought that the very common spices they can enjoy at any time were what Europeans desperately wanted.
Diaz, Columbus, Da Gama, Magellan.
Christopher Columbus (about1451-1506), with unknown early experience, was probably from Genoa, who had been engaged in wool textile production for generations and lived in poverty. 1469 18-year-old Columbus became a sailor, often sailing in the Mediterranean Sea and the North Sea. He has been to Spain, Portugal, France, Britain and Iceland with his fleet and is familiar with the routes along the Mediterranean Sea and the East Atlantic Ocean. He read The Travels of Marco Polo, believed the Italian geographer Toscanelli's theory that sailing from Europe to the west can also reach China and India, which are rich in gold and spices, and sprouted the idea of sailing to the west. 1476 In August, Columbus escorted a Genoese fleet, but was attacked by a joint fleet of Portugal and France in the waters near Cape San Vicente, Portugal. Columbus was injured and fell into the water and went to Lisbon. During his stay in Portugal, he married the daughter of the Governor of Centero Island (Madeira Islands) and a famous navigator, Perestrillo (1479), got his father-in-law's manuscript and charts, and visited the Portuguese fortress Mina on the Gold Coast with the boat. 1484, Columbus proposed to the Portuguese authorities to sail west to India, which was quickly rejected because they were busy looking for a new route to India around the southern tip of Africa. 1486, Columbus moved to Spain with his family, hoping that the king of Spain would support his westward voyage plan. After many twists and turns,1April 492, 17 years, that is, three months after the Spanish captured Granada, they finally signed the famous Santa Fe Agreement with the Spanish king. According to the agreement, the King of Spain is the suzerain and ruler of all newly discovered lands, and appointed Columbus as the governor, imperial envoy and naval commander of the above-mentioned places, enjoying110 of the total local income. The signing of the Santa Fe Agreement made it possible for Columbus to realize his westward voyage plan.
1On August 3rd, 492, Columbus led 87 sailors to set out from Barros Harbor in three ships: Santa Maria (130 tons), Pinta (90 tons) and Ninja (60 tons). In order to avoid countercurrent and storm, the fleet first sailed southwest and arrived at Gomera Island in the Canary Islands in early September. On September 8, we set out from Gomera Island, sailed west and southwest, and entered the vast Atlantic Ocean. After 34 days and nights of hard sailing, we finally arrived at Samana Island (called Guanahani locally) in the southeast of Bahamas in the early morning of June+10/October 65438+February. Columbus immediately occupied it in the name of the king of Spain and named it "San Salvador" (meaning "savior"). He thought he was going to India, called the local residents "Indians", that is, Indians, and asked them about the origin of gold. Columbus and his party continued their southward journey and arrived in Cuba on 10128 October. They mistakenly think that Cuba is the barren land of China, and Japan is to its east. Columbus's fleet turned to the east and arrived in Haiti on February 7, 65438. Seeing its beautiful mountains and rivers, I named it "Espaniula". On Christmas Day, the flagship Santa Maria ran aground on the north shore of Haiti. Columbus used the hull to build the first colonial stronghold, named it "Christmas City", leaving 39 people stationed. 1493 65438+1October 16, Columbus left for home with two ships and returned to Barros port on March 15, which was warmly welcomed. At the end of May, the King of Spain issued an order appointing Columbus as the commander of the navy, an imperial envoy and the newly discovered governor, and formally issued a title certificate.
Fernando Magellan (about 1480- 152 1 year) was born in a ruined knight family in Portugal. 1496, I have been working in the Portuguese maritime office, and I am familiar with the maritime cause.
1505- 15 12, Magellan, as a sailor of the Portuguese expedition, went to India, Malacca, Sumatra, Java and other places to engage in colonial activities. He was injured in naval battles many times and was favored by the Portuguese king. He has been to Blue, Ambon and Banda in Moluccas, and he knows that further east is Wang Yang. He believes in the theory of the earth circle, and his experience makes it easy for him to think that Wang Yang, east of the Moluccas, can reach the America discovered by Columbus; In other words, the Moluccas are in the west of the United States. As long as we can find the channel leading to the Great South China Sea, it is also possible to reach Damocles from the west of Europe. He proposed his plan to the king of Portugal and was rejected. 15 17 10 Magellan moved to Spain in a rage. 1518 In March, King Charles I of Spain received Magellan and signed an ocean exploration agreement with him. According to the agreement, Magellan was appointed as the governor of the newly discovered land and the special envoy of the empire, and he was entitled to 65,438+0/20 of the total income of the newly discovered land (after deducting expenses) and two of the six newly discovered islands; The King of Spain must equip the expedition with five ships (130 tons and 90 tons each, 60 tons 1 ship) to provide necessary materials, weapons and supply personnel.
1565438+On September 20th, 2009, Magellan led 265 people and set sail from Sanluca, the outer port of Seville, in five ships. 1June 520, Magellan and his party arrived at the mouth of the La Plata River, which was proved not to be a strait by field investigation. On February 24th, the fleet arrived in San Matthias Bay. Further south, where navigators have never been, winter is coming, and sailing is extremely difficult because of the snowstorm. On March 3 1, the fleet sailed into the port of St. Julian, which is close to 50 degrees south latitude, and had to spend the winter here. On August 24th, Magellan's fleet continued to China Southern Airlines. 10 year1On October 24th, the fleet sailed into a strait at 52 degrees south latitude; This strait is very long, wide and narrow, with twists and turns, staggered ports and turbulent tides. A ship lost confidence in the face of difficulties and turned around and fled back to Spain. Magellan led three ships (the other one had already sunk), and after 38 days of hard sailing, he walked out of the Strait on June 28th, 165438+ and entered the boundless "Great South China Sea". The strait connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Great South China Sea has finally been found, and the next step is to advance in the Great South China Sea. From the end of June 1520, 1 1 to the beginning of March 152 1, the fleet sailed in the "Great South China Sea" for more than three months without encountering a storm, so Magellan called it "Pacific Ocean", and this name has been used ever since.
152 1 March, Magellan's fleet arrived at massawa Island (Masuohua Island) in the Philippine Islands. Eight years ago, Magellan returned to the west from the east, and now he walks around the east from the west. As a matter of fact, his ideal of going west has been basically realized. On April 27th, Magellan led dozens of colonists to attack Maktan Island east of Cebu Island, forcing people on the island to pay tribute, and was killed by soldiers led by local leader Oprah. Soon, the Spanish colonists conquered this area by bloody means and named it after Prince Philip. This is the Philippines today. In May 1, the fleet left Cebu Island, and in May 1 1.8, it was transferred to Titor Island in Damoluga Islands. 65438+February 2 1, the remaining ship, Victoria, returned alone under the leadership of captain Eli Cano. The ship is full of spices. In order to avoid being intercepted by the Portuguese, we crossed the Indian Ocean directly, bypassed the Cape of Good Hope, and then went north along the west coast of Africa, and returned to the starting point of Sanluca Port on September 6 1522. Magellan's fleet completed the first round-the-world voyage in human history in three years, which irrefutably proved the correctness of the earth circle theory and made great contributions to the expansion of people's geographical knowledge and the development of science.
1519-1521year, Spanish colonists conquered the Indians in Mexico. Mexico is the cradle of Indian culture, and Maya and Astrak have successively created splendid cultures. Maya are the only Indians with writing. They are called "Greeks of the New World". As early as 1 thousand years ago, they had planted corn, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pumpkins, peppers, cocoa, cotton and tobacco, which made great contributions to enriching human life. They created a solar calendar, which is divided into 18 months, with 20 days in each month, the last 5 days as the death day, and every 4 years leap 1 day, with a total length of 365.2420 days, which is close to the prediction of modern science. The Astraks established a slave country with the center in Mexico City (meaning "the place designated by the God of War") and 80,000 residents. It was one of the most populous cities in the world at that time. 1565438+In April 2009, Hernando Cortis (1485-1547) led about 600 infantry and 200 Indians, carrying 10 cannons and 16 war horses. King Monctesuma II (1475- 1520) sent a lot of gold and silver jewelry to Curtis, asking him to withdraw. Cortez, on the other hand, made great efforts to sow discord, made alliances with many tribes dissatisfied with Montezuma, and entered Mexico City in June +065438+ 10, 5438. Instead of resisting, Montezuma personally presided over a grand welcoming ceremony and welcomed Cortes into the palace. Cortes designed to arrest Montezuma and rule in his name, extorting gold, silver and jewels. 1520 In June, Indians rose up and Cortes and his gang fled in a hurry in the night rain. Countless people were killed and drowned in the lake, and the stolen treasure fell into the bottom of the lake. This is the famous "Sad Night" 152 1 In August, 2008, Cortes led his troops into Mexico City again, turning Mexico into a Spanish colony and calling it "New Spain". From 1523 to 1524, the Spanish invaded Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador.
1531-1533, the Spanish colonists conquered Peru. Peru is another center of Indian civilization, and the Incas who claim to be descendants of the sun have established a huge empire here. Incas are good at architecture and are called Indian architectural engineers. Cuzco, the capital, has a magnificent temple of the sun and a lifelike "golden garden". The highway they built across the north and south is considered to be one of the greatest projects of mankind. 153 1 year 1 year, led by Francisco Pizarro (about 1475- 154 1 year) 180 soldiers, carrying two cannons and 50 war horses, divided into two groups. 1532165438+10 In October, Pizarro took advantage of the dispute over the Inca throne, occupied the northern town of Cajamarca, set an ambush and made a surprise attack, captured King Tabar alive and killed more than 2,000 Incas. Pizarro extorted gold and a lot of silver from the king, which could fill his cell (length 6.7 1m, width 5. 19m, height 2.75m) and then killed him treacherously. 1533165438+1October15, Pizarro led troops into Cuzco, the capital of the Inca, and turned Peru into a colony.
When we unfold the map, should we thank this era?