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Diamond: Diamond refers to polished diamond, which is a natural mineral and the original stone of diamond. Simply put, diamond is a simple crystal composed of carbon element formed under high pressure and high temperature conditions in the deep part of the earth. Although human civilization has a history of thousands of years, people have only discovered and initially understood diamonds for hundreds of years, and the time to truly uncover the inner mystery of diamonds is even shorter. Before that, it was accompanied by myths and legends with religious worship and fear, and regarded it as a symbol of courage, power, status and dignity. Nowadays, diamonds are no longer mysterious, nor are they a treasure that only the royal family can enjoy. It has become a popular gem that people can own and wear. Diamond culture has a long history, and today people regard it more as a symbol of love and loyalty.

Diamonds 1. The name of this mineral is "Diamond", and its English name is Diamond. It comes from agonist in ancient Greece, which means hard and inviolable substance and is recognized as the king of gems. The chemical composition of diamonds is 99.98% carbon. In other words, diamond is actually a kind of carbon crystal with quite high density. 2. Mohs hardness of diamond: 10, which is the highest hardness among natural minerals [1]. Its diamond is also quite brittle, and it will still break when you hit it hard. 3. Diamond cutting is the process of cutting diamonds into different shapes according to the shape of their original stones. Among them, eight popular shapes are round, oval, olive pointed, heart-shaped, pear-shaped, square, triangle and beryl. A round drill is the most common shape. 4. Diamonds are natural minerals. The main producing areas of diamonds are Australia, South Africa and India. The United States, India, Israel and Belgium are the bases of diamond processing and cutting. Belgium, in particular, is recognized as a diamond trading center in the world. 5. Re-inspection is required when buying diamonds (GIA certificate can be verified directly in official website without re-inspection) 6. Refractive index: 2.40 (critical angle is 22.4 degrees) 7. The dispersion value of diamonds is also very large.

The chemical composition of diamond is carbon, which is the only single element in gem and belongs to equiaxed crystal system. The crystal forms are mostly octahedron, rhombic dodecahedron, tetrahedron and their aggregates. Pure diamond is colorless and transparent, showing different colors due to the mixing of trace elements. Strong diamond luster. The refractive index is 2.4 17 and the dispersion is moderate, which is 0.044. An isotropic object. Thermal conductivity 0.35 calories/cm? Second degree. Tested by thermal conductivity meter, the response is the most sensitive. The hardness is 10, which is the hardest mineral known at present. The absolute hardness is 1000 times that of the time, and 150 times that of corundum. It is afraid of heavy blows, and it will be broken by cleavage after heavy blows. A set of cleavage is completed. The density is 3.52g/cm3. Diamonds are luminous, and after being irradiated by sunlight, they can emit light blue phosphorescence at night. X-ray irradiation emits sky blue fluorescence. The chemical properties of diamond are very stable, and it is not easy to dissolve in acid and alkali at room temperature, and acid and alkali will not affect it. The difference between diamonds and similar precious stones and synthetic diamonds. Common substitutes or counterfeits in gem market include colorless gemstones, colorless spinel, cubic zirconia, strontium titanate, yttrium aluminum garnet, yttrium gallium garnet, artificial rutile and so on. Synthetic diamonds were first developed by Japan in 1955, but they were not mass-produced. Synthetic diamonds are rare in the market because they are more expensive than natural diamonds. Diamonds can be distinguished from similar gems by their unique hardness, density, dispersion and refractive index. For example, diamond-like cubic zirconia is colorless, with strong dispersibility (0.060), strong luster and high density of 5.8 g/cm3, which has obvious sense of gravity. Yttrium aluminum garnet has a soft dispersity, so it is difficult to distinguish it from diamonds with naked eyes. It has become a popular gem that people can own and wear. Diamond culture has a long history, and today people regard it more as a symbol of love and loyalty.

Modern science, technology and means provide new ideas and methods for exploring the formation of diamonds. Diamonds are the hardest and simplest gems in the world. It is a cubic natural crystal composed of carbon. Its treasure map diamond composition is basically the same as our common coal, pencil lead and sugar. Carbon element crystallizes into graphite (black) at high temperature and high pressure, while it crystallizes into precious diamond (white) at high temperature, extremely high pressure and reducing environment (usually anoxic environment). In order to understand the origin of diamonds, first look at the original rocks containing diamonds. Since the discovery of diamonds in India, we have been hearing stories about people finding diamonds on rivers and beaches. This is because the original rock containing diamonds located in the upper reaches of the river is weathered and broken, and the diamonds are taken downstream with the water flow, and the heavier diamonds are buried in the gravel. What is the original stone of a diamond? 1870, diamonds were dug up in the loess of a farm in South Africa. After that, the excavation of diamonds moved from the river bed to the loess. Below the loess is a hard dark blue rock, which is the original stone of diamonds-kimberlite. What is kimberlite? Kimberlite is an alkaline ultrabasic volcanic rock, which is formed in the deep part of the earth and contains a lot of volatile components such as carbonic acid gas. This kind of rocks often contain peridotite and eclogite fragments from the deep earth, and the main mineral components are olivine, phlogopite, carbonate, pyroxene and garnet. The study shows that kimberlite magma was formed in the deep part of the earth below 150 km. Because this rock was first discovered in Kimberly, South Africa, it was named after this place name. Another kind of original rock containing diamonds is called K-Mg lamprophyre, which is an overbased magnesian volcanic rock. It is mainly formed by leucite and volcanic glass, and may contain minerals such as pyroxene and olivine. Its typical origin is argyle, Western Australia. Through the study of diamonds and their primary inclusion minerals from different mines in the world, scientists found that the formation conditions of diamonds are generally 4.5-6.0Gpa (equivalent to 150-200km depth) and1100-1500℃. Although diamonds can be formed in various periods/stages of the earth's history in theory, most of the mines currently mined were mainly formed in two periods: 3.3 billion years ago and12-1700 million years ago. For example, some diamonds in South Africa are about 4.5 billion years old, indicating that these diamonds began to crystallize in the deep part of the earth shortly after its birth. Diamonds are the oldest gems in the world. The formation of diamonds needs a long historical process, which can be confirmed by the fact that diamonds are mainly produced in the ancient and stable mainland areas of the earth. In addition, the impact of extraterrestrial stars on the earth can produce instantaneous high temperature and high pressure, and can also form diamonds. For example, the report of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences 1988 found diamonds in meteorites, but the diamonds formed by this action have no economic value. Rare diamonds are mainly produced in two kinds of rocks, one is peridotite and the other is eclogite, but only the former has economic significance. So far, there are two kinds of peridotite containing diamond: kimberlite (named after a place name in South Africa-kimberlite) and K-Mg lamprophyre. Both kinds of rocks are produced by volcanic eruption. Rocks formed in the deep part of the earth are brought to the surface or the shallow part of the earth by volcanic activity. This magma is mostly produced in the form of rock tubes, so it is commonly called "tube ore" (that is, primary ore). Kimberlite or K-Mg lamprophyre containing diamonds is exposed to the surface and weathered and broken by external forces such as wind, rain and rain. Under the scouring of water, the broken protoliths and drill bits are taken to the riverbed and even the coastal zone to multiply, forming alluvial sand deposits (or secondary deposits).

[Edit this paragraph] Division of origin

Jade jade, also known as jade jade, jade jade, jade jade and Burmese jade, is a kind of jade, and its color is emerald green (called emerald) or red (called jade). It is a jade-grade polycrystalline aggregate, mainly composed of jadeite, omphacite and sodalite, which was formed in the process of geological process. In addition, there are also characters named after "Jade" in the animation.

The English name jadeite comes from the abbreviation of Spanish plcodejade, which means a gem worn on the waist. The name of jade comes from the name of a bird. This bird has very bright feathers. Male feathers are red, female feathers are green, and the famous kingfishers are collectively called jadeite. Therefore, there is a saying in the industry that Fei is the mother and Cui is the public. In the Ming Dynasty, Burmese jade was named "Jade" after it was introduced to China. Emerald original stone jadeite belongs to pyroxene, monoclinic and perfect cleavage. The main component is sodium aluminum silicate (NaAlSi2O6, only gemstones containing more than 50% sodium aluminum silicate are regarded as jadeite), which is produced in metamorphic rocks generated at low temperature and high pressure. It often coexists with glaucophane, muscovite, andalusite (anorthite dihydrate), aragonite and Yingshi. Mohs hardness is 6.5-7, specific gravity is 3.25-3.35, and melting point is 900- 1000℃. Jade in a broad sense refers to the commercial name of gemstone jadeite with commercial value, which is the general name of gemstone jadeite with various colors. The concept of jadeite in a narrow sense only refers to those green gem-grade jadeite rocks. Geologically, jadeite is called fibrous aggregate composed of pyroxene minerals, and jadeite rocks are mainly composed of Cr (Cr). Gem-grade jadeite flakes are very close to the theoretical value of jadeite in terms of composition. It is one of the most precious and valuable jade, and is called "the crown of jade". Because it is deeply loved by people in some countries and regions in the East, it is called "the treasure of the East" by the international jewelry industry.

Ruby refers to red and pink corundum, which is a kind of corundum. Its main component is alumina (Al2O3), and the red color comes from chromium (Cr). The gem without chromium is naturally sapphire. Most natural rubies come from Asia (Myanmar, Thailand and Sri Lanka), Africa and Australia, and there are some in Montana and South Carolina. Natural rubies are very rare and precious, but artificial rubies are not difficult, so industrial rubies are all artificial.

Ruby's English name is Ruby, which comes from Latin and means red. It belongs to corundum group minerals and has a tripartite crystal system. Because it contains chromium, it is red to pink. The higher the content, the brighter the color. Blood-red rubies are most cherished by people, commonly known as "pigeon blood red". Ruby is hard, only lower than diamond. Its bright red color is called "the crown of rubies". The magnificent and luxurious ruby is the king of gems, the treasure among treasures, and its advantages surpass all gems. Some ancient books think that ruby is "the most precious of the twelve gems created by God when he created everything." People love ruby and think it is the representative of love, enthusiasm and noble morality, and a symbol of brilliance. Legend has it that people who wear rubies will live a long and healthy life, have a happy love and have a harmonious family. According to legend, in the past, Burmese soldiers would cut a small hole in their bodies and embed a ruby in their mouths. They think that this can achieve the purpose of invulnerability. Ruby is designated as "July Birthday Stone" by the international gem circle, which symbolizes nobility, love and kindness. The biggest star ruby in the world is Rajanana star ruby. This gem weighs 2457 carats, with six stars and a flat dome. 199 1 year, a ruby and sapphire conjoined with a weight of 67.5 carats was found in Changle county, Shandong province, China. It is called "Yuanyang Gem" and is a rare miracle in the world. In the international gem market, bright red rubies are called "male rubies" and light red rubies are called "female rubies". Mogaoke area in the northeast of Mandalay, Myanmar is the main producing area of high-quality rubies.

Sapphire is the general name of corundum gemstones with other colors except ruby, and its main component is alumina (Al2O3). Blue sapphire is caused by a small amount of titanium (Ti) and iron (Fe) impurities. Sapphire can be pink, yellow, green, white, or even multiple colors in the same stone. Sapphire is produced in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Laos and Cambodia, among which the rarest sapphire belongs to Kashmir, and Myanmar is the place where the finest sapphire is produced today. Sapphire has an album of movies and songs of the same name. It is also the name of a famous computer company, and the brand name of its graphics card and motherboard is "sapphire".

Sapphire's English name is sapphire, which comes from and means blue. It belongs to corundum group minerals and has a tripartite crystal system. Gemmologists call all kinds of gem-grade corundum except ruby and sapphire. Because corundum contains trace elements such as iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti), it appears blue, sky blue and light blue, among which bright sky blue is the best. Natural sapphire can be divided into blue sapphire and bright (non-blue) sapphire. In the gem market, dark blue and purple sapphires are called "male sapphires" and light-colored sapphires are called "female sapphires". Sapphire is designated as "September Birthday Stone" by the international gemstone community, symbolizing loyalty and loyalty. It is said that sapphire can protect the country and the king from harm and is called "the stone of the emperor". The world's largest starlight sapphire is the Star of India, weighing 563 carats. Its six-beat starlight is perfect and almost flawless. Although the color is not gorgeous enough, it is really a rare treasure. The back of the gem also shows almost the same starlight. Starlight sapphires, also known as Xing Cai sapphires, are mostly opaque to translucent. Filamentous inclusions (slender needle-like rutile crystals) in gemstones are the cause of six-ray starlight. Starlight sapphire is called "stone of destiny" because of its bright starlight color. Three starlight beams represent loyalty, hope and friendship. A rare natural sapphire unearthed in Tianshan area, Xinjiang, China, has a color-changing effect, which is purple in the sun and yellow in the light. It is a new variety of natural sapphire and one of the best varieties of sapphire. Mogaoke area in the northeast of Mandalay, Myanmar is the main producing area of high-quality sapphire. The sapphire reserves and quality in Changle, Shandong Province rank first in China.