1, rub jade frequently:
Rubbing jade can be said to be the most basic method of raising jade. Wiping the jade surface with a soft cloth or towel can not only clean and keep the jade clean, but also play a role in polishing. Long-term rubbing jade can make jade less and less, and the luster is getting brighter and brighter.
2. Slow play:
You can't be too hasty in raising jade, which is why it takes three years to raise jade. In fact, these three years are also imaginary. If you can really raise jade, three years may not be enough. So what's wrong with slow play? Just don't rush, don't rush, slow play. Let the oil secreted by hands slowly penetrate into the jade, thus improving the quality of jade. Think about how high the hardness and density of jade are. If oil wants to seep in and out, it needs to be done slowly. Some players rub jade quickly, forcefully and quickly, so that the temperature of jade will rise and the oil will be absorbed quickly. After a long time, you will find that this effect is not only bad, but also may hurt jade. Take your time.
3. Care about:
Raising jade can't have a purpose. For example, we raise jade, thinking that I want to raise jade every day, and then let jade raise people. Although the actual effect may be no different, it is stained with vulgarity and has no sense of detachment in raising jade. Therefore, we should cultivate jade with our heart, experience the fun brought by the process of cultivating jade with our heart, and experience the feeling of time passing. The calmness and calmness that has gone through time, years and youth and gradually matured is the place where Jade really educates people.
4. Always replenish water:
Most jade is afraid of water shortage, because the structure of jade will be unstable after water shortage, which will lead to dryness, discoloration, loss of luster and even breakage. Therefore, raising jade is inseparable from water. So how to replenish jade? The most effective method is to bury it in wet soil for a period of time to simulate the environment of jade in soil, but this method of replenishing water was troublesome before. You can put it in the box where you usually put jade. Judging from the internal structure of jadeite, jadeite with good grade contains abundant water, so water is very critical and should be known to most people. If jade can't be moistened by water for a long time, his expression will look very dry and he won't feel very moist. Therefore, we also need this kind of jade, so that jade can fully contact with water, which can keep its surface moist and oily. When the jade dries, the consciousness will become more fragile after a long time, so everyone should replenish water to the jade in daily life.
5. Repair:
When jade is defective due to bumping and falling, it cannot be easily given up. After all, it's a pity to abandon the jade that has been raised for a while. You can use your own hands-on ability or go to a professional repair institution to repair it, and then you can continue to raise it.
6. Restore:
In fact, repair and repair are almost the same, but it does not mean physical injury or defect, but normal wear on weekdays. Because of sun exposure and fume baking, jade luster is blurred and wettability is reduced. In this case, you can also go to some professional institutions to do ultrasonic cleaning, which can restore the luster of the past.
7. Avoid:
This avoidance involves many things, such as not being exposed to the sun for a long time, so we should avoid the sun, such as being afraid of bumping, so we should avoid all the possibilities of physical injury when playing, such as not putting it on a high place and not wearing hard objects such as rings on our hands when playing.
Brief introduction of jade:
Jade is a mineral. From the perspective of western gem culture, jade has two kinds: soft and hard. Usually, jade refers to nephrite. It belongs to one of the most common jewels. According to "Tengyue Local Records" written by Qing Jinshi Cun Kaitai, "Tengyue is a collection of jade articles, made into utensils and sold to various provinces in Yunnan. Top grade jadeite is mostly sent to eastern Guangdong, Shanghai, Fujian, Zhejiang and Kyoto. In western gemology, the English name of jade comes from the Spanish invaders, who named the jade plundered by Pieda in Mexico as ijead, which is the last word. China is the earliest and most extensive country in the world to exploit and utilize jade. There are many records in ancient books, and the names are also very miscellaneous, such as Shuiyu, Heritage Jade, Peiyu, Xiangyu, Nephrite and so on. Tremolite nephrite unearthed from Chahai site in Fuxin city, Liaoning province is about 8000 years ago (early Neolithic age), which is the earliest known real jade in the world. The most famous jade in China is Hetian jade in Xinjiang, which, together with dushan jade in Henan, xiuyan jade in Liaoning and lantian jade in Shaanxi, is called the four famous jade in China. Jade is a relatively valuable mineral. Jade is rich in trace elements such as zinc, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium, cobalt, selenium, chromium, titanium, lithium, calcium, potassium and sodium. The embellishment of jade can eliminate impetuous heart, the color of jade can delight bored heart, and the purity of jade can purify dirty heart. Therefore, a gentleman loves jade and hopes to find natural aura in the jade body. Jade is the beauty of stone, with positive, moist and pure color. The same is true of precious stones. Its value does not depend entirely on the composition, and most jadeites are worthless. Like people, every nation produces heroes. Nephrite refers to Hetian jade in a narrow sense, and broadly includes more than ten kinds of nephrite such as xiuyan jade, Nanyang jade and Jiuquan jade. Many nephrite have the same long history, such as xiuyan jade. Jade only refers to jade. " Jade is a special mineral with sociality and treasure, which was screened and confirmed by the ancients in the process of making tools with selected stones for tens of thousands of years. " Shuo Wen Jie Zi interprets jade as "the beauty of stone is jade". In Ci Hai, jade is simply defined as "a beautiful stone with moist luster". These statements are what we call jade in a broad sense today, including not only Hetian jade and jadeite, but also traditional jade such as chalcedony, xiuyan jade, Nanyang jade, crystal, agate, amber, coral, turquoise, lapis lazuli and Huanglong jade. Modern mineralogy divides jade into jadeite and nephrite. Jade is jadeite, while nephrite mainly refers to Hetian jade in Xinjiang, which is a narrow definition of "jade". Judging from the history of jade used in China, Hetian jade in Xinjiang was used on a large scale only after Shang Dynasty, and before that, jade materials used in various places were basically all kinds of beautiful stones made from local materials. Therefore, the definition of Chinese jade can not rely solely on the standards of modern mineralogy, but should proceed from a historical perspective, respect traditional habits, and take jade in a broad sense as the object of study of jade and jade culture.
Characteristics of jade articles in broad sense:
1, the material meets the requirements of "beautiful stone";
2. It has the basic style of typical jade in modeling;
However, the jade articles must be made by special methods, such as grinding and drilling, instead of ordinary stone making techniques. Furthermore, the jade articles studied should have a certain historical age, and their historical and cultural values must be emphasized.
Jade color: nephrite mainly includes white jade, sapphire, topaz, purple jade, jet, jasper, sapphire and ruby. Among them, topaz such as engine oil is top grade, purple jade is usually light pink, jet jade is jade with many black spots on jasper, and sapphire is dull blue and white jade. Usually white jade is the best. Emerald is jade, and its colors are white, purple and green. It can be called ice land (white) or green land (green). Green is the best. Tri-colored jadeite is also called "Taoyuan Jieyi" or "Fu Lushou".
Words related to jade:
1, jade. Metaphors are good and bad, and there are virtues and fools.
2, uncut jade.
3, refers to jade.
4, beautiful stone.
5, the gentleman is not only jade, the gentleman must wear jade, the gentleman has no reason, jade does not go.
Jade soft and hard standard:
1, color: white is the best, and suet jade is the best. Other colors are also good. Topaz and purple jade are rich in color, while jet is rich in ink. The color of jadeite is transparent.
2. Type: Hetian jade is the best, and other jade species also have good products.
3. History: Ancient jade is the best. Regarding the classification standard of ancient jade, some people think that jade in the Republic of China is ancient jade, while others think that jade before Han Dynasty is ancient jade. My humble opinion: It is better to classify jade before Ming Dynasty as ancient jade.
4. Carver: Nephrite is different from jadeite, and nephrite pays more attention to carver.
Emerald standard
1, color: green is the best. The best green jade is Zhengyang Green (bright emerald).
2. Type: The best jadeite is "glass seed", also called "Lingdier jadeite". The permeability is very high.
3. Generally, the old pit is better than the new pit, the seed material is better than the mountain material and the semi-mountain material, and the semi-mountain material is better than the mountain material.
The bigger the size, the better. At present, large jadeite is rare.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, there were more than 100 jade workshops and more than 3,000 jade carving craftsmen in Tengchong alone. These utensils are sold in all provinces of Yunnan and Chongqing, and most of the top jade articles are sent to eastern Guangdong, Shanghai, Fujian, Zhejiang and Kyoto. Inch Kaitai's Local Records of Tengyue
Similarities and differences between nephrite and jadeite;
1, nephrite pays more attention to history and the inner charm of sculpture than jadeite. The same piece of jade (nephrite), if it is ancient jade (nephrite), will be worth a lot.
2. Jade pays more attention to color and size than nephrite. If a new jade (jade) is of good quality, it is more valuable than an ancient jade (jade).
3. Both pay attention to "water head". But nephrite is "internal" and jadeite is "external". In the light, the color of nephrite is gloomy, but jadeite is dazzling. Of course, its meaning is different.
Formation of seed jade: seed jade (seed material or water material) is formed by the continuous cracking and collapse of mountain materials through glaciers, earthquake weathering or flooding into rivers in rainy season, and long-term collision and erosion of rivers for thousands of years. After years of soaking, elutriation and polishing in water, seed jade leaves a delicate, moist and dense texture with the luster of jade liquid, so the quality of seed jade is the best and it is the treasure of jade.
Yulong Kashi River: Yulong Kashi River, the famous Baiyu River in ancient times. This river originates from Kunlun Mountain. After flowing into Tarim basin, it joins Karakash River to form Hotan River. The river is 325 kilometers long and has many tributaries, with a drainage area of 1.45 million square kilometers. The river is rich in white jade, sapphire and jet, and has been the main river producing jade in Hotan since ancient times. People collect jade mainly in the middle reaches, and the upper reaches are difficult to reach because of the dangerous terrain. After the discovery of white jade in Montenegro (one of the birthplaces of seed jade), it brought new hope to jade seekers, and people ventured there. Black Mountain, known as Karanguitak in ancient times, is one of the main peaks of Kunlun Mountain, with the highest peak of 7562 meters. The mountains are steep and covered with snow and ice. The origin of jade is Ajugai Valley, which is one of the tributaries of the Yulong Kashi River, about 30 kilometers away from the Mountain Brigade of Tashi Township, Kashgar City. Ice accumulated in some river sections is widely distributed, slopes collapse and boulders are everywhere. Only by walking, glaciers above the snow line abound, with an altitude of more than 5000 meters and a relative height of 600- 1000 meters. Hetian jade gravel carried from the upper source is often found in the front of the glacier tongue, because the glacier moves down near the snow line and gradually melts. The tongue of the glacier is tens to hundreds of meters high. On sunny days, it keeps cracking and collapsing. With the thunderous sound, boulders and ice cubes rolled down and fell into the river, so beautiful jade can also be found under the glacier. Every day, there is a flood in the meltwater, which washes huge ice cubes down the river, and these ice cubes and ice sheets also reveal melted jade gravel. The jade produced is white jade and jet jade. There should be primary and jadeite deposits in this area, which is one of the main sources of nephrite in Yulong Kashi River. Yulong Kashi River is about 20 minutes' drive from Hotan city center. White seed jade is produced 50 kilometers upstream of the river, and seed jade with skin is generally produced downstream of the river. After the flash floods, local people often go to the river to collect jade in their leisure time in winter and spring. They collect jade mainly in the middle reaches of the river, and the upper and lower reaches are difficult to reach because of the dangerous terrain.
Hotan jade origin: Hotan jade is distributed in Kunlun Mountain in the south of Tarim Basin. It starts from Andari Tage and Alazi Mountain in the east of Tashkurgan County in Kashi region in the west, passes through Sangzhu Tage, Tiekeliketage and Liushitage in the south of Hotan region, and reaches Suramuningtag in the north wing of South Altun Mountain in Qiemo County in the east. Hetian jade metallogenic belt is 1 100 km long. There are primary mineral deposits and occurrences of Hetian jade on the mountain, with an altitude of more than 4,000 meters. Many rivers also produce valuable hetian jade.
History of jade: Ancient people were superstitious and believed that jade had the function of ward off evil spirits. Jade is used to make sacrificial utensils such as cups, bowls and plates, as well as decorations such as jade bracelets, jade pins, rings and cigarette holders. Third, jade is very tough and can withstand the impact of a hammer, which is not even comparable to diamonds. Using the color of jade and this advantage, it can be carved into exquisite handicrafts and decorations such as animals, flowers, pavilions and pagodas. If gems have radiation harmful to health, then the so-called "all kinds of gems have different magnetic fields and can be transported and treated by radiation" is even more ridiculous. Liu said that in order to improve the appearance of some gems, high-energy electron accelerators can be used for radiation treatment to activate trace elements into isotopes, thus changing colors and raising their prices. For example, light blue and inexpensive topaz can be turned into very expensive natural aquamarine after radioactive treatment. However, some of this irradiated ore can only be worn after a year and a half of decay, and its radioactivity is reduced to a safe dose that the human body can bear. Some of them need three to five years or even longer to meet the requirements of human security. If the gem fails to pass the radioactive safety test, it will be harmful to the body when worn.
Five virtues of jade: jade has five virtues: benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage and cleanliness. Modern jade carvings are divided into southern school and northern school. The Southern School, represented by Yangzhou, is characterized by delicate images. The northern faction, represented by Beijing, is characterized by rough and imposing manner. The beauty of jade is obviously different from that of diamonds and colored gems. The beauty of diamonds is hard, clear and bright, the beauty of colored gems lies in its gorgeous appearance, and the beauty of jade lies in its delicacy, gentleness and elegance. Alternative explanation: uncut jade. History of Han Dynasty Biography of the Western Regions in Khotan Kingdom: To the east, water flows to the east, salt is injected, and rivers flow out. Rich in jade. Note: Jade is the essence of jade. Stone is like jade. China is rich in jade, such as white jade in Xinjiang, jadeite in Yunnan, agate and Xiuyan in Northeast China, turquoise in Hubei, crystals in Taiwan Province Province and Hainan Island, dense jade in Henan, pink jade in Beijing, fossil in Hangzhou and agate in Nanjing, all of which are famous raw materials for jade making.
Identification of jade:
First of all, we should read carefully and read more monographs on ancient jade. These academic works are rich in knowledge. For example, The Examination of Ancient Jade in the late Qing Dynasty, The Complete Works of China Fine Arts Jade edited by contemporary editors, The History of Jade Edited by editors, The Discrimination of Ancient Jade edited by Hong, etc. Secondly, direct contact is very important. The real ancient jade has a long history, heavy feel, soft and smooth appearance, natural color, neat knife work and moist patina. Xinyu doesn't have these feelings. Antique jade appeared in the Song Dynasty. At that time, someone forged chicken blood with rainbow grass. After the Qing Dynasty, there were more and more fakes, and unprecedented creations appeared, such as "dog jade", "sheep jade" and "wind jade", which attracted people to be fooled. The quality of jadeite is generally judged from five aspects: texture, hardness, transparency, specific gravity and color. The texture of jade refers to the delicate and moist degree of jade. One of the differences between jade and stone is that jade is delicate, moist and hard, translucent and glossy as fat; Stone, on the other hand, is rough and dry, lacking luster and opaque. Hardness refers to the ability of jade to resist external forces (such as pressing, engraving and grinding). The higher the hardness, the more difficult it is to process and the better the quality of jade. Although the hardness index of jade can be known by detecting its internal crystal structure with instruments, the method of scraping hardness is generally used in operation. The hardness of common jade in China is between 4 and 6 degrees, which is higher than copper and lower than glass. In other words, jade may not be able to carve marks on glass. People often distinguish gems, jade and colored stones according to their hardness. Generally speaking, the Mohs hardness of gemstones is above 7, such as diamonds, rubies, sapphires and jadeites, but Opal gemstones are an exception, with Mohs hardness of 5.5; The Mohs hardness of high hardness jade is between 6 and 7.5, such as Hetian jade, Nanyang jade and jadeite. The hardness of low-hardness jade is 4-6, such as turquoise and jadeite (the hardness of some serpentine jade is lower, as low as 2.5). The minerals below 4 are generally not called jade, but called colored stones. In addition to describing hardness, there is also a hardness standard called compressive hardness, or indentation hardness, that is, absolute hardness, which refers to the ability to resist external impact, and is also called toughness in the jade industry. The highest compressive hardness in nature is black diamond, marked as 10 degree, followed by Hetian jade, with compressive hardness of 9 degrees, jadeite, ruby and sapphire of 8 degrees, diamond, crystal and aquamarine of 7-7.5 degrees and so on. On the other hand, the compressive hardness of Hetian jade is 1000, that of jadeite jade is 500, that of Xiuyu jade is 250, and that of agate is only 5. Hetian jade has such high toughness because its crystal distribution is woven like a blanket, and the intermolecular force is very large. In practice, a jade craftsman usually looks at jade by observing craters. Generally, he cuts a small piece, breaks it with a small hammer, and observes the fracture, which is glassy compared with strength and toughness. Jade with strong toughness is not easy to break, even if it does, the fracture is uneven; The fracture of glassy jade is called "bright slag" through bright section, which is similar to shell shape. Jade, which is between toughness and glassy, is usually called "bad" and "meat", and its slag mouth is granular, parallel bundle, needle and so on. Through this observation, we can also observe whether jade has cleavage characteristics. If there is cleavage or crack, the jade will break in the direction of cleavage or crack when knocking. It can be seen that Hetian jade, a kind of jade with excellent toughness, has very strong plasticity during processing. Among the gems with the same Mohs hardness or higher, Hetian jade will never crack when carving, so its texture is delicate, moist and shiny. Of course, toughness and hardness will also be affected by jade impurities, and impurities can also be understood by measuring toughness and hardness. This is a major factor that determines the use of a piece of jade. For example, jade magazine is not strict in making jade mountain seeds and utensils, but it requires pure and uniform jade materials when making jewelry. The hardness of jade is one of the important criteria for identifying jade, and the luster of gem is also the basic criterion for identifying the authenticity and grade of gem. Generally speaking, the luster of gems can be simply divided into "strong light", "burning light", "flash" and "weak light". But light is the strongest brightness, and people must squint. For example, the polished diamond total reflection surface has such brightness; Burning brightness is also very high, dazzling and high-hardness gems generally have burning brightness after polishing; Flash is the brightness of ordinary glass, which is divided into strong flash and weak flash. Jade with high hardness is generally strong flash, while jade with low hardness is weak flash. However, the light intensity of the stone surface with lower hardness is weak after polishing. In addition to brightness, luster is also one of the identification characteristics of gems. It is also divided into four categories: semi-metallic luster with refractive index between 2.6 and 3, such as goethite; Diamond luster, with refractive index between 1.9-2.6, such as diamond; The refractive index of glass luster is between 1.3- 1.9, such as jadeite; Grease luster, like animal fat, the most famous is the sheep fat white jade in Hetian jade. Every specific gem has a specific refractive index, and it is difficult to keep consistent with it under various conditions such as hardness, density, refractive index and brightness. Therefore, through the identification of these standards, the identity and initial value of gems can be confirmed. At present, fake jade synthesized from jade powder by artificial high pressure has appeared in the market, and its color and hardness are similar to Hetian jade, so we should be especially careful when identifying it. The real ancient jade includes soil infiltration, lime infiltration, mercury infiltration, corpse blood infiltration, cinnabar infiltration, copper infiltration, surface oxide layer and so on. Some of the fake mud spots are fried, some are baked by fire, and some are etched by chemicals. It is important to find out the differences and differences between true and false products in color, luster, thickness and so on. The scribed lines on the jade surface have different sections such as V-shape, semicircle and U-shape, and U-shape is an important feature of modern processing. Carved lines, notches and shiny surfaces are true in color and patina. The phenomenon of hair cracking on both sides of the line gap is the characteristic of modern "machinists"
First of all, Shuibei's jewelry market is located between Tianbei Station (exit F) and Shuibei Station (exit B),