Located at the eastern foot of Dayu Mountain, Zhaoling in Ming Dynasty is the tomb of Mu Zong Zhu Zaihou, the 12th emperor of Ming Dynasty, and his three empresses. It is the first large-scale restoration cemetery in the Ming Tombs at present, and it is also one of the tourist attractions officially opened in the cemetery.
The life of the tomb owner
(A) Ming Muzong Zhu Zaihou
Zhu Zaihou, the third son of Sejong Zhu Hou, was born in the palace in the 16th year of Jiajing (1537). /kloc-was crowned as Yu Wang in February of 0/8, and succeeded to the throne in February of 45/kloc-0, and was renamed as "Qin Long" the following year. Qin Long lived for six years (1572) and died in Gan Qing Palace on May 26th at the age of 36. Qiaozhi "Qi Tianlong Daoyuan Yi Kuan Renxian Wu Wenguang Chunde Hongdi Xiao Zhuang" was buried in Zhaoling on September 19.
Zhu Zaihou has eight brothers, none of whom are independent. His brothers, Prince Ai Chong and Prince Zhuang Jing, will be introduced later. Mu Zong ranked third, born to the filial piety Emperor Du Taihou (Kang Fei was born in the fifteenth year of Jiajing, and Mu Zong became the Queen Mother after he acceded to the throne). There are five younger brothers, the eldest brother Wang Zhu Zaizhen, born to Lu, and the same age. He was crowned king in January of the eighteenth year of Jiajing, and died in Wang Fu, Dean (Anlu, Hubei) in forty-four years. The second brother Ying was born to Wang Zhuzai and Jiang Sufei. The third brother, the King of Qi Huai Zhu Zaixiang, was born to Zhao Yifei. The fourth brother, Ai Ji Wang Zhu Zahi, was born in Chen Yongfei; All five brothers miss Wang Zhuzhai and Zhao (all four kings died before their first birthdays).
According to the etiquette of the Ming Dynasty, after the death of Ai Chong and Zhuang Jing, Mu Zong should be appointed as the Prince. However, Sejong thinks that Mu Zong's two brothers died prematurely after being made a prince, so they dare not make a prince again. As a result, his half-brother, relying on his mother Lu, was favored by Emperor Sejong and sometimes wanted to seize the crown prince. At that time, there were many discussions between the monarch and the minister. Sejong ordered King Jing to be a vassal of De 'an in Jiajing forty years. Four years later, King Jing died. Sejong said to Xu Jie, a great scholar: My son has always wanted to win the throne, and now he has finally died.
At the beginning of Mu Zong's reign, there was a rather frugal trip. In the handling of state affairs, Mu Zongchu entered the political arena, and there was no lack of revitalization. Faced with the serious financial crisis and unstable factors left by Sejong dynasty, he trusted Fang Li, a decent eunuch in the palace, and appointed some outstanding politicians such as Xu Jie, Gao Gong and Zhang among the ministers, which made North Korea's politics have a new improvement.
At the beginning of his administration, when Xu Jie, the cabinet record, was drafting the Letter of Sejong and the Imperial edict of Mu Zong's Acceding to the throne, he proposed to rehabilitate the officials who were convicted of advising (advising the emperor) during the Jiajing period, and handed over the alchemist who had been in trouble with Sejong to the Ministry of Justice for punishment, stopping fasting activities, weaving, buying jewelry and spices and other useless actions. In the forty-third year of Jiajing (1560) After the implementation of these popular measures, "the favor of the ruling and opposition parties" played a certain role in eliminating all kinds of disadvantages of Sejong dynasty.
After Mu Zong ascended the throne, although he was promoted politically, he got used to the palace life. The early political beauty lasted less than a year, and he was intoxicated with the pleasures of the harem.
He ignored the empty national treasury and depressed people's livelihood at that time, and brought Taicang silver into the inner government many times. He also ordered the Ministry to buy opal, jade and all kinds of jewelry everywhere and build palaces on a large scale. During his six years in office, he ordered hundreds of thousands of silver coins.
In the palace, three eunuchs, Teng Xiang, Meng Chong and Chen Hong, "tried to decorate their unique skills to please the emperor". Eunuch Li Fang protested, but Mu Zong dismissed him. Empress Chen was expelled from the palace for remonstrance. Ministers also protested in succession, but Mu Zong just wouldn't listen, and many people were cut off by court staff.
Mu Zong indulged in debauchery and fun all day and was tired of imperial politics. He didn't go to court for many years and didn't want to go out of the palace to observe the people's feelings.
Fortunately, several cabinet ministers during Qin Long's administration, such as Xu Jie, Gao Gong and Zhang, were quite successful politicians. Emperor Mu Zong was not interested in state affairs, but he was able to adopt the opinions of the cabinet. Therefore, although Qin Long's rule was short and did not form a "prosperous time", it also greatly eased a series of political crises left over by the Sejong dynasty.
(2) Li, Queen of Xiaoyi Village
Li, the queen of Xiaoyi Zhuang, was born in Changping, Beijing, and was the daughter of Li Ming, a hundred families in the Royal Guards (later a powerful woman, a thousand officials in the Royal Guards, and Feng Depingbo). In September of the thirty-first year of Jiajing (1552), Sejong sent a message to the Ministry of Rites, saying that the third son of the emperor (that is, the fourth son of the emperor (King Jing) had grown up and it was reasonable to get married, and ordered all unmarried women aged 14 to 16 in Beijing to be sent to Erwangguan for selection. Three days later, the Ministry of Ritual was invited to select 1200 good women. Li was chosen as Princess Jade, temporarily staying in the palace, and the wedding was held in February of the following year. The official book was Princess Jade.
Two years after marriage, Li gave birth to his eldest daughter, and the emperor was resurrected in the first month of Jiajing thirty-six years, and died on April 13th of Jiajing thirty-seven years. Emperor Sejong made funeral regulations for his relatives. In July of the same year, he was buried in Fengyukou, Jinshan, Jingxi. After Mu Zong acceded to the throne, she became the Queen of Xiaoyi in posthumous title in February of the first year of Qin Long (1567). In July of the sixth year of Qin Long, Zongshen was honored as "the filial queen, the obedient Hui Zhen, and the fragrant Ren Li" and moved to Zhaoling.
(3) Filial piety queen Chen
Chen, the empress of Xiao 'an, is a native of Tongzhou, Beijing, and the daughter of imperial academy (after Chen Zhongxuan's concubine, she was given the command of all the soldiers and horses in Midtown, and then she was given the deputy thousand households of Royal Guards and Gu Anbo). In the thirty-seventh year of Jiajing (1558), she was chosen as the concubine of Yu Wang, and in the first year of Qin Long (1567), she was made the queen.
Chen Wuzi was ill and left out in the cold. In two years, he indulged in debauchery, admonished him and ordered him to move to the palace. In the third year of Qin Long, in the first month, the Imperial City was visited by Zhan Yangbi, and the medical officer went out of the palace. The medical officer revealed the situation in the palace, saying that the queen lived in another palace and was seriously ill. Zhan Yangpi immediately went to the middle of Shu and said, "The empress was chosen by the late emperor for your majesty, the master of the ancestral temple and the country, and an example for all families to follow." . Now the queen has moved to another palace for nearly a year, so that depression has become a disease, but the emperor has never turned a blind eye. Once spread abroad in the future, wouldn't it be detrimental to the holiness of the emperor and be laughed at by the whole world? Please take back your command and let the queen go back to Kunning Palace to recuperate. But he said, "The Queen has been with Lian for many years and has never had children. Recently, she fell ill and moved to another palace in order to have a comfortable environment to recuperate. " . Wang Zhiyuan also gave advice to Mu Zong, but Mu Zong still stuck to his guns.
After Mu Zong's death, he succeeded to the throne, honored Queen Chen as "Empress Rensheng" and lived in Ciqing Palace. Wanli six years (1578), add "one truth" and ten years add "Kang Jing". In history, Zongshen was also very filial to this non-mother. As early as when he was a prince, Zongshen went to Fengxian Hall (the place where ancestors were worshipped in the palace) every morning. After meeting his parents, he always goes to greet Queen Chen. Queen Chen was very happy when she heard footsteps coming from. On July 13th, the 24th year of Wanli, Queen Chen died. Zong Shen was honored as "filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety, filial piety" and was buried in Zhaoling.
(4) Hou Xiao, Li
After filial piety, Li was born in Yongle Store, Tongzhou, and was her mother. At first, she was a maid-in-waiting, and in March of the first year of Qin Long (1567), she was made a royal concubine. In the first year of Wanli (1573), she was honored as "Empress Dowager Cixi" by Zongshen and died on February 9, the 42nd year of Wanli.
Ming Zhaoling Palace Architecture
(a) Zuling Sun Yong, Dayu buried Mu Zong.
In the sixth year of Qin Long (1572), Mu Zong died in Gan Qing Palace on May 26th.
Wang Xilie, the left assistant minister of does, went to Tianshou Mountain to choose the mausoleum for Mu Zong. He chose Tan Yuling on the left side of Yongling (where Deling is now located). In June of the same year, Zhang Hejian, a university student, was ordered to inspect the mausoleum area after the enthronement ceremony. Zhang Dui said: Death is a great event, and the geomantic theory of finding a tomb is very subtle. If something is important, you should consider it carefully when dealing with it; If the reason is subtle, we should collect public opinions so as to do it just right. He suggested referring to the example of selecting Yongling during Jiajing period, and sending two ministers of the Ministry of Rites and Industry, one is a Taoist official, and the other is a Qin official who is familiar with geography, yin and yang. And then recommend one of the courtiers who is good at geography and honest to visit together.
So Zongshen ordered Zhang Shouzhi, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, Zhu Da, the assistant minister of the right Ministry of Industry, Zhao Jin, the assistant minister of the left Ministry of Industry, Liu Shude, Yang Jiaxiang, the Jiangxi suggestion, Yi Ke, the director of the Ministry of Industry, and other officials to accompany Zhang Youtian Shoushan. After returning home, at the suggestion of Zhang and others, it was decided to use Dayu Mountain as the site of the mausoleum.
Why did you choose Tan Yuling instead of Dayu Mountain? According to the analysis of the historical background at that time, there are two reasons.
First of all, the "Feng Shui" of Dayushan is better than that of Tan Yuling. Zhang once described Dayushan like this. He said, "Surrounded by mountains and rivers ... the land of heaven and earth is the real residence of the emperor." However, Tan Yuling is considered unlucky by many people. For example, cool powder once said that it was a "lonely peak, with mountains in the water, uneven." He also said that "the main mountain is steep and has no pulse." The Deling built there is "the left shoulder is affected by the wind of the north and the east, and the right shoulder is affected by the wind of the west and the north". By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, although there were cases where the theory of "Feng Shui" was no longer too particular, it was reasonable to try to choose the right time for burial.
Second, Zhang is a pragmatic politician. Dayushan has a ready-made Xuan Palace and some ground buildings. With a little construction, the cemetery can be completed with twice the effort, saving time, effort and money.
Why are there ready-made Gong Xuan buildings in Dayu Mountain? This also needs to review the history of some Sejong dynasties.
In the 16th year of Zheng De's reign (152 1), in March, Zhu Houzhao, a dissolute military leader, died in his den, the Leopard Room. Since Wuzong had no children, Prince Zhu Houzong of Xingxian (cousin of Wuzong) succeeded to the throne, namely Emperor Sejong.
After Emperor Sejong ascended the throne, after the dispute of "great discussion ceremony", in October of the sixteenth year, his father Zhu Youti was honored as the king and his mother Chiang Kai-shek as the queen. In April of the third year of Jiajing (1524), he worshipped his father as Emperor Gao Gong and his mother as Empress Zhang Sheng. In the same year, the mausoleum temple was renovated, and the recommended number was "Fairy Spirit". In September, in order to please Sejong, some ministers proposed that Xian Di, who was buried in Anlu Xianling (now Zhongxiang County) in Hubei Province, be buried in Tianshou Mountain, which was exactly what Sejong wanted. He ordered the Ministry of Industry to handle the matter. Minister Zhao Huang thinks it is impossible to rebury. The reasons are: the imperial examination is inviolable; Beautiful mountains and rivers, can not be lightly discharged; The country is fundamental and cannot act rashly. He advocated not moving the fairy to Tianshou Mountain, just as Emperor Taizong did not move the imperial tomb, and Emperor Taizong (that is, Cheng Zu) did not move the Xiaoling Mausoleum. Ministers such as Shangshu, Xishu, etc. of the Ministry of Rites also strongly opposed it, so Sejong had to give up.
More than ten years later, the mother of Sejong, Empress Dowager Zhang Sheng, died in December of the seventeenth year of Jiajing. Sejong suddenly wrote a letter to build a tomb in Tianshou Mountain, intending to bury his parents together in Tianshou Mountain. He personally went to Tianshou Mountain to choose the mausoleum site. Seeing that Dayu Mountain was a good place to build a mausoleum, he immediately ordered Hou Guoxun of Wuding and Jiang Yao, Minister of Industry, to improve the service for internal and external personnel and start building a mausoleum. He also ordered Xia Yan, a university student, and Yan Song, an official of the Ministry of Rites, to make a picture of Zigong Kaihuang Map, and made comments on the moving instrument. Soon, sejong changed his mind again. He said: "I think about the matter of moving the tomb in the middle of the night. The emperor has been in Tibet for 20 years. Once exposed to the dust, he will be shaken off the road and feel uneasy. " I want to take my mother, Empress Zhang Sheng, to the mausoleum in the southern suburbs. He ordered the Royal Guards to send Zhao Jun to Hubei Fairy Spirit, open the Xuan Palace and inspect ouchi. But it is reported that there is water in the mysterious palace. Therefore, Sejong personally went to the apparition and ordered the reconstruction of the Xuangong for burial. Sejong passed Yao's mother's grave on his way back to Beijing. He had a brainwave and wanted to imitate the story that Yao's parents were buried in a different tomb. Instead of removing his father's coffin, he buried his mother in Dayu Mountain. In the eighteenth year of Jiajing (1539), he personally went to Dayu Mountain to see the Ling Gong, saying, "The valley is desolate and desolate, as perfect as Chunde Mountain (the mountain behind the fairy), so it is absolutely necessary to put forward to serve the southern part of Cigong Mountain before using it." Due to the uncertainty and impermanence of Sejong, after many twists and turns, the newly built Xuan Palace was empty. Mu Zong didn't build Shougong in advance, so he just used Shougong.
In July of the 6th year of Qin Long (1572), Zhu Heng, Minister of Industry, came back from the construction site and described the situation of Xuangong to Zongshen. He said that the Xuan Palace built by the Emperor Su for Ruizu (the name of the Emperor's Hall was "Zong Rui") was "purple and clean, just like a" greenhouse ". Zongshen was very happy to hear this and immediately ordered the department of rites to agree to introduce it. On August 22nd, Li's coffin was buried in Zhaoling, and on September 19, her coffin was also buried in Zhaoling. It was the first time in the Ming Dynasty to bury the queen with a mysterious palace built by others like this.
(2) Two starts cost millions.
On June 15th, the 6th year of Qin Long (1572), Zongshen imperial edict built a mausoleum in Dayushan, and started a large-scale ground construction project. Zhu Heng, minister of the Ministry of Industry, was appointed as the governor of Shanling affairs, Zhao Jin, assistant minister of the left Ministry of Industry, was responsible for supervising the construction of wood and stone, Xiong Ruda, assistant minister of the right Ministry of Industry, and Zhou Xuan, eunuch of Neigong, were responsible for the construction of the project. In addition, Zhu, the left commander of the Royal Guards, and the secretary of the Royal Guards were also on the scene to supervise the work.
The project progressed very rapidly, and in just one year, the Zhaoling project was all over. To this end, God gave Zhu Heng, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, and others a number of silver coins, and also allowed the son of Lang Xiongru to study in imperial academy.
However, many things happen, because the construction is not careful, only one year later, the cemetery building has the problem of foundation settlement. In July of the second year of Wanli (1574), Tao Jin, the supervisor of Jingu Palace in Zhaoling, said, "Since June, it has rained for two days, and the masonry inside and outside the gate of this tomb has subsided." Wang Shuling, director of the Ministry of Industry, ordered the inspection and came back in line with Tao Jin. He also said that the temple, Ming Lou and Baocheng were not damaged. As a result, the Ministry of Industry also reported that the mausoleum is an important place, and the accident occurred less than one year after the completion of Dingling, so both domestic and foreign management officials should investigate and deal with it. Zhang, assistant minister, also cited the example of water leakage in Hubei Xianling Temple Pavilion, punished the management officials and demanded an investigation. Therefore, Zongshen criticized Wang Shuling's echo, saying that the mausoleum is an important place. How can it be said that subsidence is not important? He also decided to question Zhou Xuan, the eunuch of the prefect project, Guo Quangen, the left supervisor, Yi, the foreman, the foreign minister and Wang Xuan, the official craftsman.
Before the matter was over, Wu, an engineering teacher, said, "There are a lot of depressions in the gates and temples of Lungen, and the collapse and damage of masonry in Baocheng are even more worrying." So he immediately ordered Chen, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry, and Hu Ruqin, who was in charge of the matter, to go again. When I came back, I reported that the cemetery was seriously sunken, and the square walls of Singpen and Lungen Temple had different degrees of subsidence and flash, which was far from what Tao Jin and Wang Shuling played. Zongshen Lanzuo was very angry and immediately ordered Douchayuan to join the Ministry of Industry to participate in the accident. This time, the punishment was more severe than last time. Zhou Xuan, each demoted by three levels, was relieved of the post of steward. Xiong Ruda became an official, had a crown, lived a leisurely life, and went out of business gracefully; Easy, each drop three levels, transferred from work; Wait for the legal department to ask again; Zhu Heng took Shangshu as an official; Four supervisors, including Yang Junqing, were downgraded, and Guo Yuanxiang's salary was reduced for half a year; Ma Lu and other legal departments asked questions.
Tao Jin was exempted from false reporting because the reporting time was one month different from that of Chen and Hu, during which the heavy rain continued and the subsidence increased one after another.
Due to the serious subsidence of Ling 'en Gate, Ling 'en Hall and Zhaoling City Wall, in the first month of the third year of Wanli (1575), we had to appoint Zuo Shilang Chen and other magistrates to rebuild Zhaoling. In July, the palace bell ended.
Because Zhaoling started construction many times, it took a lot of manpower and material resources. When construction started for the first time (referring to the ground building), the Ministry of Industry counted the money and grain used in the construction in October of the first year of Wanli, counting 390,932 taels of treasury silver, not including the silver used for planting trees in Shenmu and other three factories, the silver used for brick in Baicheng of Datong Bridge Factory, the silver used for depreciation stone in Dashiwo and other factories, and the silver used for military grain hired by household soldiers. In December of the first year of Wanli, the factory inspection library of the Engineering Department presented beams and so on. The amount of money and food used to build Zhaoling. In addition to the above-mentioned practical silver from the Ministry of Industry, there is also the silver from Hubing No.2 Department1119, totaling 50 105O. Among them; The company uses silver 204422, Yuheng 13 145, Dushui1kloc-0/8854, and wasteland 164628.
The amount of silver used in the second repair is not clearly recorded in the literature. However, according to the records of Xi in the Ming Dynasty, the silver used to build * * * was 654.38+500,000 yuan. This is not to mention the cost of building Gong Xuan during Jiajing period. If you count the expenses of Ling camp during Jiajing period, the total cost is at least 2 million taels, which is almost equivalent to the total fiscal revenue of Qin Long (Qin Long's annual income is about 2.3 million taels). Because the construction of Zhaoling needs huge funds and food, the Ministry of Industry is extremely short of treasury. In August of the second year of Wanli, Zhuozhou Bridge was repaired, but the Ministry of Industry could not afford the money and the Ministry of War could not send military craftsmen. Therefore, assistant minister Zhang had to ask Emperor Wanli to let his mother donate money to hire someone to build it.
Characteristics and restoration of cemetery buildings
(1) The system of "dumb houses" began in the Ming Tombs.
The mausoleum system of Zhaoling is of medium scale among the Ming Tombs. Its Shinto is about 2 kilometers long, separated from the north to the west by the seven-hole bridge of Changling Shinto. There are five empty stone bridges and one empty stone bridge on the way. There is a stele pavilion near the mausoleum, and there are three empty stone bridges behind the pavilion. Gong Ling Building is 38 degrees east of south, covering an area of about 34,600 square meters. Its overall layout is also round in front. There are two courtyards in front of Baocheng, and the underground passage of Fangcheng is a straight way forward and backward. The regulations of five halls with three halls are similar to those of Thailand and Kangzhuling.
The biggest feature of Zhaoling is that it took the lead in forming a complete "dumb courtyard" system. The Ming tombs extend from the fairy to the Six Mausoleums around Kangling. The soil sealing of Baocheng started from the circular drainage ditch of Baocheng, and its shape naturally swelled. "Changping Landscape" is recorded as "the tunnel is flat, the treasure city is small, and the burial is half filled". Zhaoling is different. The surrounding soil of Baocheng is particularly full, almost as high as Baocheng Wall. There is a cylindrical rammed earth tomb in the middle. The front of the enclosure is blocked by curved brick walls, which are connected with the inner walls of Baocheng Wall on both sides of Fangcheng, forming a closed crescent-shaped courtyard, commonly known as "dumb courtyard", and the crescent-shaped wall outside the courtyard is called "Crescent City".
The drainage system of Baocheng sealing soil is also very particular. Baocheng is in the form of low before and high after, and the surrounding soil in the city is high outside. Inside Baocheng, there is a concave brick washbasin, and two square wells on the left and right sides are slightly in front. The well is covered with a water grate with leaking holes, and the underground drainage ditch leads to the drainage channels on both sides of the dumb house. Whenever heavy rain falls, the rainwater in the city can be discharged smoothly from the drainage ditches on both sides of the dumb courtyard, effectively ensuring the dryness of the sealed soil above the Xuan Palace.
The glazed screen wall behind Fangcheng has also changed from the way that the tombs of Tai and Kang were built against the wall to the way that they were half embedded in the wall.
The treasure city of Zhaoling is more exquisite and spectacular than Tai and Kang. Then, why did Zhaoling adopt this form of "dumb courtyard"? This should also start with the matter of raising soil in Zhaoling Baocheng. According to Ming Shenzong, on May 15th, the 9th year of Wanli (158 1), the Ministry of Industry wrote a letter to the throne. He said, "It has been forty-two years since the eighteenth year of Jiajing. Not too long, but still lost eight. " He also put forward six suggestions for Zongshen's approval. After watching the play, Zong Shen wrote: "Why hasn't the reclamation of the Royal Zubao City been completed for more than 40 years?" Because this project is very important, if we use Ling Jun and Ban Jun, it will be delayed for several months, and we will not finish the game in the end. We will recruit according to the proposed paragraphs and report on time. "He added," When we went to pay a visit to the mausoleum, we saw that Baocheng in Zhaoling was also short of height and thickness, and we are improving it as a whole, so we are not allowed to muddle through. "In this way, Yong and Zhao Erling treasure city loess were cultivated at the same time, and ministers were afraid of being accused of' muddling along', so they naturally cultivated according to the same regulations. This is the reason why Baoding in Zhaoling is the same as Yongling, but different from Chang, Xian, Jing and Taiwan. The relationship between the retaining wall, drainage system and wall form in front of the tomb and Baocheng and Fangcheng should be reconsidered because of the high cultivation of the surrounding soil, thus forming the first "dumb courtyard" in the mausoleum area. Because the retaining wall in front of the tomb is greatly increased, this shape can not only meet the needs of loess filling in Baocheng under the mode of Yongling, but also make the tunnel under Fangcheng and the left and right arch from Baocheng to Minglou continue to be used without being buried by soil seal. This way of crescent city dumb courtyard was adopted by later Qing Dynasty and German tombs.
Some people may ask, is the Crescent City and the Dumb House in Zhaoling an original design or an original innovation?
Judging from the historical background of the construction of Zhaoling, it will not be like this. Because from the perspective of the regulation of the whole mausoleum building, Zhaoling was built according to the tombs in Hekang, Thailand. In addition, when Zhaoling was completed, it was the reign of the famous politician Zhang in the middle of Ming Dynasty. Entrusted by the filial queen Li, Zhang assisted the young emperor and was determined to change this malpractice with a pragmatic spirit. Although he was very serious about the construction of the first emperor's mausoleum, he would never spend his energy on the innovation of the mausoleum system. Because this kind of innovation will only increase the amount of work and increase the cost. At that time, Zhang was doing everything possible to consider how to increase revenue and reduce expenditure and save all aspects of the country's financial expenditure. This can also be seen from the contents of Zhu Heng, a senior minister of the Ministry of Industry who served in Qin Long for six years in July. According to Zongshen's Oracle, the construction of Zhaoling "should not be simple because of its ugliness, should not be frugal with its relatives, and should not waste money. It can be seen that the "dumb courtyard" in Zhaoling was formed under the influence of an accidental factor.
(2) Damaged cemeteries and their restoration and opening.
After the demise of Ming Dynasty, Zhaoling was destroyed twice. 1644, the Ming building was burned by the war; In the thirty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1695), it rained cats and dogs, and the Lingen Hall and Lingen Hall were struck by lightning and caught fire. Mausoleum soldiers did their best to save only two Lingen halls, which were completely burned down. With the passage of time, during the Qianlong period, two temples and Lingen Gate were destroyed one after another.
During the fifty to fifty-two years of Qianlong (1785- 1787), the Qing government renovated the Ming Tombs to ease ethnic conflicts. Zhaoling is also under repair. From the analysis of the site, there were only three velvet-trimming projects at that time: Minglou, Lingenmen and Lingentang. This reconstruction made the cemetery system more complete, but changed the original building regulations.
According to the system of Ming dynasty, the archways of Ming-style buildings are all upturned, with seven arches on the upper eaves and five arches on the lower eaves. However, after renovation, Zhaoling has become a single upturned, single upturned and five-step bucket arch. A stone coupon roof was added to the Ming-style building.
Although the reconstruction times of Moen Gate and Ling 'en Temple have not changed much, the scale has been reduced. Ling 'en Temple, originally five (30.38m) wide and four (16.77m) deep; After the reconstruction in Qing dynasty, the area and width remained unchanged, but the scale was reduced to 23.3 meters. The depth was changed to three rooms, and the scale was reduced to11.92m.. Lungen Gate, the original three-room width (18.44m) and two-room depth (8.04 m); After the reconstruction in Qing Dynasty, the width was reduced to12.52m and the depth to 6.77m.. Although the two temples in the mausoleum and the Shengde Pavilion in front of the mausoleum have not been rebuilt, the ruins have also been demolished. Only one Yu Zhou wall was built on the old pavilion base around the stone tablet. Since then, it has not been repaired for 200 years. In the past, the magnificent cemetery buildings were desolate, leaving only broken Ming buildings and mausoleum walls.
In order to strengthen the protection and utilization of cultural relics, open up new tourist attractions and enrich tourism contents, with the approval of relevant departments, the Ming Tombs Special Zone began preparations for the restoration project of Zhaoling in June 1985, and officially started construction in April 1987. The main renovation works include: replacing the wooden frame structure and tile decoration of Ming buildings, and repairing and building Lingen Hall, Lingen Gate, two temples, Shen Gong Shengde Monument Pavilion, Sacrifice Pavilion, Divine Chef and Divine Library. 1August, 990, all the works except the sacrificial pavilion, the god kitchen and the god library were completed. 1 September, it was officially opened to the public as a tourist attraction. 1992, the sacrificial pavilion, the god kitchen and the god library were also completed. According to "Scenery of Changping": "There are buting pavilions, five halls, three compartments, a pavilion and a blood pool on the left and right sides of the En Gate of the Ming Tombs. There are yellow tiles around the walls, but Changling has only one pavilion and no hall. "The situation of site cleaning shows that the regulations of Zhaoling sacrifice pavilion, kitchen and library are consistent with the literature records. Among them, the fifth hall is the main kitchen room and the compartment is the library. " Ming Hui Dian records that there were "two or left" tombs before Zhaoling, while Zhaoling had two. The rebuilt Zhaoling building is magnificent and has the characteristics of a complete mausoleum system. There is also a "Ming Zhaoling Autumn Restoration Exhibition" in Lingentang.
The Zhaoling Stone Bridge and the newly rebuilt Shengde Monument Pavilion reproduce the grand occasion of rich offerings and complete musical instruments in the temple during the autumn festival in Ming Dynasty. There are "Historical Exhibitions of Empress Zhaoling in Ming Dynasty" and "Historical Exhibitions of Imperial Tombs in Ming Dynasty" in the left and right halls, respectively. This paper introduces the burial of Emperor Qin Long and three Empresses Xiaoyi, Xiao 'an and Ding Xiao in Zhaoling, as well as the burial regulations of nobles and concubines in Ming Dynasty.
Tang Zhaoling
Zhaoling is the mausoleum of Li Shimin (599-649) of Emperor Taizong, located in Jiuyi Mountain, Liquan County, northwest of Xi, and the largest of the "Eighteen Tombs of Tang Dynasty" in Guanzhong. Zhaoling was built in the tenth year of Zhenguan (636) to bury the eldest grandson, who was asked to be buried because of the mountain situation before her death. The mausoleum was built on the mountain, which was the first time that the imperial mausoleum was built on the mountain in the Tang Dynasty. There are more than 200 fan-shaped tombs in front of the tomb, including the tombs of kings and princesses in the early Tang Dynasty and the tombs of heroes such as Wei Zhi, Excavate, Li Shiji, Fang and Weichi Gong. The famous relief of "Six Horses in Zhaoling" was originally placed on the east and west sides of Sima Gate, an altar in the north of the cemetery. Now four of them are displayed in the forest of steles in Xi 'an, and the other two live in the United States. Zhaoling Museum was built in 1979. Zhaoling is a national key cultural relic protection unit.