People who have been to Tibet and those who have never been to Tibet are amused, only to know that Tibetans are famous for butter tea. A cup of rich butter tea reflects the living habits and ethnic customs of Tibetans. There is such a legend about ghee.
According to legend, during the Tang Dynasty in China, the relationship between Europe, China and Tibet was good and the frontier was stable, which had a lot to do with Princess Wencheng's marriage to the frontier and her invasion of Tibet. When Princess Wencheng went to Tibet, it was very popular to have soup and tea with Han people. In Princess Wencheng's rich and huge village, there are countless gold, silver, jewels and silks and satins. Princess Wencheng likes drinking tea, so she took many famous teas to Tibet.
When Princess Wencheng first entered Tibet, she didn't adapt to the cold climate here, especially to the Tibetan people's habit of mainly eating meat and eating more fishy food. To this end, she often frowned and did not think about tea and rice. For a long time, she was not used to meaty meals, nor to the taste of cattle, sheep and milk. Later, she came up with an idea, that is, at breakfast, she would drink half a cup of milk first and then half a cup of tea, so that she would feel more comfortable. Later, for convenience, I simply put tea and milk together to drink.
Over time, I got into the habit of adding some milk and sugar to my tea. This is original milk tea.
Princess Wencheng's practice gradually aroused the imitation of court officials. Princess Wencheng often entertained relatives and friends with milk tea last time. From the imperial palace to the Tibetan residential areas, people quickly imitated Princess Wencheng. There was a time when drinking tea was popular, and people even thought that Princess Wencheng's beauty was related to drinking tea. In order to meet the growing demand of the court and Tibetans for tea, the princess also suggested using various Tibetan native products, such as cattle and sheep, fur and velvet antler, in exchange for tea in the mainland. In the long-term experience of drinking tea, people gradually realize the beauty of drinking tea, which can not only refresh the mind, but also get rid of greasy, which is especially important for Tibetans who are mainly meat. At the same time, in order to increase the taste and fun of drinking tea, the clever princess also added pine nuts and butter. When cooking tea, sugar or salt is added according to people's preferences, so butter tea is made. Now, this harmony with butter tea has spread all over Tibetan residential areas. As long as you come to Tibet, you will see a set of special butter tea barrels and a set of exquisite tea sets in any Tibetan family. The hospitable host will provide delicious butter tea and crisp cakes. Perhaps in addition to tasting butter tea, people will also hear the story of turning it into a princess drinking butter tea affectionately.
Ma Benzhai (190 1- 1944), whose scientific name is Shouqing, was born in Dongxinzhuang, xian county (now Benzhai East Village, Benzhai Hui Autonomous County, xian county, Hebei Province), a Hui nationality, and a famous anti-Japanese national hero. In the anti-Japanese struggle in the Central Hebei Plain, the Hui people's detachment led by Ma Benzhai repeatedly made outstanding achievements, and was called "an iron army that could not be defeated and delayed".
Ma Benzhai was smart since he was a child. He studied in a private school and studied literature and pen and ink. When he was a teenager, he went to the Northeast with his father and joined Feng Jun (Northeast Army). 1924 After graduating from Wujiangtang in Northeast China, he was promoted from a soldier to a colonel. 193 1 After the September 18th Incident, because of dissatisfaction with the warlord rule, he resolutely abandoned his official position and returned to his hometown to farm.
1On July 7, 937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out and Tianjin soon fell. The Japanese invaders went south and invaded North China on a large scale. Faced with my great rivers and mountains being trampled by Japanese invaders, Ma Benzhai was indignant and resolutely organized more than 70 young and middle-aged people in the village to form the "Hui Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army" and raised the anti-Japanese banner. At the beginning of 1938, Ma Benzhai got in touch with the Party, led a team to join the Jizhong guerrillas, organized as the Jizhong Hui Training Team, and joined the China * * * Production Party in June of the same year. Since then, he has served as the captain and commander-in-chief of the Hui nationality training team, commander of the Hui nationality detachment of the third column of the Eighth Route Army and commander of the Hui nationality detachment of the third division of the Hebei-Shandong-Henan Military Region. Under his leadership, the Hui detachments in central Hebei spread all over the central Hebei plain and moved to the Hebei-Shandong-Henan border region, creating brilliant achievements.
1939, the Japanese invaders swept across North China, and the Hui detachment led by Ma Benzhai moved to Hejian, Qingxian and Cangxian areas to help the "Hui Anti-Japanese National Construction Association" organize the Islamic detachment to carry out guerrilla warfare behind the enemy lines. During the Japanese invasion of China's sweeping of Jizhong base area, we cooperated with the main column of the Eighth Route Army and the 120 Division led by He Long and Guan Xiangying to wipe out bandits and arm the Sixth Road. Due to Ma Benzhai's active command and remarkable achievements, the Eighth Route Army Jizhong Military Region awarded Huimin detachment the banner of "invincible, invincible and indestructible iron army".
Destroy the Hui detachment in order to own Ma Benzhai. 194 1 autumn, the enemy surrounded Dongxinzhuang and took Ma Benzhai's mother. The enemy threatened Mamu to write a surrender letter to persuade his son to "submit to the imperial army" and enjoy "splendor and wealth", but Mamu was unyielding, denounced the Japanese crimes, exposed the enemy's conspiracy, went on a hunger strike and finally died gloriously. Knowing the news of her mother's sacrifice, Ma Benzhai wrote: "Although the great mother is still alive, she will continue to struggle!" "The motherland is my home and the party is my mother. For them, I am determined to give everything I have! "
/kloc-since the spring of 0/942, the enemy has frequently "cleaned up the countryside" and "mopped up" in the areas of Jianguo, Jiaohe and xian county, which has caused great difficulties to the Hui detachment. Ma Benzhai led troops to ambush and attack strongholds, and fought bravely. On May 6th, the Japanese aggressors assembled 50,000 troops and, under the command of Okamura Ningji, commander of the North China Dispatching Army, carried out an unprecedented "mopping up" of the Jizhong base area. Ma Benzhai was ordered to lead the troops to pierce the pocket array of the iron wall, cleverly jump out of the enemy's encirclement and successfully transfer to the Hebei-Shandong-Henan border region. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/944, Huimin detachment was ordered to move to Yan' an. However, the long-term war life made Ma Benzhai overworked and broke down from constant overwork, so he could not go out with the troops. In the harsh environment at that time, Ma Benzhai's illness became more and more serious, and he died in Shenxian County on February 7 at the age of 43.
On the way back to Yan 'an, the detachment learned that the commander had died, and everyone was in tears. Commander Yang Dezhi said: The death of Ma Benzhai is more important than Mount Tai. He is like a towering Kunlun; He is like a rolling river, and he is the pride of our party and army. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a memorial service for him in Yan 'an, and Ye Jianying, chief of general staff, spoke highly of his brilliant struggle experience and outstanding military command ability. Chairman Mao wrote "Comrade Ma Benzhai is immortal", Vice Chairman Zhou Enlai wrote "National Hero, Warrior of our Party", and Commander-in-Chief Zhu De wrote "The ambition cannot be changed, and Han Hui is a model for people of all ethnic groups; Immortality, mother and son heroes. " After the founding of New China, in recognition of the exploits of Ma Benzhai martyrs, the CPC Central Committee decided to name Dongxinzhuang, xian county, Hebei Province as "Benzhai Hui Autonomous Township" and buried the remains of martyrs in the Martyrs Cemetery of North China Military Region in Shijiazhuang for future generations to pay tribute to. Ma Benzhai martyr is not only the glory of Hui compatriots, but also the pride of the motherland!
Fairy tales of ethnic minorities
The myth of creation
The myth about the origin of everything in the world belongs to this category. For example, Helen Gege fills the sky, the creation of gods, and Bai Yunge all belong to this kind of myth. Bai Yungege tells the story that Bai Yungege, God's little daughter, stole a treasure box from heaven to build the earth and save the world. Baiyun Gege was in charge of the Jubao Hall in the sky, and found that the gods flooded the fields on earth. People, animals, birds and insects lost their living space and struggled on the water, so they stole the Wanbao box in the Jubao Hall and scattered it on the ground. Since then, the earth has formed hills and plains. The brave action of kind Gege angered the gods and sent the snow god to freeze the flowers and plants on the ground, and there was nowhere to hide. Finally, Bai became a birch tree. This myth not only explains the formation of the earth's mountains and rivers, but also shapes the image of a goddess who would rather die than surrender.
Myths about natural phenomena such as the formation of the sun, moon and stars.
Myths that explain the origin of the sun, moon and stars and natural phenomena such as wind, rain, thunder and electricity occupy an important position in Manchu mythology. Such as Tianchi, the legend of the sun and the moon, Asha Moon and Polaris all belong to this kind of myth. The legend of the sun and moon is a myth about the formation of the sun and the moon. Legend has it that when there is heaven and earth. The sky and the ground are dark and chaotic. The daughters of the two gods made 33,333 little Tories (magic mirrors) and threw them into the sky, so countless stars appeared in the sky. The two sisters picked up ten red and big shenhuo and shone on the ground. The sky brightened at once, and trees, people and animals on the ground could be seen clearly. Ten-flame Tory is like ten suns spinning in the sky, which makes people and everything on the ground unbearable. A wise man cuts down a big tree to make a bow, and uses linden bark and rattan as strings. One arrow hit eight flames, Tory, leaving only two. God was angry and separated the two daughters, telling them to hold Tory forever and shine. My sister became Shun (the sun) and my sister became Biya (the moon).
Myths about natural phenomena such as wind, thunder, rain and snow. Most of them are scattered in various myths and rarely told separately. For example, Baiyun Gege and Tianchi have gods of natural phenomena such as Raytheon, Fengshen, Rain God, Hail God and Snow God.
The myth of human origin and racial origin
Primitive people's explanation of the appearance of human beings and members of their own nation constitutes many myths. The myth that "the gods created the world" says that people were created by the gods in their own image. At first, they made a man and a woman. They got married and gave birth to many people, generation after generation. Future generations can't live on the ground, so the gods cut down the thickest and biggest tree in the sky. Then on the edge of the land, human beings develop along the branches, so there are all kinds of people in the world.
Most of the myths of ethnic origin are preserved in the Oracle of Shamanism, a primitive religion, and each surname has its own statement, which is diversified. Oracle Bone Inscriptions, from the base of the East China Sea, said that man was born from the pores of the water god; Fu Cha Shen Yuzhong of Mudanjiang said that people are made of mud rubbed down by gods; Yuzhong, the god of the savage Jurchen Ministry, believes that life comes from the sea. It can be seen that the emergence of these myths about ethnic origin is related to the living environment and means of livelihood of these clan ancestors.
The myth of fighting the devil
This kind of myth is not concentrated, but scattered in all kinds of myths. The representative of the devil is the leader of many demons, and his struggle with the gods and their disciples constitutes the main content of this kind of myth. Yeluli is also a believer in the gods. Jealous of his brother N'Dori's plan, he secretly went down to the underworld and created a group of demons in the underground world. Finally, he was stabbed to death by Duo Long Bates, the youngest disciple of the patron saint of mankind. His soul made waves, was not loyal to the gods, and had nowhere to go, so he created a hell-an underground country with eighteen floors. Dream of entering heaven and replacing the gods. The Battle of the Heavenly Palace is a story about the battle between the gods and the evil god Yeluli. The myth Suifenbera is a story about the struggle between Suifenbera, the god of the East China Sea, and the Black Water Monster.
Myth of Ancestor God
The social organization of Manchu ancestors was originally composed of several halas (surnames), so each hala had its own ancestor god. Every ancestor god has made outstanding contributions to his clan, so he has become the object of Manchu ancestor worship, and every ancestor has a magical story. The myth Erdomafa records the story that Erdomafa, the ancestor of Guo Hala, led people of all ethnic groups through hardships and finally found an ideal place to live. To commemorate this hardworking ancestor, Guo Yuan made him into a woodcut portrait, an eagle's mouth and a duck melon, one foot high and five or six inches high, for ancestors to worship. The myth "Shimani" tells the story of Shimani, the ancestor of Sumhara. According to this story, Sminey is a famous wizard. He has great magic power. He helped the poor solve their difficulties and did many good things for his people. After his death, Sumhara made a stone statue in his image.
The myth of the patron saint
Similar to the ancestor gods, most clans have their own protectors. This kind of myth focuses on praising the achievements of the gods who protect nature and human beings. For example, the protector of mankind, N'Dori Zengtu, the oldest protector (Poseidon) was suddenly violent, and the protector of navigation, Jurabetz, and so on. "Violent Mafa" is the oldest protector worshipped by Nuzhen Bala, because he grew up in the sea and is also known as Poseidon. When she was born, she was very violent. She was covered with shiny scales and her feet were like duck feet. Three days after birth, she couldn't leave the water. People say that he was born a devil and wanted to kill him. But because of his divine power, he failed to do it several times. Later, when the villagers had difficulties, he offered to help. He helped the villagers fight floods and retreat water, diverted water to fight drought, led the villagers to destroy the fire dragon in Yelu, and rebuilt their homes for the villagers, which was respected and loved by people.
In addition to the patrons of various clans, Manchu also has the same patron saint, such as the Lord of Changbai Mountain. Changbai Mountain is a sacred mountain in the eyes of Manchu people. Changbai Mountain is not only the birthplace of Manchu, Manchu people have lived between Baishan and Heishui for generations. Changbai Mountain has nurtured this nation. Therefore, the Manchu sacrificed to the Lord of Changbai Mountain, and the Lord of Changbai Mountain became the protector of Manchu. But there are not many such gods.
Myth of hunting gods
For thousands of years, Manchu and its ancestors used fishing and hunting as their main means of survival, so there are many gods about hunting life in folk ancestor worship. For example, Duo Long Gege, a bow and arrow god worshipped by Nimacha, Edolimafa, a hunting god worshipped by Uzara, the deer god who catches Luo's mother worshipped by Ning 'an Wu, and Suifenbella, a horse god worshipped by Ilgen Juerosh, are all typical Manchu hunting gods.
According to the myth of "Duo Long Gege", a group of black Dapeng flew to the seaside one year. They have iron claws and steel mouths, and their strength is endless. They eat live and wild animals raw, which brings great disasters to people. Duo Long Gege practiced the magic arrow method under the guidance of the magpie god. Finally, she shot the black Dapeng with one arrow, which saved the people from harm. Since then, Duo Long Gege has been regarded as a god. This myth not only eulogizes the glorious deeds of Duo Long Gege, but also illustrates the origin of Manchu bow and arrow skills and the significance of bow and arrow to hunting nations.
Manchu myths are passed down from generation to generation in three ways. The first is the dissemination of written records. For example, the myth of Manchu origin, "Goddess Buddha Cullen carries Zhu's Manchu ancestor Bukuri Yongshun", through Manchu old files, Manchu records and other books on Qing history. However, there are not many myths handed down in this way. Second, word of mouth, which is the largest number of Manchu myths handed down in this way, is also the main channel of circulation. The third is handed down from Shamanism. Manchu and their ancestors have believed in Saqing since ancient times. Shamanism is a primitive religion, and its religious thoughts are mainly embodied in the "Oracle" and passed down from generation to generation by shamans. At the same time, some of them have been recorded and passed down from generation to generation. Oracle Bone Inscriptions is full of explanations of the universe, natural phenomena and gods, which constitutes an important part of Manchu mythology. Manchu myths in Oracle Bone Inscriptions are scattered, and most of them are the views of various clans on human beings and everything in the world. For example, there are myths about the origin of human beings in Manchu Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but the clans have different opinions and have not yet formed a unified Manchu creation myth.