Memorabilia of opening Fukang Bank in Hu Xueyan.
In February, Britain and France * * * re-appointed Er Jin and Ge Luo as plenipotentiaries respectively, leading 1.5 thousand British troops and 7,000 French troops to expand the war of aggression against China.
March 24th-"Sakurada Gate Incident" occurred in Japan, and Izumi Shinichi of the old Edo shogunate was killed.
In April, the British and French allied forces occupied Zhoushan.
In May and June, the British army occupied Dalian Bay, while the French army occupied Yantai and blocked the Bohai Bay as a forward base for attacking Dagukou. Russian special envoy ignatieff and American special envoy John Eliott Ward also arrived in Bohai Bay in July, once again cooperating with Britain and France in the name of "mediators". After the victory of the Battle of Dagu, the fantasy of Qing Dynasty and the peace between Britain and France. When the British and French warships approached Dagu Haikou, Emperor Xianfeng also told Monk Qin and Hengfu not to "make peace after the war first", lest "the war will inevitably end" and "always take care of the bureau", and sent Hengfu to negotiate with the British and French envoys. Former enemy commander-in-chief monk Lin Qinqin thought that the enemy was not good at land warfare, so he devoted himself to Dagu and gave up Beitang defense, giving the enemy an opportunity. Ignatieff provided Britain and France with unsuspecting information about Beitang.
On July 2nd, Vladivostok was completed.
July 1 1- Emperor Meiji was appointed as the Crown Prince.
1 In August, the British and French allied forces landed in Beitang without any resistance.
August 2nd-Li Xiucheng defeated the foreign guns team in Qingpu, Jiangsu.
On August 14, Tanggu was captured. Then the land and water cooperated to attack the fortress on the north bank of Dagu. Under the command of Le Shan, the governor of Zhili, the Qing army guarding Taiwan fought bravely. But Qing * * * had no anti-Japanese determination, and Emperor Xianfeng ordered Senggelinqin to retreat from the camp. The Qing army fled Dagu and retreated to Tongzhou (now Tongxian County, Beijing) via Tianjin.
On August 2 1, Dagu fell. The invading army entered and occupied Tianjin on the 24th. Qing * * * sent Gui Liang to Tianjin to make peace. Britain and France proposed that in addition to fully accepting the Tianjin Treaty, Tianjin should be opened as a trading port, compensation should be increased, and thousands of troops from various countries should be sent to Beijing to exchange contracts. Qing * * * refused and the negotiations broke down. The invading army invaded Beijing from Tianjin.
/kloc-in September of 0/8, the British and French allied forces captured Tongzhou.
On September 2 1 day, the Qing army and the British and French allied forces launched a fierce battle at Baliqiao, and the commander-in-chief monk Qin and others took the lead in fleeing, which led to the whole army shaking and defeat. The next day, Emperor Xianfeng led his empresses and a group of officials to flee to Jehol (now Chengde, Hebei Province), leaving his younger brother Prince Gong to preside over the peace talks in Beijing. When the British and French allied forces attacked Beijing, Russian Ambassador ignatieff provided Britain and France with information on Beijing's defense.
65438+10.6-British and French forces invaded Yuanmingyuan and robbed it madly.
10/0 From 7 to 9 October, Britain and France set fire to Yuanmingyuan in order to destroy the spoils and cover up their crimes.
10 10 13, the British and French forces invaded Andingmen and took control of Beijing. The invading army burned and looted all the way, plundered the precious cultural relics, gold and silver jewelry and set fire to the buildings in the Yuanmingyuan, which the Qing court had long operated.
10 year1On October 24th and 25th, CreditEase exchanged the ratification documents of Tianjin Treaty with Erjin and Ge Luo respectively, and concluded the Sino-British and Sino-French Beijing Treaties.
165438+1October 6th-abraham lincoln was elected as the16th president of the United States. He was the first Republican president.
Born in 65438+1October 29th-anton Chekhov, Russian playwright.
May 2 1 day-Dutch pathologist William Eintofen: He invented the electrocardiograph and won the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine1June 924-Mary Moses, the original painter, was born.
/kloc-September 0/3 —— Born in john joseph pershing, Admiral of the fleet, USA, and died in July 1948.
On March 24th, he died-Naoki Inoue, the shogunate of Edo, Japan. (Born in 18 15)
June 24th-Jerome Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon, King of Westphalia. (Born in 1784)
Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher.
According to historical records, from February (1860) to August (186 1), Taiping Army fought many arduous battles with Xiang Army to save Anqing. Anqing is an important town in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the capital of Anhui and the west gate of the capital of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Since Xianfeng conquered Anqing in the first month of the third year, it has been used as a manpower and material supply base for Tianjing and the Taiping Army on the Western Front. In February of the tenth year of Xianfeng, Zeng Guofan attacked Anqing in three ways: Ceng Guoquan, Zeng Guofan's younger brother and Taoist, led the attack on Jixian Pass in the northwest of Anqing, Duo Long A, the deputy commander, led the attack on Tongcheng, and Li Xuyi, the Taoist, led the attack. Zeng Guofan camped in Qimen, southern Anhui, and Hu Linyi camped in Yingshan, northern Anhui (rotating camp Taihu Lake). In May, Xiang captured Zongyang and completed the siege of Ancheng. In October, more than 10,000 people from Ceng Guoquan Army Division attacked the city from Jixian Pass, assisted by the navy. Taiping rebels defend their aid, and Ceng Guoquan besieges Anqing. 1 1 month, Chen Yucheng, the king of England, led his troops to illustrate the siege of Anqing on the way to the western expedition to Wuhan, and fought with Duo Long 'a and Li Xuyi of Xiang Army in the trailer river in Tongcheng, but failed to win. In March of the following year, Chen Yucheng returned to Jixian Pass, built thirteen bases on the north bank of Linghu Lake, and sent Wu Dingcai to lead thousands of troops into Anqing City. In April, Chen Yucheng led the Taiping Army and the amphibious division of Ceng Guoquan to fight in the suburb of Anqing, and lost. Liu stayed at Chigangling and went to Tianjin for help. In May, Xiang captured Chigangling, and Liu and other more than 2,000 Taiping rebels died. In July, Chen Yucheng led reinforcements to save Anqing and struggled for more than half a month in vain. At the beginning of August, there was no food in Anqing city, so Xiang took the opportunity to blow down the north gate wall with mines and invade the city. Defending the city, the Taiping army rose up to resist when it starved to death. After fierce street fighting, more than 20,000 people died heroically, and Anqing fell. Chen Yucheng led the troops back to Luzhou (now Hefei).
On May 14th, the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Russia annexed the Wusuli River and brazenly sent troops to occupy Vladivostok, an important seaport in northeast China. Shortly after the conclusion of the Ji Hui Treaty between China and Russia, Russia extended its claws of aggression to the east of the Wusuli River in China. On the second day of May in the eighth year of Xianfeng, Muraviev, governor of eastern Siberia of Russia, accompanied by Archbishop Inocente of Orthodox Church, arrived in Boli, where Heilongjiang meets Wusuli River, and named this place "Khabarovsk" without authorization to commemorate Khabarovsk, a Russian colonial robber who invaded the Heilongjiang River basin in the middle of the 17th century. From then on, during the Xianfeng period, Muraviev personally led ships into the Wusuli River, and established 23 military villages and towns in Jiangdong area, with more than 300 immigrants and more than 3,000 troops. Russian invaders shot and killed Russian residents living here at will, forcibly expelled local Russian officials and sentries, sent people everywhere for illegal exploration, drew a map of China's northeast border area without permission, and incorporated all Russian territory and the so-called "* * *" area east of the Ussuri River in the Sino-Hungarian Treaty into Russian territory, ignoring China's repeated protests. After Russia invaded Vladivostok, it was renamed Vladivostok, which means "controlling the East". At this point, Russia has completely occupied the area east of the Wusuli River, including Sakhalin Island, from the estuary of Heilongjiang in the north to the estuary of Tumen River in the south. In October of the tenth year of Xianfeng, about 400,000 square kilometers of Russian territory was completely annexed by the Beijing Treaty between China and China.
In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), on June 15th, British and French allied forces occupied Beitang. First of all, in the early years of Xianfeng decade, in retaliation for the disastrous defeat of Dagukou last year, Britain and France plundered more privileges in China, and once again appointed Er Jin and Ge Luo as plenipotentiaries in Britain and France, respectively, and appointed Clinton and Meng Douban as commanders of the invading armies of the two countries, preparing to expand the war of aggression against China. In that spring, 173 British warships and transport ships,18,000 troops, 32 French ships and 7,000 troops arrived in China one after another. In mid-June, the British and French allied fleet assembled outside Dagukou twice. At that time, Prince Horqin of Qing Dynasty, who was in charge of defense in Tianjin, was arrogant and despised his enemy because of his victory in last year's big sale. In addition to laying some mines in Beitang area, he also tried his best to remove the defense and defend the sale. This situation was reported to Ge Luo by Russian ambassador Ignachev who arrived in Bohai Bay in advance to spy on the intelligence of the Qing army. Therefore, the British and French allied forces made a battle plan to land from Beitang and copy the back road of Dagu Fort. On June 15, the British and French allied forces occupied Beitang without resistance and successfully completed the landing plan. /kloc-on 0/7, more than 2,000 allied troops encountered the Qing army while scouting Dagu Road. On the 26th, more than 10,000 allied soldiers swooped down on Xinhe and Junliangcheng in two ways. After fierce fighting, more than 3,000 defenders of the Qing army were completely annihilated, and Xinhe and Junliangcheng fell one after another. On the 28th, the allied forces occupied Tanggu. On the second day of July, Liang Zi, the size of the south bank of Baihe River, also fell. Dagubao was caught between Scylla and Charybdis.
On the fifth day of July in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces captured Dagu Fort. After the Battle of Beitang, Dagubao was caught between Scylla and Charybdis. On the third and fourth days of July, hundreds of allied troops advanced from Tanggu to the back of the stone fort to prepare for the attack, which was repelled by the Qing army. At five o'clock in the morning on the fifth day, the allied forces stormed the fort on the north shore of Dagukou, and the enemy ships at sea also fired their guns to help. Le Shan, the governor of Zhili, who was guarding the fortress, led the army to resist tenaciously. After a day of fierce fighting, more than 400 enemy soldiers were killed or injured, and Leshan died of exhaustion. All the soldiers guarding Taiwan Province died heroically, and the fortress fell. Seeing that the tide was gone, Prince Horqin stationed in Nanpu led the army to Tianjin. Under the threat of the Englishman Parkes, Hengfu, the governor of Zhili, handed over Nanpu and all the arms and materials to the British and French allied forces and fled back to Tianjin on the seventh day. The third battle of Dagu ended with the defeat of the Qing army and the fall of the fort. The front of the Anglo-French Coalition forces points directly at Tianjin.
On the eighth day of July, the tenth year of the British and French conquest of Xianfeng, Tianjin (1860), the British and French allied forces captured Tianjin. First, the British and French allied forces attacked Dagubao, and Prince Horqin, who was guarding Nanbao, withdrew to Tianjin. In addition, Tianjin was "more difficult to hold than Dagu", so it was transported back to Beijing, and the small artillery and green camp officers and men were evacuated to Tongzhou, and Tianjin was handed over to the invaders. On the eighth day of July, after the invasion of Tianjin by the British and French allied forces, it was announced that Tianjin would implement martial law, and the civil servants would remain in their original posts. The Japanese invaders translated Parkes as "supervising government affairs". Officials of the Qing Dynasty, such as Hengfu, the governor of Zhili, and the magistrate of Tianjin, all became vassals of the invaders. Tianjin gentry and businessman Zhang also set up a "support bureau" to provide materials for the invaders. After the fall of Tianjin, Emperor Xianfeng appointed Gui Liang, a great scholar, and Hengfu, governor of Zhili, as imperial envoys and Hengqi as deputy ministers to negotiate peace with the British and French allied forces in Tianjin. During the negotiations, the British and French sides raised issues such as opening Tianjin, paying 8.2 million yuan to Britain and France, exchanging contracts with 1,000 guards in Beijing, protecting Catholicism, and exporting Chinese workers. Gui Liang and others obeyed their orders and accepted all the conditions. Emperor Xianfeng was worried that foreign troops would threaten his rule in Beijing, and insisted on withdrawing troops before signing contracts. Gui Liang and others were not allowed to sign, and the negotiations were fruitless.
On the seventh day of August in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Qing army confronted the British and French allied forces at Baliqiao in the west of Tongzhou. First of all, in July of that year, due to the inconclusive negotiations in Tianjin, the British and French allied forces moved from Tianjin to Beijing on the 24th and 25th. Hundreds of villages and towns along the road were looted. Emperor Xianfeng quickly reassigned Prince Zai Yuan and Minister of War Yin Mu as imperial envoys, and went to Tongzhou to make peace with the British and French allied forces again, at the same time, ordered Sengqin to prevent the Hexi area from being blocked. After the Allied invasion of Hexi Affairs, Parkes and Wade were sent as representatives to hold the first meeting with Zai Yuan in Tongzhou on July 29th. Zai Yuan expressed its willingness to accept all the demands made by Britain and France in the past. However, representatives of Britain and France proposed to hand over the credentials to Emperor China in person, which was rejected by Zai Yuan and others. On the fourth day of August, the British and French allied forces invaded Zhangjiawan, Tongzhou, and the negotiations broke down. The Qing side detained 26 British representatives including Parkes and 13 French representatives. On the same day, Sangerinqin was defeated, Tongzhou fell, and the allies continued to advance westward. On the seventh day of August, the allies swooped down on Baliqiao area from Guojiafen in three ways. At that time, there were more than 30,000 Qing troops stationed in Baliqiao, under the command of monks, Shengbao and Rui Lin. After more than three hours of fierce fighting, the British army on the West Road outflanked from Yujiawei, and the monk Qin on the West Line of the Qing Army took the lead in retreating. Central Shengbao was shot in the left cheek and left leg, and the camp was also chaotic; Although Rui Lin in the east continued to fight fiercely with the French army at Bali Bridge, he was forced to retreat to the west. The Qing army was completely defeated, with more than half of the casualties. The next day, Emperor Xianfeng fled from Yuanmingyuan to Jehol.
On August 22nd (1860), Britain and France invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered it and burned this world-famous and exquisite "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". Yuanmingyuan has been renovated and expanded for more than 0/00 years in the five dynasties of Kang, Yong, Gan, Jia and Dao, and has become the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens", which is the scenic spot of many famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, integrating the gardening arts of ancient and modern China and foreign countries. There are a large number of precious ancient books and paintings, Ding Yi ritual vessels, bronze and porcelain antiques and jade jewelry in the park, which is a treasure house of human culture and art. After the Battle of Baliqiao, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. I heard that Emperor China was in Yuanmingyuan, so he bypassed Andingmen and Deshengmen and approached the western suburbs of Beijing. Xianfeng occupied Yuanmingyuan on August 22nd, 10th year. In Yuanmingyuan, the British and French invaders carried out crazy destruction and robbery. First, the officers entered in batches, and then ordered the soldiers to enter "free robbery." Gordon, a British aggressor who participated in the burning, killing and looting of Yuanmingyuan, confessed that "when leaving Yuanmingyuan, everyone in the army got more than 45 pounds worth of plunder." These plundered treasures are not only shipped back to foreign countries in large quantities, but also auctioned on the streets of Tianjin, and then the money is distributed to officers and men in different grades. After the robbery, in order to bury the stolen goods and retaliate against the Qing Dynasty, the British and French allied forces brazenly set fire to Yuquan Mountain and Qingqi Garden from August 22 to 25. In this way, a world-famous garden was ruined by foreign robbers.
Ten years after Britain and France captured Xianfeng, Beijing (1860), on August 29th, the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. First, Emperor Xianfeng learned that Tongzhou was defeated, and the Allies advanced on Beijing. So, on the seventh day of August, Zai Yuan and Yin Mu mishandled the lottery, dismissed the position of an imperial envoy, and reassigned his sixth brother, Prince Gong, as an imperial envoy and continued to make peace. The next morning, he led his concubine, prince and prince to Chengde. At this time in Beijing, prices soared, and people were worried. Officials, family members, businessmen and other people who fled the city were "nine times out of ten", six ministers were not in charge, and more than 100,000 Qing troops inside and outside the capital were "nine times out of ten". On August 2 1 day, the allies arrived at the gates of Beijing. The next day, we copied to Tucheng outside Deshengmen, secretly attacked Sangrinqin, and the Qing army was defeated without fighting, and retreated to Yuanmingyuan in the western suburbs. The allied forces pursued and captured the Yuanmingyuan. Yixin and others fled to Manzuji. On 24th, the Qing court released Parkes, a former negotiator of the Allies. On 26th, the Allies noticed CreditEase and limited the opening of Andingmen on 29th for the Allies to enter. On this day, Yixin and others decided to hand over Andingmen, and the Allies entered Beijing.
In August (1860), Taiping generals gathered in Tianjing to prepare for the second western expedition and solve the siege of Anqing. The main force of the Western Expedition Army was led by King Chen Yucheng of England and loyal Li Xiucheng respectively, and it was planned to join forces with Wuhan in March of the following year. In mid-August, Chen Yucheng first led his troops to the north,1entered the trailer river in the southwest of Tongcheng in mid-October, trying to solve the siege of Anqing. As a result, it failed, so we had to continue to advance westward and conquer Huangzhou (now Huanggang) in Hubei on February 8, the eleventh year of Xianfeng, only 160 miles away from Wuhan. At that time, there were less than 3,000 Qing troops in Wuhan, and the literati and gentry fled in succession. If Chen Yucheng goes straight ahead, Wuhan can point to the sun. However, he followed the advice of British Counsellor Parkes, and thought that Li Xiucheng had not yet entered Jiangxi, and he was unwilling to venture further alone. So he gave up attacking Wuhan, stayed to defend Huangzhou, and retreated from Anhui to find a solution to the siege of Anqing. Li Xiu set out to govern Jiangsu and Zhejiang at all costs, but he was half-hearted about the army's expedition to Hubei. After repeated urging by Hong Xiuquan, Xianfeng set out from Taipingfu (now Dangtu, Anhui Province) in September for ten years and advanced to Qimen Camp of Zeng Guofan in late October. At that time, Zeng Guofan was weak and unable to resist, so he wrote a will in advance to prepare for the funeral. Bao Chao, an expert of Xiang Army, rushed to the scene. Li Xiucheng failed to find out the enemy's situation, bypassed Qimen, bypassed Huizhou and turned to Zhejiang. He entered Jiangxi at the beginning of next year and Wuhan in May. At this point, Chen Yucheng had already returned to Anhui, and Li Xiucheng called hundreds of thousands of uprising people in southern Hubei, returned to Jiangxi in June, and soon left for Zhejiang. Because Li Xiucheng failed to join forces with Chen Yucheng and interfere with the British invaders on schedule, the Taiping Army failed in its second expedition to the west, and the plan to rescue Anqing failed to be realized.
The Beijing Treaty was signed in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860). On September 1 1 day and 12, the Beijing Treaty between China and Britain was signed in Beijing. First, after the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan, they further threatened the Qing Dynasty: if they did not accept their conditions, they would burn down the palaces in Beijing in the same way. Prince Gong was so frightened by the British and French allied forces that he dared not meet the representatives of Britain and France. Knowing that Russia had ulterior motives, they had to ask Russian Minister Ignachev to mediate. Ignachev promised to "mediate", but only if the Qing court signed a contract with Russia to solve the border issue immediately after making peace with Britain and France. At the same time, it also threatened Yixin. Whether Qing * * * is willing or not, he must accept most of the conditions put forward by Britain and France. Otherwise, "Beijing will be destroyed". Under the threat of the British and French allied forces and the persuasion and persecution of the Russian ambassador, on September 1 1 day and 12, on behalf of Qing dynasty, respectively, they exchanged the Sino-British Beijing Treaty and the Sino-French Beijing Treaty with the British plenipotentiary Elgin and the French plenipotentiary Gro in the lobby of the Ministry of Rites, and signed nine Sino-British Beijing Treaties and/or. In addition to recognizing the validity of the Tianjin Treaty, it also includes the following contents: 1. Compensation for British military expenditure of 8 million taels, pension of 500,000 taels, and French military expenditure of 8 million taels, 2 million taels. Second, open Tianjin as a commercial port. 3. China people are allowed to work in Britain, France and overseas. 4. The Kowloon Subdivision Area 1 (south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula) was ceded to Britain. 5. Return religious property to the Catholic Church. In addition, Gro also instructed the French priest who acted as an interpreter to secretly add the clause that "missionaries rent and buy fields in various provinces and build whatever they want" in the Chinese text of the treaty. After the signing of the Beijing Treaty, the British and French allied forces withdrew from Beijing in late September.
Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty was signed.
In the autumn of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Russia seized Beijing by the British and French allied forces, forced Qing * * * to sign the New Testament, and coerced Qing * * * to sign the New Testament under the pretext of "mediation". On the second day of October of that year, Prince Gong Yixin, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, and Russian Ambassador Ignachev signed the Sino-Russian Extension Treaty, that is, the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, with 15 articles in total. In addition to forcing the Qing Dynasty to confirm the Sino-Russian Huihui Treaty, there are the following contents: 1. China's territory of about 400,000 square kilometers east of the Ussuri River was allocated to the Russian Federation. Second, it is stipulated that the western border between China and timur starts from Sabindabaha, passes through Zhaisannur and Tunor (that is, Lake Issyk-Kul) to the vast-Han border, and is bounded by "the flow of mountains and rivers, and now China is stationed in Kalun and other places". This provision created a "treaty basis" for the future occupation of a large territory in western China. Third, add Kashgar (now Kashgar, Xinjiang) as a commercial port, allowing the border people of the two countries to trade freely, and allowing Russian businessmen to trade sporadically in Kulun (now Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia) and Zhangjiakou. Fourthly, Russia should set up consular officers in Kashgar and Cullen, and reaffirm that Russians in China have consular jurisdiction.
After the signing of the Beijing Treaty, in order to handle westernization and foreign affairs, the Qing Dynasty approved the establishment of the Foreign Affairs Department of the Prime Minister on December 10th of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), which was referred to as "Prime Minister's Office", "General Affairs Department" and "Translation Department" for short. The prime minister's yamen "does everything according to the military department", and its officials are divided into two levels: minister and Zhang Jing. With the prince as the general leader, there are also several general political ministers, which are particularly simple in the military ministers, college students, ministers, assistant ministers and Jingtang. At first, the minister of the General Political Department was Prince Gong, Gui Liang, a university student, and Wen Xiang, a left assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance. Later, there were seven or eight people, and more than a dozen people. Zhang Jing was selected from the cabinet, ministries and military departments, initially designated as Manchu, with 8 people each, and then gradually increased. Among them, there are 4 general managers and 2 deputy managers, Zhang Jing is in charge of daily affairs, and the rest are assigned to all units. The State Administration of Taxation has set up an independent office, which consists of five units: Britain, France, Russia and the United States. In addition, a department of affairs and a file reference room have been set up. Its subordinate institutions include Wentong Museum and the State Administration of Taxation. It also manages the trade ministers of the South and the North and sends ambassadors to various countries. The general political department has a wide range of functions and powers, and it has the power of finance, military affairs, education, mining, transportation and other foreign-related aspects in the foreign affairs of the Qing court, but it has no right to direct provincial governors. In the 40 years of the General Political Department, Prince Gong Yixin served as the chief minister for 28 years; Yi Kuang, the prince of the Qing Dynasty, lived for twelve years. In the 27th year of Guangxu (190 1), the Prime Minister's Office was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ranking first among the six ministries.