Lutheranism was formed in Germany after Martin Luther initiated the religious reform. Martin Luther died in 1546, and his followers had a long-term debate on the doctrine. 1580, in order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the augsburg creed, representatives of 86 Lutheran national churches and about 8,000 pastors from Lutheran signed and accepted the cooperation book, which consists of augsburg creed, Apostolic creed, nicene creed, Athanasius creed, Martin Luther's catechism and several other related documents. But in Germany, the struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism did not stop, which eventually led to the thirty-year war of 16 18- 1648. The war quickly spread into a European war. As a result, through the signing of the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, the Reformed Church gained equal status with Lutheranism and Catholicism, and the Lutheran Church was established.
In his teachings, Lutheranism mainly emphasizes justification by faith, and believes that people should be saved by God, not by obeying the rules of the church, but by believing in God. It is not personal merit or good deeds, but a gift from God. People are justified by God through faith, and believers can communicate directly with God through prayer. Therefore, Lutheranism believes that all believers can become priests without the intermediary of clergy at all levels. At the same time, Lutheranism emphasizes that the Bible is the basis of faith, and all etiquette, systems and theories that do not conform to the Bible are rejected by Lutheranism. Among the seven sacraments of Catholicism, Lutheranism only keeps baptism and communion, and the form of worship is more simplified, mainly preaching and singing hymns, and allows clergy to get married. Lutheranism also believes that the organizational form of the church has nothing to do with personal salvation, so it can adopt bishop system, Presbyterian system and axiomatic system, and the specific situation is decided by local churches themselves.
Lutheran believers are mainly distributed in northern Germany and Nordic countries, of which Germany accounts for about half. In North America, Lutheranism is also the fourth largest sect of American Christianity, with followers in Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Returning to orthodoxy is one of the main sects of Protestantism, which is based on jean chauvin's religious thought (1509- 1564), and is also called Calvinism. "Returning to orthodoxy" means returning to the right after the reform. In English-speaking countries, it is also called Presbyterian Church because of its religious characteristics. The return to orthodoxy came into being during the Reformation in the 6th century A.D./KLOC-0, and it was called the three mainstream schools of Protestantism together with Anliganism and Lutheranism.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, under the influence of the Renaissance and the Reformation, Swiss humanists and religious leaders tried to reform their religious life according to the New Testament. 15 19, Zwingli (1484- 153 1) carried out religious reform in Zurich. He, Ocalan Padiu and others disagreed with Martin Luther during the meeting in Marburg on 1529, so they parted ways with Lutheranism. As for the church system, Bussel, a religious leader in Strasbourg, advocated that elders should be elected by the congregation to help priests manage the church, which became the beginning of the Presbyterian system. 1553, Calvin carried out reforms in Geneva and put his theory into practice in Principles of Christianity. This book later became a basic reading for doctrine, teaching and classics.
Doctrinally, the return to orthodoxy emphasizes justification by faith, and holds that the essence of faith is to believe that grace is obtained through Christ-God's love for forgiveness of sins. It is the duty of the church to spread the gospel of God's grace, and the Bible is the testimony of the gospel. Calvinism believes in the extreme theory of double predestination, which holds that the salvation or rejection of human beings is predetermined by God. Fatalism holds that God only predestinates the salvation of mankind. Arminians, who lives in the Netherlands, affirms free will, and thinks that whether a person can be saved depends on whether he accepts redemption, turns evil into good, and truly recognizes fatalism. This faction later broke away from the orthodox school. Returning to orthodoxy emphasizes the supremacy of biblical authority and should be used to judge all traditions; Returning to orthodoxy also believes that no one should be given unlimited power, which has certain influence on the development of modern rule of law. In the worship ceremony, we should return to the authentic dialect, reject altars, icons and ceremonies, deny the existence of Jesus' body and blood in the Eucharist, and only acknowledge the virtues of Jesus' body and blood. The sermon also emphasized the importance of education for priests and believers and the relationship between faith and social life.
In the church system, the Orthodox Church attaches great importance to canon law, which is supervised and implemented by elders. In the Presbyterian church, the local people will elect elders and form a hall presided over by a priest to manage. At the district level, the district will be managed by priests and elders representing the halls.
Back to nature was born in Switzerland and gradually spread abroad after its formation. First, it was introduced to France, and the reformed religion introduced to France was called Huguenots. 1559, this school has established Presbyterian institutions at all levels throughout the country. Due to the close relationship between the return to the Orthodox Church and the Dutch revolution, the Netherlands became the national religion of the Netherlands after independence. During the period of Edward VI of England, England, the returning orthodoxy was introduced into Britain, and it was split into Presbyterian and independent factions in the revolution. 1637, the Presbyterian system was established in Scotland. /kloc-In the second half of the 6th century, the return to nature was introduced to Poland. Reformed churches appeared in Hungary and Transylvania from the end of 16 to the beginning of 17. 17- 18 After the bourgeois revolution in Europe and America in the century, the legalist thought was recognized by law. It is the largest Protestant group in Latin-speaking countries except Switzerland and the national religion of Scotland. In America, it has a great influence on religion, politics, customs and ethics. The religious revival in Britain and the Great Awakening Movement in North America made the returning orthodoxy pay attention to social improvement. 19-20th century is a period of division and reorganization of the Orthodox Church. During this period, the Orthodox Church played an important role in the development of the World Federation of Christian churches, the innovation of theology and etiquette, and the dialogue between Catholicism and Protestantism.