Ebony is essentially ebony, also known as ebony, which was called "black" or "ebony" in ancient times. It belongs to the precious persimmon tree species (Persimmon Family) whose central wood is black. Persimmon tree species are distributed in tropical, subtropical and some temperate regions all over the world, and black heartwood is mainly produced in tropical Asia and Africa, such as India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. Madagascar, Congo. Gabon and other countries. China, Taiwan Province Province, Hainan, Yunnan and other places are also produced. Ebony is produced in Zimbabwe and Amuk in West Africa. Wood industry has always been called zebra wood or zebra. The names of middle schools in the unified textbooks of colleges and universities are as follows: the scientific name is short for Xiedoumu, which is called "ebony" or "the ninth kind of mahogany" by the people. Ebony is a big tree, about 45 meters high; The diameter can reach more than 1.0m; Have a board root; There are shallow grooves on the surface of wood. Distributed in West Africa. Heartwood painted black or dark brown; Obviously different from sapwood. The sapwood is reddish brown. The rings are not obvious. Visible only under the tube hole magnifying glass; Dispersed; Rarely; Slightly smaller; Ebony contains dark gum, which can't be seen under the magnifying glass of axial parenchyma. The ray cells of ebony refer to each individual cell that constitutes wood rays. Then the wood ray of ebony is a tissue formed by continuous polymerization of most ray cells, which is faintly visible and dense under a magnifying glass; Very narrow. On the tangential section, wood rays can be divided into two types according to their width and height: single row wood rays and spindle wood rays (due to the existence of transverse resin channels); It is composed of ray parenchyma cells, and ray tracheid refers to transverse tracheid in wood ray. The inner wall of ebony ray tracheid has dentate thickening, and may also have spiral thickening S. wood ray13 ~17//mm; ; The cross section of non-overlapping ebony catheter is oval, with single tube hole as the main part, a few radial multi-tube holes (2-6, 2-3 more), and the group of tube holes is rare. Trailing or scattered. 5 ~ 10 pieces/mm2; ; The maximum chord diameter is145μ m; The average value is118 μ m; The length of the vessel molecule is 550 microns; Chewing gum is very common. The holes between the pipes are alternately arranged in a polygon shape. Single perforation, parallel to slightly inclined. The hole pattern between the catheter and the ray is similar to that between the tubes. Axial parenchyma is banded (mostly in a single row, rarely in pairs or two rows), wavy, scattered and scattered, and a few are sparse tubes; Most parenchyma cells contain colloid, but no crystals are found. Wood fiber wall thickness, diameter 19μm, length 1 12 1μm, and the edge of simple pit is narrow. The type, quantity and distribution of fibers contained in wood are closely related to the physical and mechanical properties of wood, such as strength and density. Ebony fiber is a tough fiber, which is slender and spindle-shaped, with a slightly sharp end and occasional serrations or branches. Its cell wall is thicker, its cavity is narrower, and its shape is slightly similar to that of fibrous tracheid. Tough fibers have simple pits, while fibrous tracheids have marginal pits. Tough fibers exist alone or mixed with fibrous tracheids. When the ends of tough fibers come into contact with irradiated cells, the ends are usually serrated or bifurcated. Usually, the pits on the ductile fiber wall are evenly distributed, while there are more pits on the radial wall, and the inner wall is smooth and unthreaded. Ebony has luster; No special smell and taste; The texture is flat or slightly staggered; Thin and uniform structure; The wood is heavy; The drying shrinkage is great, from raw material to furnace body, the radial drying shrinkage is 6.2%, and the tangential drying shrinkage is 7.8%. The density is 0.83g/cm3, and the strength is high. Wood dries slowly and cracks easily. The drying temperature in the kiln should be 30 ~ 50℃ and the relative humidity is 88 ~ 365438 0%. Wood resists decay. Wood is heavy and hard; Good turning, planing and carving performance. The identification and differentiation of high-end wood in the market is mainly based on simple and practical macro characteristics (such as wood color, specific gravity, texture, structure, etc. ). When necessary, the tree species should be determined according to the anatomical characteristics of wood. As we all know, the higher the density in the same tree species, the darker the color and the higher the value of wood. Compared with the chicken wings in mahogany, the wood structure of ebony and chicken wings is similar, the pore is extremely fine, the average chord diameter is less than 200μm, and the air-dried density of chicken wings is more than 0.80g/cm3 and ebony is more than 0.83g/cm3 when the wood moisture content 12%. The heartwood of wood is dark brown or chestnut brown, with patterns on the chord surface. Therefore, in some characteristics, even because of the chicken wings in mahogany, ebony has a high market appreciation space and collection price. As one of the famous materials of craft sculpture, musical instruments and furniture, ebony commercial materials are usually divided into the following two types in China: (1) heartwood black (pure black or slightly emerald green and irregular black heartwood (with bright and dark stripes or stripes), which is the light industry standard QB/T2385-98 "Dark and Precious Hardwood Furniture" (see standard appendix A2./kloc-0) (2) The classification of ebony (all uranium black) and striped ebony (black or chestnut brown with light black stripes in the middle) has passed the examination and approval of the national standard "Redwood". In traditional timber industry (such as national musical instrument manufacturing), ebony wood is customarily divided into ebony (rhinoceros), Lvmu (tea wood) and ebony (ebony). According to ancient records, "rhinoceros wood" is pure black. Very crisp: "tea black" is imported in the past, and its texture is solid, but it will sink in water; Ubuntu will be in the future, and Ubuntu will be rotten. In Japan, ebony wood is collectively referred to as ebony. According to the Nanyang Wood written by Miki Sudo, the difference (classification) of ebony is as follows: (1) ebony, and the heartwood color is pure black. (2) Striped ebony with black heartwood and gray or reddish brown stripes. (3) Green ebony, the heartwood is black, and the container is full of green substances with green stripes. (4) striped ebony, black and gray stripes, unable to weave marble wood and zebra wood. In China, people sometimes refer to D.fusca, D. african blackwood and ebony (disoproprosp) as ebony. Macroscopic characteristics of ebony commercial timber: the heartwood is obviously different, and the heartwood is black or chestnut brown. Porous wood. The growth ring is not obvious, and the tube hole is slightly seen at this moment (small to very small); Rich in inclusions (mostly containing dark gum). The axial thin structure is rich, which is mainly linear (tangential) in the concentric layer separation tube group. The wood rays are extremely thin, the radial marks are not obvious, and no chord marks can be seen. The wood sparkled. There is no special smell. The structure is thin and uniform, and the texture is usually slightly staggered. This material is hard and heavy. Corrosion resistance and durability. The air-dried density is greater than 0.85g/cm3, and it generally sinks into water. Main tree species of commercial timber: ebony (D.ebenum) and ebony (D.crassifcora), ebony (D.pilosantnera), ebony (D.melanoxylon), ebony (Dcelebica), ebony (Dtomentosa) and ebony (D. D. Mont) in East India. The natural variation of celestial bodies in ancient Sichuan is that from 2000 to 10000 years ago, all plants and creatures on the ground were buried in low-lying places such as ancient river beds by earthquakes, floods and mudslides. Some trees buried in the soil are formed by carbonization for thousands or even tens of thousands of years under the conditions of hypoxia and high pressure and under the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, so they are also called "carbonized wood". News _ Content "The magical Sanxingdui ebony, like the world-famous Sanxingdui cultural relics, is a precious heritage of human beings in Sichuan, an important part of ancient Shu civilization, and is known as a living fossil. Ebony is the common name of Sichuan ebony, not the living ebony on the African continent. The natural variation of celestial bodies in ancient Sichuan is that from 2000 to 10000 years ago, all plants and creatures on the ground were buried in low-lying places such as ancient river beds by earthquakes, floods and mudslides. Some trees buried in the soil are formed by carbonization for thousands or even tens of thousands of years under the conditions of hypoxia and high pressure and under the action of microorganisms such as bacteria, so they are also called "carbonized wood". Ebony is mainly distributed in four major rivers and their tributaries in Sichuan. Many ebony lovers take samples for carbon 14 isotope determination, and most ebony dates from more than 2,000 years ago to 40,000 years ago. It can be seen that ebony has experienced vicissitudes and suffered from various natural external and internal forces, making its natural form weird, simple, elegant and graceful. It is no wonder that foreigners are amazed as "Oriental Shenmu" after visiting. The ancient riverbed near Sanxingdui is one of the most concentrated producing areas of ebony. According to charcoal 14 of the inspection center of China Geo University, ebony is 3,200 years old. My ebony collection is only 10 km away from Sanxingdui. There are many kinds of ebony, including: willow, green bar tree, camphor tree, nanmu (Phoebe bournie and Phoebe nei), Toona sinensis, red bean bin, coriaria, willow, phellodendron amurense, Sophora japonica and sandalwood. Generally, ebony can be formed by tree species with fragrance and bactericidal properties. A big ebony tree with a diameter of 3 meters was also found in Mianyuanhe area of Deyang City, which shows how beautiful and spectacular the ancient ecological environment is. Ebony is hard, mostly brown-black, black-red, gold and yellow-brown. Its section is smooth and the wood grain is fine, which can be polished to mirror brightness. Some ebony trees are similar in nature to rosewood. It never fades, does not rot, does not produce insects, and is an ideal material for making works of art and antique furniture. Archaeologists deciphered the mystery of a large number of ivory unearthed in Sanxingdui by restoring the living environment at that time with Samsung ebony. It is the spirituality of ebony that the teachers in the Palace Museum decided that ebony has a remarkable function of promoting blood circulation and prolonging life. Shu people regard it as a treasure to ward off evil spirits and receive happiness. Because ebony is a non-renewable resource, the development amount is less and less, and some natural ebony artworks are of great collection value. Ebony is an ancient relic, commonly known as "black wood". Thousands or even tens of thousands of years ago, due to natural changes such as landslides and floods, many ancient trees were washed down and buried in the ancient riverbed, and the riverbed was covered with sediment. Ebony is a non-renewable resource and a treasure of Shu. Its texture is calm and heavy, its color is dull and its material resources are scarce. Using its natural trend, it is processed into various root carvings, hawthorn and school stationery. It is really a high-grade gift and has great collection value. There are hundreds of works to choose from. As the ancients said, a box of jewels at home is not as good as ebony.

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