geographical position
The second special zone of Myanmar (Wa State) is an important part of the Union of Myanmar. It consists of two parts: the south and the north. The northern region is located in the northeast of Myanmar, about 22? —23? East longitude 98? — 100? Northeast China is bordered by Gengma County and Cangyuan County, lincang City, Yunnan Province, China, Lancang County, Ximeng County and Menglian County of Pu 'er City, and Menghai County of Xishuangbanna. The north is connected with the first special zone of Myanmar (Kokang). The south is adjacent to the fourth special zone of Shan State, Myanmar. The Nujiang River, the second largest river in Myanmar, is in the west, facing Gongnong, Dangyang and other towns across the river. The area is about 1.7 million square kilometers. The population is about 400,000. The southern region borders Thailand, with an area of about10.3 million square kilometers and a population of about 200,000. Most Wa leaders are Wa people.
Second, history.
The history of the second special zone of Myanmar (Wa State) can be divided into three stages:
The first stage: 1967 thousands of years ago.
This is a long historical stage of Wa State. This period of history is the end of primitive society and the beginning of feudal society. Ghosts and gods dominate people's minds, and hereditary mountain officials and chiefs rule the whole society, which is manifested in tribal system. The whole Wa state is divided into dozens of tribes (called "En" in Wa language). After 1950s, due to the intervention of foreign armed forces, tribal armed groups (called Self-Defense Forces) such as Buleiwu, Yan Shuai, Yonghe, Yanxiaoshi and Zaid appeared in Wa State. These armed groups and tribes are killing each other, fighting each other, and wars continue, and the people are miserable.
Wawa was once the territory under the jurisdiction of China Tusi in history, but most of the time there were many Tusi tribes scattered around the country, and there was no unified political power. The Ming Dynasty belonged to the chieftains of Meng Dingfu, Meng Liansi and Meng Genfu. In the Qing Dynasty, some areas broke away from the control of the original chieftain and became "Outuo Land". The more famous are gourds and awns.
Geographically speaking, the Wa state is far away from the Myanmar government, which makes the government's administrative power in this area out of control. Since 1948, the Wa people of all ethnic groups have been led by the Kuomintang for 20 years. 1966, four guerrillas appeared in the Wa State and began to weaken the Kuomintang. 1969, Myanmar * * * regarded the Wa region as a weak area managed by the federal government and controlled it for another 20 years. 1989, the Wa State broke away from the wrong leadership of Myanmar's * * * production party, and reached a ceasefire agreement with Myanmar's federal government in May of that year, thus moving towards the road of peaceful development. During the British rule in Myanmar, the Wa State was separated from British Burma and named Wa State.
The second stage (1967 ——1989):
Many people of insight in Wa state bravely stood up at the critical moment when tribes were fighting and people of all ethnic groups were in darkness. They realized that to save the people from the quagmire, they must overthrow the reactionary tribal system. To realize the unity and reconciliation of Wa nationality, we must organize revolutionary armed forces.
From June 6, 438 to June 9, 966, the leaders led by Bao and Bao Sanban organized guerrillas.
1967 In May, leaders led by Yan Ken and Yan Kelong organized the Yancheng guerrillas.
On 1968, the leaders headed by Lu Xingguo organized a double guerrilla organization.
1In February, 969, the leader headed by Zhao Nilai organized the Shaopa guerrillas.
The appearance of these guerrillas aroused the people's desire for liberation and was supported and loved by the people. The people actively joined the army to participate in the war, transmitted information, and the team developed rapidly. But these guerrilla groups are spontaneous and scattered. It is very limited to the unification and liberation of Wa. Guerrilla leaders realized that they must unify their organization, leadership and command. Zhao Nilai, Bao, Yan Ken and other leaders strengthened contacts and found the Myanmar * * * production party after many twists and turns. With a sincere attitude, please ask the Myanmar Production Party to lead the guerrillas to make revolution.
1969 in March, representatives of Myanmar * * * came to Shaopa and Shuang Hu, and went to Ma Kun and Yancheng in July. After repeated consultations and close cooperation with guerrilla leaders, Myanmar representatives reorganized the guerrillas. The 4048th Battalion of the Northeast Military Region of Myanmar People's Army was established on the basis of Shuang Hu guerrillas, the 4049th Battalion was established on the basis of Shopa guerrillas, the 502nd Battalion was established on the basis of Ma Kun guerrillas, and the 50th1Battalion was established on the basis of Yancheng guerrillas.
After the army was established, Jiangdong Command was established. The members of the headquarters are: Ministry,,, Guo Zhi, Zhao Nilai, Bao and others. After the establishment of the headquarters, Mengmao (new place) was liberated on April 30, 70, and then Yingpan, Bangyao and Jinchang were liberated. According to the orders of the Northeast Military Region, 4048 and 4049 troops went to fight outside the region, and 50 1 502 troops stayed in the tile area to fight.
197 1 year1kloc-0/month, Wa troops and militia participated in this rolling battle.
1972 In March, the headquarters of the Northeast Military Region of Myanmar was moved to Mengmao, and the troops stationed in Wa State were 4045, 4046, 4047 and 3035 and artillery battalions. By the end of this year, most of the Wa territory was liberated, and the Wa people in the north and the Wa people in the south were unified. 1973 liberated Meng Bo, most of Meng Yan and Ning Meng. 1In April 1973, the headquarters of the Northeast Military Region was moved to Bangkang;1In July 1978, the central headquarters was also moved to Bangsang until1April 1989.
Myanmar * * * Production Party has been in Wa area for 20 years, with Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought as the guiding ideology; Taking class struggle as the key link; Farmers-oriented; Taking the military as the center; The policy line of encircling cities from rural areas, winning wars and seizing political power liberated and unified the Wa state, and freed the Wa people from the shackles and shackles of tribal rule, which the Wa people will never forget.
In the past 20 years, Myanmar * * * has set up the numbers of the 2nd Brigade, 5th Brigade, 8th Brigade, 683rd Brigade, 685th Brigade, 768th Brigade, 859th Brigade, 12 Brigade, 6th Brigade, 7th Brigade, 48th Division and 68th Division. At the local level, militias have been widely established and state brigades have been established in various states. The armed forces have formed a trinity system of militia, local army and main force.
As for local political power, Beiwa County, Nanwa County, Jingbei County and Bangu brera Special Zone have been established.
In the past 20 years, Myanmar has run more than 20 schools and 5 hospitals in Wa State, mobilized the masses to build 300 kilometers of roads in dry season, and engaged in some farmland water conservancy work such as digging fields and ditching.
1September 9, 985, the third national congress was held in Myanmar. Comrade Zhao Ming was elected as a member of the Central Committee. Zhao Nilai, Bao and Li Ziru were elected as alternate members of the Central Committee. Before and after the Third National Congress of Myanmar, there were many internal problems: the base area became smaller and smaller, the class struggle became more and more fierce, the main leaders of the central government were aging, rigid in thinking and dogmatic. Great nationalism and sectarianism are increasingly obvious, and cadres cultivate cronies and form gangs. After years of war, the people's life has been declining year by year, and the army is in short supply ... At that time, many middle and lower-level cadres put forward many suggestions for improvement, but the main leaders of Myanmar refused to listen and were also labeled as "anti-Party". In this case, on March 1 1, Peng Jiasheng, the former deputy commander of the Northeast Military Region of Myanmar, boldly announced that he would leave the leadership of Myanmar and set up the Kokang National Democratic Alliance.
In order to solve the problem of food and clothing for the masses, the government decided to take the development of agriculture as the key project in the third five-year plan (1999-2003). In order to strengthen the leadership of agricultural work, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources was established in February 1998. The Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee Commissioner Zhao Wenguang was appointed Minister. And try our best to win the assistance and cooperation of international anti-drug organizations and the federal government, and decided to develop grain bases in Meng Jia, Wangling and Napan. At present, the budget of the international anti-drug organization is150,000 US dollars, the federal government is investing 2,600 kyats, and the Wa government is allocating100,000 yuan as development funds for the three grain bases. Strive to achieve food self-sufficiency in the whole Wa state by the end of the third five-year plan.
(1 1) traffic construction
In 1960s, there was only one temporary road from Huban to Mengmao in Wa State, and it was in disrepair for a long time. The traffic in the whole Wa state is closed. Traffic depends on people's backs, shoulders and horses. Myanmar * * * has been in power for 20 years, busy with war, and only built 300 kilometers of one-lane Mao highway. In the past ten years of peace building, traffic construction has been listed as the main project of the first and second five-year plans, and 3,000 kilometers of open roads have been built, of which 730 kilometers of traffic trunk lines have been paved or are being paved, and more than 90% of districts have paved access roads.
In terms of traffic construction, three bridges 13 have been built, such as Hedao, Meng Kang, Harbin, Longqiao and Nanban, with a cost of more than 500,000 yuan, and nine large and small bridges 19 have been built, including seven funded by the federal government.
Ten years of hardship, ten years of glory. At present, the Wa traffic network has been initially formed, and the traffic congestion situation has been fundamentally changed.
(12) energy construction
Energy is a sign of social progress and an important foundation for liberating productive forces and developing industry, agriculture and processing industry. 89 years ago, there was only one 70kW hydroelectric power station in Wa State. In the second five-year plan for peace building, the Wa government decided to build 65,438 to 0,996 hydropower stations in Wa state to solve the urgent power problem in economic development. These power stations are:
(1) Songpu Power Station: With an installed capacity of 7,500 kilowatts, it is located in Nanban River, 29 kilometers west of Bangkang City;
(2) Rongzhai Power Station: with an installed capacity of 2,000 kilowatts, it is located in Rongzhai River, 29 kilometers east of Mengmao (new place);
(3) Kangda Power Station: installed capacity 1.200 kW, located in Nandajiang, 5 km south of Deng Nan;
(4) Ma Kun Power Station: with an installed capacity of 800kW, it is located in Nanma River, 3km west of Ma Kun.
All four power stations were put into operation before April 1999. The completion of four power stations has laid a solid foundation for the construction and development of Wa State.
(13) Finance, commerce and mining
When I left Myanmar, Myanmar * * * left behind 90,000 Jin of rice, 700 old shields, 40,000 Hong Kong dollars, 3,600 RMB, 30 50 yuan RMB, 300 million RMB, and debts. At that time, I was really poor. /kloc-before 0/990, finance was maintained by raising funds, borrowing from the masses and collecting donations. 1990 fiscal revenue100000 yuan, spending more than 9 million yuan, with a slight balance. After 199 1 year, the income increased year by year, making ends meet and accumulating to some extent. Compared with 1990, the fiscal revenue and expenditure of 1998 increased by nearly 8 times, and the sources of fiscal revenue were:
1, with federal funds accounting for 20%.
2. Private donations account for 12%.
3. Business income accounted for 18%.
4. Tax revenue accounts for 20%
5. Share dividends account for 65,438+09%.
6. Minerals account for 10%
7. Tourism accounts for 1%
Commerce and trade: In order to solve the construction funds, we must jump out of Wa State to find financial resources. After reporting to the federal government, the Wa State is allowed to conduct commercial activities in large and medium-sized cities in Myanmar. In order to facilitate leadership and management, 1990 set up the "Wa Comprehensive Development and Trading Company" in Lashou in February. And successively set up branches in Yangon, Wacheng, Dongzhi, JD.COM, tachilek, Muse and other towns, and then applied to the federal government for the exploitation of jewelry and jade, which was approved, and organized the exploitation of jewelry and jade in Meng Xiu, Pagan, Gumu and other places. In order to broaden channels and diversify, Hongbang Company, Yixing Company, Kant Company, Kanglong Company, Kang Xiang Zhu Bao Company, 999 Company, Feiya Company, Wa Ma You Company, Simao Jinfeng Hotel, Bangkang Water Supply Company, Le Kang Co., Ltd., Wa Bank, Hengyuan Tobacco Industrial Manufacturing Company, Dangyang Red Brick Factory and more than 5,000 cadres and workers are engaged in business. They learn through practice, from not knowing how to do business to learning to do business, and from not managing to learning to manage. In the process of development, it has paid a huge price, with both successful experiences and failed lessons. Now a comprehensive commercial network has been formed. The establishment of these institutions has increased the financial revenue of Wa State year by year. It has contributed to the economic construction of Wa State.
Mining: Western Australia is rich in mineral resources, but it has not yet been explored. In recent ten years, the mining of Jinchang lead-zinc mine and Longtan tin mine has brought some benefits, mastered some information and trained a group of mining managers. This laid a foundation for the future development of mining industry.
In terms of mining, the federal government gave preferential treatment, and agreed to the Wa State to mine gems in Meng Xiu and Gu Mo, and agreed to mine jade in Pagang. We also welcome the Wa state to control the muck in Nanmadu, and so on. After several twists and turns, at present, the mining in Mengxiubao quarry has developed well and achieved considerable benefits. Longtan tin mine has great potential, high grade and good quality. Measures are being taken to mine in a planned way, and destructive and destructive mining is strictly prohibited. The Wa government plans to develop 2-3 key mines in the Third Five-Year Plan, which will be the leader of the Wa mining industry development, making it an important pillar of the Wa economic construction and a solid foundation for the comprehensive prohibition of planting and drug control.
(14) urban construction
During the Wa * * * period, there were only Myanmar Radio Station in Bangkang, and there were several brick and wood tile houses in the Northeast Military Command, with a construction area of about 2000㎡. There is not a decent street in the whole state. In the past ten years of peace building, urban construction has developed rapidly, and Bangkang has built a town that has begun to take shape. In order to welcome the anniversary in the past ten years, the whole town has re-planned, widened streets, laid underground ditches, installed water pipes, and set up standardized energy lines in 1998. A playground and an auditorium were also built. Many buildings have also been built in Deng Nan, Mengmao, Ma Kun, Wangleng, Meng Bo, Hedao and Mengpian. The construction area of Quanzhou is about 654.38+00,000 ㎡, which is 500 times that of 1989. The market and street pavement are standardized year by year, and the appearance of the city is constantly improving.
(15) Drug cultivation and drug control policies
Since 1885, when Myanmar became a colony of the British Empire, opium (poppy) has been introduced into Myanmar. Wa State belongs to Shan Plateau, with many mountains and few flat dams, and its geography, climate and soil are all suitable for poppy cultivation. /kloc-for more than 0/00 years, people have grown poppies as their main source of income. People don't understand its toxicity, just to exchange opium for daily necessities such as clothes and salt to maintain a minimum life. In addition, in the past, the Wa people were in a primitive tribal society, and their culture, science and transportation were very backward. Opium has become a panacea for the public, and many people have contracted the bad habit of smoking opium. Drug cultivation, drug abuse and drug trafficking in Wa state have a far-reaching historical and social background.
During the reign of Myanmar, although there were calls for drug control, there were no practical measures and actions. Drug control has no practical effect.
Drug control work
From 65438 to 0989, after the Wa State broke away from Myanmar, the CPC Central Committee recognized the harmfulness of drug cultivation and the arduousness of drug control. Determined to complete the drug control work as an important historical mission.
1On August 26th, 990, the Wa State issued the document "Strategies and Measures for Banning Planting and Eradicating Fog and Haze in Wa State". 199 1 June 1 1 day, the General Regulations on Drug Control was promulgated. 1 February, 19921day, General Secretary Zhao Nilai, on behalf of Wa State, presided over an activity involving international anti-drug organizations and the federal government, and pulled out more than 3,000 mu of opium seedlings on the cloud line. On June 2nd of the same year, a drug processing factory worth more than 90 million dollars was burned down in Na Wei District of Mengmao County. 1On March 8, 1994, Wu Juewen, the strategic commander of JD.COM, led ambassadors and military attaché s from China, Japan, the United States, Britain, France and Australia 1 1 to Yongding and Hedao to burn down two drug processing plants. 1On July 24, 1994, several decisions on strengthening drug management in Wa region were formulated, and an anti-drug committee was established. 1995 on may 7, 2007/kloc-0, the wa government formulated an action plan to realize a three-year drug-free zone in some areas of wa state; In order to further implement the anti-drug plan, 19961kloc-0/27/month, a regimental unit inspection brigade was established. Counties and special zones have set up inspection squadrons and squadrons; 19961February, the CPC Central Committee made a decision to realize a drug-free zone in Wa State in 2005.
After ten years' efforts, the planting area and drug production of Wa State are decreasing year by year: 1990, the planting area is about 10000 mu, and the output is about 60000 kg.
1994 The planting area is about 8000 mu and the output is about 48000 kg.
1997 The planting area is about 5000 mu and the output is about 30000 kg.
In order to achieve the goal of complete drug control, in the past ten years, especially since the Second Five-Year Plan (1994), units and individuals have been encouraged and mobilized to try to grow cash crops, and investment in alternative crops has been increased, which has achieved good results. In Bangkang area, artillery regiment, independent regiment, 4 18 division, Bangkang Special Zone, Wanbang Farm and other units and individuals plant rubber, coffee and fruit trees 1 10,000 mu. Deng Nan Special Zone, Mengmao County, Longtan Special Zone, Meng Bo County and other units have mobilized the masses to plant cash crops such as rubber, tea, litchi, mango and Chinese fir according to local conditions, which have reached more than 50,000 mu and are growing well. In the south, the climate is warm and the soil is fertile. 17 1 More than 800,000 teak plants have been planted in the military region. Two longan bases have been developed and more than 5000 mu of longan seedlings have been planted.
It is a hard and long-term work to ban planting and drug control in Wa State, which is not optimistic. Because a few domestic and foreign drug-making and drug traffickers who seek high profits have changed their tactics, or openly or implicitly opposed Wa's anti-drug policy, they have failed to crack down on these resistance forces, and international assistance has been delayed, and Wa's anti-drug resistance is still great. In some areas where cultivation has been banned, the phenomenon of large-scale outflow has also become prominent, and they have moved to other places to continue to grow drugs ... However, the Wa government's anti-drug determination has been made. As long as the whole party, the whole army and the people of all ethnic groups unite as one, and with the assistance of international anti-drug organizations and the federal government, the Wa anti-drug cause will surely win in an all-round way! The grand goal of making Wa a drug-free source area in 2005 will certainly be achieved!