Mummy Mummy, that is, "artificial mummy". This word is translated from English mummy and comes from Persian mumiai, which means "asphalt". Anti-corrosive perfumes are used in many parts of the world. These perfumes will dry over the years and form mummies. The ancient Egyptians believed that after death, the soul would not die, but would still cling to the corpse or statue. Therefore, after the death of Pharaoh, mummification was regarded as a way to make the deceased immortal or embalm the corpse with sesame oil (or medicine), among which the mummies in ancient Egypt were the most famous. Ancient Egyptians used antiseptic spices to bury bodies, hopes and deep memories.
In the early days, the ancient Egyptians believed that the soul would not die. They regard human death as a continuation of "life" in another world, so they are keen on making mummies and repairing graves. So that the dead human beings can live better in the "other world". They use salt water, spices, ointment, linen and other things to make the body into a "mummy", and then put it in a closed grave, which can be preserved for a long time. Buried in the grave, the incorruptible body quietly waits for the dead soul to come back and cling to it. The ancient Egyptians realized that man's resurrection can only be in the underworld, not on earth. Therefore, the reorganization of the body and soul can not bring people back to earth, but can only live in the underground palace. Slave owners, as rulers, used all the manpower, material resources and financial resources of the country to build tombs in order to meet their needs after death, and the pyramids appeared under such circumstances. For the convenience of the deceased, all kinds of daily necessities must also be placed in the tomb. The production of The Mummy is mixed with some mysterious and superstitious things. As far as the production of "mummy" itself is concerned, it embodies the achievements of medical level in ancient Egypt. In the process of making "mummies", Egyptians accumulated a lot of anatomical knowledge, and initially understood the relationship between human blood circulation and heart function, as well as the important role of the brain in the human body. Edwin Smith papyrus, which can be seen today, is the most important medical document in ancient Egypt. This medical work was discovered by a man named Edwin Smith in the 1960s from 65438 BC to 0600 BC, and the oldest part of it can be traced back to the period of the Middle Kingdom. The first half of Papyrus systematically describes the structure of human body, which is very similar to today's human anatomy, and lists 48 cases, which are divided into treatable, refractory and incurable, and also describes the symptoms in detail. Unfortunately, the second half has been lost. In the sculptures around 2500 BC, we can see the images of doctors performing operations at that time. All these indicate that ancient Egyptian medicine has reached a high level. The medical achievements of ancient Egypt are directly related to their autopsies and mummies.
Edit the production process of this paragraph.
Mummies, or mummies. Ancient Egyptians buried corpses with antiseptic spices, which dried up over the years and formed mummies. The ancient Egyptians believed that after death, the soul would not die, but would still cling to the corpse or statue. Therefore, after the death of Pharaoh, they were all mummified as a hope and deep memory of the deceased. Mummy originally meant asphalt, referring to a dry and uncorrupted corpse. Egypt has found the largest number of mummies, the earliest time and the most complicated technology. When the Egyptians made mummies, they first took out part of the brain marrow from the nostrils of the dead body with iron hooks and injected some drugs into the brain for cleaning. Then use a sharp stone knife to cut a hole in the side abdomen, take out the internal organs completely, clean the abdomen, fill it with coconut milk wine and mashed spices, and sew it as it is. After this step is completed, put the corpse in baking soda powder for 40 days, then wash the corpse, wrap it with fine linen bandage from head to toe, and coat it with gum commonly used in Egypt instead of ordinary glue, and then give it to relatives, who will put it in a special humanoid wooden box and keep it in the tomb, standing upright against the wall. This expensive method of disposing of corpses is generally suitable for pharaohs, dignitaries and the rich. It is much easier for the poor to make mummies. Wash the abdomen with laxatives, then soak the body in soda powder for 40 days, take it out, let the wind blow dry and bury it in a dry sand dune. The ancient Egyptians, rich or poor, were mummified after their death. This is because the ancient Egyptians believed that people were composed of body and soul, and even in the world of the underworld, the dead still needed their own bodies. A corpse is not a "useless corpse". As long as the body is well preserved, it can always be used. The soul is gradually lost with the gradual destruction of the body, and the complete destruction of the body means the complete disappearance of the soul. As long as the body is preserved and the soul has a place to live, the dead can be reincarnated.
Specific processes and methods
If someone dies, his body is first sent to a place called the "clothing department": it is dedicated to purifying the body. After the corpse was washed with soda water, it was sent to a place called "Babet" (meaning pure land) or "Per-Napier" (meaning beautiful house) to complete the filling of spices. So mummies are being made. Herodotus left us detailed information about this. First, apply melted turpentine to your face to protect your facial image and prevent it from drying too fast. Second, brain pulp processing. The craftsman inserted the chisel into the left nostril, crushed the ethmoid bone, and then used tools to rotate in the brain, destroying the brain marrow. Insert a very small long-handled spoon into the brain from the nostril, dig out the brains, and finally put some drugs and spices into the empty skull. Brain marrow is generally not preserved. Third, take out the internal organs. The stomach, intestine, liver and lung were taken out through the left incision in the abdomen. Then use palm oil as cleaning solution to clean the chest and abdomen. Sometimes these organs are neatly wrapped in turpentine balls and put into the mummy's abdomen, and sometimes they are put into a small jar with a lid and then put into the abdomen. Small pots are becoming more and more complicated from the ancient kingdom to the new kingdom. At first, there were some simple pot covers, but in the Middle Kingdom, there were pot covers with heads. In the early18th century, the lid of the jar was guarded by the "son of Horace". However, it was forbidden to take out the heart in ancient Egypt. They regard the heart as a symbol of wisdom and try their best to keep it in the body. In the book of the dead in the New Kingdom, there are three people on duty who take turns guarding the heart. Fourth, dehydration. This is an important drying process. The craftsmen first wrapped the soaked alkali and other temporary fillers in cloth, and then soaked them in dry soaked alkali powder for about 40 days. After the water is drained, they take out the stuffing inside and put crushed myrrh, cinnamon, soaked alkali, sawdust and so on in cloth bags. Finally, they carefully stitched the incision and pasted a piece of skin with Horace's eyes painted on it, because the ancient Egyptians missed the strong healing and protection of this skin. Fifth, cosmetic surgery. In order to keep the mummy's skin soft, it was selectively coated with a mixture of milk, wine, spices, beeswax, turpentine and asphalt to beautify the skin. Mummy's eyes are full of linen and stones, which are very vivid. The mummy was finally coated with turpentine to prevent moisture, and the makeup artist also sprinkled a layer of carmine on the mummy's cheeks, wearing a braided wig, clothes and the best jewelry. Sixth, the bag. Egyptians thought it was dangerous to be buried, so prayers were accompanied during the whole process (usually 15 days). Every time the hand that bandages the body moves, it is accompanied by solemn prayers or magic spells, and protective strips are placed between linen bandages. They attach great importance to keeping it in their hearts. Amulets are generally made of scarab-shaped or heart-shaped green stones with the words "Preserve the heart of the deceased so that it will not produce anything harmful to its owner". Other amulets were placed near the mummy's body or wrapped in linen. Seventh, the mummy greeted his card. The time is usually 70 days. After that, Anubis secretly returned the mummy to his family and waited for burial.
Conventional production method
(1), immediately remove the most perishable internal organs. Usually, an incision is made on the left side of the corpse to remove all the internal organs such as liver, lung, stomach and intestine, and the brain marrow of the deceased is taken out from the nostril through the ethmoid bone, but the heart is not taken. Because the ancient Egyptians believed that the heart was an organ for thinking and understanding and must remain in the body. (2) To preserve the viscera and body cavity, firstly clean and disinfect them thoroughly with palm wine or date palm wine, then sprinkle a layer of mashed spices on the viscera and store them in four jars; For the disinfected body cavity, it is first filled with temporary fillers such as cloth-wrapped alkali soaking, and then soaked in dry alkali soaking powder for about 40 days. After draining the water, take out the filler and replace it with a cloth wrapped with crushed myrrh, cinnamon, alkali soaking and sawdust. Finally, carefully sew the knife edge and paste a piece of skin with Horace's eyes painted on it, because the ancient Egyptians thought this kind of skin had strong healing and protective power. (3) Apply a layer of ointment or rosin solution to the treated corpse, and then wrap fingers, palms, feet and stems with white linen in turn. The nose of the deceased is sometimes damaged by extracting brain marrow. At this time, a wooden fake nose should be installed, and the eye socket should be stuffed with cloth to make a fake eye. (4) Put the deceased's hands on his chest, put them in the sarcophagus, and sometimes add a coffin cover outside. In this way, a mummy is completed.
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