Jewelry refers to rare, beautiful and precious natural substances such as diamonds, pearls, rubies, sapphires and ivory. Jewelry refers to all kinds of ornaments made of precious stones through polishing, carving, inlaying and stringing. Natural jewelry is a valuable resource, durable, rare and crystal clear, suitable for decoration and collection. Natural gemstones have the characteristics of transparent texture, simplicity and elegance, strong refraction, high hardness, stable chemical properties, strong decoration and high value. There are mainly two kinds of jewelry processing techniques: one is "inlaid jewelry" in which jewelry is inlaid on gold and silver; The other is to polish and carve gems or pearls into various "traditional jewelry" with ornaments. At present, the jewelry on the market is mainly the former. I. Classification of Jewelry and Jade There are many kinds of jewelry. Our common inorganic jewelry includes the following categories: 1. Natural jewelry: Natural jewelry is a precious gem that can be made into jewelry and handicrafts after pondering, such as diamonds, aquamarine, jadeite and so on. Natural gemstones are extremely rare in nature, so their handicrafts are of high value. 2. Semi-precious stones: Semi-precious stones are ornaments that replace and simulate precious stones with similar substances. For example, use green translucent stones instead of jade. Semi-precious stones generally refer to middle and low-grade stones with hardness below 7 degrees. 3. Synthetic jewelry: Synthetic jewelry is based on a natural gem, made of materials with the same properties as natural gems through scientific methods. Such as artificial rubies, sapphires, emeralds and Jin Gangzuan. 4. Gemstone filler: Gemstone filler actually refers to artificial lead-containing glass, plastic products and other beautiful substances as gems, which can not be compared with the above gems in terms of color, hardness, chemical properties and value. Usually, the jewels made of copper and lead that we see in the market are artificial glass or other fake gems. Organic jewelry is evolved from living things, such as pearls, corals, amber, coal essence and so on. Its main components are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are combined in different proportions. Second, the identification of jewelry can be carried out from the following aspects: 1. A particular color is the primary factor in the aesthetic feeling of jewelry. The color difference between real jewelry and fake jewelry is obvious. Natural jewelry is natural in color, while synthetic gems are often over-decorated and unnatural. The biggest feature of natural sapphire is uneven color, while synthetic sapphire is uniform color. Artificial jadeite is often dark green, too green and unnatural in color. 2. Clarity refers to the transparency and cleanliness of gemstones. Use a magnifying glass with a magnification of 10 to observe whether there are cracks, flaws and scratches on jewelry. Generally, synthetic jewelry has fewer defects and cleaner interior. Through the clarity, it is helpful to identify the authenticity of jewelry. 3. Look at the process of jewelry processing. Distinguishing the quality of jewelry cutting and polishing is also helpful to distinguish the authenticity of jewelry. Because natural jewelry has smooth surface, strong refractive index and sharp edges after polishing; But synthetic gems are often rough and round after polishing. Natural products of the same size look more exquisite than man-made products, and the cutting edges are even and symmetrical. 4. Card weight method Card weight method is a method to distinguish the authenticity of jewelry with the same volume by weighing. For example, gemstones polished with artificial zirconia crystals are similar in appearance to diamonds and are the most ideal substitutes for diamonds. It's difficult to distinguish fake diamonds from real ones when they are put together. For example, put diamonds and zircon with the same volume together and weigh them, with diamonds being heavy and zircon being light. Similarly, for pearls, natural pearls are heavy and artificial pearls are light. 5. Lamp identification method Put the jewelry to be purchased under a covered desk lamp for inspection, put down the lampshade so that the light does not directly enter the eyes, and then put the jewelry on the edge of the lampshade, so that it is half in the light and half in the dark, and half in the light is illuminated by light. Constantly changing the angle of a gem can expose all its defects. 6. Hardness appraisal method Hardness is the hardness of each piece of jewelry. Internationally, the hardness of jewelry is classified as 10. Talc: hardness 1 feldspar: hardness 6 gypsum: hardness 2 timely: hardness 7 calcite: hardness 3 topaz: hardness 8 fluorite: hardness 4 corundum (sapphire): hardness 9 apatite: hardness 5 diamond (diamond): hardness 10 or above 10. Each grade is arranged according to relative hardness. If you have two pieces of jewelry in your hand, grind it harder. If the detected jewelry is damaged, it is a fake, and the intact jewelry is true. For gems with hardness above Grade 9, such as diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires, etc., if they have been polished into diamond shapes, they can be scratched on angular glass. If they can cut glass, it means they are genuine, and vice versa. 7. Test the speed of heat conduction. Natural gemstones are slow to respond to changes in external heat and cold. In winter, the surface of real gems often forms a thick fog with breathing, which will soon disappear. The above identification methods can only roughly identify the authenticity of jewelry. In order to accurately judge jewelry, we must use sophisticated identification instruments, such as gem magnifying glass, refractometer, thermal conductivity meter and so on. , to determine the refractive index, density and thermal conductivity. Jewelry cleaning should be treated differently according to the hardness and characteristics of the material. (1) Materials with high hardness, such as diamonds, emeralds, rubies and sapphires, have relatively stable structural characteristics and long-lasting colors. Even if there is dirt, it can be washed with clear water. If the effect is not ideal, you can use detergent solution to clean the jewelry, that is, first soak the jewelry in a small basin of warm water containing neutral detergent, brush off the dirt on the back of the jewelry with a brush, then put the jewelry on the filter paper and wash it with warm water, and finally absorb the water with a dry cloth. (2) Materials with moderate hardness, such as opal, garnet, jadeite, olivine and other jewelry, can only be lightly brushed with a soft brush dipped in washing liquid, and then wrapped with absorbent paper or gauze after washing. After the sewage is completely absorbed, gently wipe the jewelry with alcohol and water in a soft cloth, and then dry it or air dry it. (3) Jewelry with low hardness and strong water absorption, such as amber, coral, turquoise, etc., should not be washed with water, it will crack when heated, and it should not be exposed to alcohol, oil, vinegar, etc. It is not advisable to wear coral necklaces for a long time when it is hot in summer. Wipe the stain with flannel at ordinary times to avoid damaging its surface luster, and pay attention to reducing friction. (4) For pearls (natural and artificial pearls) that are not wear-resistant and weak in acid and alkali resistance, sunlight, rain and sweat stains should be avoided as much as possible. People should not wear pearl necklaces when sweating, so as not to turn yellow. Be sure to wipe it with a soft cloth after each use, or put some cold cream on it first, and then wipe it with a soft cloth for better effect. I. Platinum

Platinum jewelry is a hot spot of jewelry consumption. Platinum and platinum are two different concepts. Platinum is a natural white precious metal. The annual output of platinum is only one twentieth of that of gold, and it takes five months to extract one ounce of platinum from 10 ton platinum ore. Domestic platinum jewelry usually contains 90% pure platinum and is marked with "Pt900 900". Platinum has a natural white luster and will not fade after long-term wear. The hardness of platinum makes it the best friend of diamonds. White gold is gold with some alloys, which is white. It only contains 75% gold at most. White gold cannot be marked with Pt mark, only gold and its purity can be marked according to its purity. For example, 18k platinum can only be marked with "18k" and "G750". In the international precious metal market, the price of platinum far exceeds that of gold, which is the highest among all precious metals. In addition, some white jewelry may be made of silver or coated with white metal, which may show its original appearance after a long time. Although platinum is sometimes commonly known as platinum, it should be called "platinum" in a strict sense. Platinum means platinum in English. Therefore, the purity, rarity, durability and natural white luster of platinum are incomparable to platinum. Therefore, in fact, some jewelry marked "platinum" on the market is not platinum jewelry. When choosing, it is very important to look at the imprint inside the jewelry.

Second, pearls

If pearls are kept in the shade, the best pearls will shine. B The cleanliness and color of the pearl surface is another factor that determines the value of the pearl.

The bigger and rounder the pearl, the more valuable it is.

Third, gems.

In the sun, with a light silver pot or white satin as the lining, put the gem at a height of about five inches and let the sun shine. If the light penetrating the gem appears on the lining with the silver wing of Venus, it can be concluded that it is genuine, if it is a fake gem. A shadow will appear on the lining. If you put a jewel in your mouth for a while, and then it is full of saliva, you won't feel thirsty, but your mouth will be very cold. If the jewel itself doesn't get hot, you can also conclude that it is genuine.

Four. emerald

There are three ways: A Fill a bowl with clear water, and put the gem into the bowl, which can make the whole bowl appear light green and genuine.

B put the gem in a copper basin, enclose it with paper, and light the white paper with fire, which can turn the fire into green and is genuine.

C put the gem into red charcoal, and the charcoal will smell everywhere, and the fire will go out immediately. This is the real thing.

Verb (short for verb) transparent

Lick it with your tongue. It's freezing. No matter how advanced the real crystal is, there is always a faint water halo in it.

At the edge of the real crystal, the light is pure white, while the fake one is white, but transparent as a mirror.

The intransitive verb diamond

Real things glow green in the dark, just like sparks on wires. Fake things can only emit a little white light or no light. You can also cut the glass to identify the real gold ornaments. Straighten the broken hand with a soft bend, and draw traces with a hard east.

Seven, gold

First, pay attention to the gold content. In China, it is marked with the words "foot red, pure gold, 80%, 70%, 90% and 100%". Internationally, the gold content is expressed by "K", 24K is pure gold, with a content of about 99.6%, 22K is 9 1.3%, 20K is 83%, 18K is 75%, and 65438+.

A gold ornament was thrown on the floor, making a "poop" sound. The falsetto is sharp and bright, and it jumps higher than real gold.

B is really dark yellow, with excessive dividends as fake gold and light colors as mixed gold such as silver and aluminum. C is really heavier, and the fake one is lighter.

D does not change color when it is really burned, but it is not fire-resistant when it is fake, and it becomes dark purple. E is really red and then quenched into water, and the color remains the same.

Eight, jade

Real jade is very hard and wear-resistant, but if it has cracks, its quality will be poor. If there are fake jade, there are wrinkles on the surface, bubbles inside, light weight, low hardness, and clear sound when knocking each other.

Nine, rare gold

Rare gold jewelry is an alloy with copper as the main raw material and trace elements added appropriately. It does not contain gold, and its appearance is 14-24K gold, with better wear resistance and lighter specific gravity than gold. The words C20K, C 18K and C 14K mean that gold is equivalent to 20K, 18K and 14K, and the colors are similar but the quality is good.

Silver

A specific gravity judgment: the specific gravity of silver is much larger than other silvery white metals. B sound judgment: it falls on a hard object and makes a weak sound.

C color judgment: real silver remains unchanged after dripping fire barbecue or nitric acid on the surface of jewelry, and the jewelry is still silver after being erased.

Eleven, agate

Rub it in the palm of your hand, and the color, shape and taste will remain the same. This is the real thing.

Twelve. elephant's tusk

Real ivory has some exquisite patterns. If you soak it in vinegar for one night, it will become soft and can be made into exquisite handicrafts at will. After it is made, it will be very hard if it is boiled with equisetum water. Without these characteristics, it is not real ivory. Another method is to cook ivory with gravy, which will soften and then recover by the first method. Good luck, happiness and wealth!