The Greeks built it and the Romans got it.
The history of this city can be traced back to the 7th century BC, when the residents of the nearby Greek colony Kumai founded a city called Palthe Noppe. Kumai itself was founded by residents from the Greek island of Ubia. Palthe Noble is the name of a Sai Ren in Greek mythology. It is said that she is the founder of Naples. However, the Kumai people created Niapoli (ν ε? πολι? , Neápolis, meaning "new town"), the specific reason is unknown. In the meantime, they stopped the Etruscan invasion attempt. The growth of the new city benefited from the influence of the powerful Greek city-state, Syracuse, and also benefited from the merger of the old and new cities in Naples Bay.
The city became an ally of the Roman Republic against Carthage; The strong walls around Naples stopped Hannibal's attack. During the Samnett War, this busy trade center was occupied by Samnett people. However, the city of Niapoli was soon occupied by the Romans and became a Roman colony. Because of its Hellenistic civilization, the city was respected by the Romans: people kept their Greece and customs, and built exquisite villas, elevated canals, public bathrooms, concert halls, theaters and temples of Diogenes. Many Roman emperors such as Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus and Tiberius also chose to spend their holidays here. It is said that when Christianity was introduced to Naples, two apostles, Peter and Paul, came here to preach. Saint Yanu arius was also martyred here, and was later honored as the patron saint of the city.
Principality of Naples
After the decline of the Western Roman Empire, Naples was captured by a Germanic tribe, East Gold, and merged into the Kingdom of East Gold. However, in 536, Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire (the Eastern Roman Empire) occupied the city through an elevated canal.
The Gothic War broke out, and the German king Tortiya of East Georgia occupied the city briefly in 543, but the Battle of Laktalius Mountain on the hillside of Vesuvius finally confirmed the victory of Byzantium. Naples keeps in touch with Byzantine forces in the center of Italian Peninsula, Bishop Lavaine. The Principality of Naples was founded after the collapse of the Lavaine diocese. Although Naples maintained its own Greek and Roman culture, it finally changed its allegiance from Constantinople to the Pope in 763 under the leadership of Duke Stephen II.
From 8 18 to 832, the relationship between Naples and Byzantine emperors was particularly chaotic, and there was also a period of struggle among local people for the throne. The appointment of Dicktius was not approved by the emperor; It was later deposed and replaced by Dior II. But the generals drove him out of the city and elected Stephen III, who made money by replacing the Byzantine emperor's name with his own. In 840, Naples gained complete independence.
The principality of Naples was occupied by its long-term rival, Pan Defu IV, Marquis of Kapuya, directly controlled by Lombards for three years, and then recovered by the Duke influenced by Greek and Roman culture. In the 1 1 century, like many places in this area, Naples hired Normans to fight against their opponents; Duke Sergius IV hired Renuf Drengot to deal with Kapuya. By 1 137, Norman's influence was greatly enhanced, and they controlled formerly independent principalities and principalities, such as Kapuya, Benevito, Salenitana, amalfi, sorrento and Gaeta. At this time, Naples, the last independent principality in the southern part of the Italian peninsula, fell into the hands of the Normans. Kingdom of Sicily.
kingdom
Norman to Anjou Dynasty
After the Norman kingdom, the Sicilian kingdom was inherited by the Hohenstaufen dynasty, which originated in Schwaben in southern Germany. Frederick II founded the world's oldest national university, Federico II University, in Naples, making Naples the knowledge center of the kingdom. Due to the conflict between Hohenstaufen Dynasty and the Holy See, 1266, Sinibaldo Fieschi was crowned Duke of Anjou Dynasty, and Karl V became king of the kingdom. Karl V officially moved the capital from Palermo to his residence, Naples, where the "new castle" is located. During this period, a large number of Gothic buildings appeared in Naples, including the main church of the city, Naples Cathedral.
1282, after vespers in Sicily, the kingdom split in two. Napoli and rule the kingdom of Anjou Dynasty occupied the southern part of the Italian peninsula, while Sicily belonged to the Sicilian kingdom of Aragon Dynasty. The war lasted until the signing of the Caltabellotta Peace Treaty in 1302. Pope Boyd VIII recognized Frederick III as the king of Sicily and Carlo II as the king of Naples. Despite the division, the importance of Naples continued to grow, mainly because as a metropolis in the middle of the Mediterranean, it successfully attracted businessmen from Pisa and Genoa, bankers from Tuscany, and some of the most popular Renaissance artists at that time, such as Giovanni Boccaccio, Francesco Petracca and Giotto, so it was still regarded as an important stronghold of Mediterranean trade. Alfonso V defeated René, the last king of Anjou Dynasty, and conquered Naples, which was once again briefly merged with Sicily.
Aragon to bourbon
Sicily and Naples were separated again in 1458, but under the rule of Ferdinand I, they remained the territory of Aragon dynasty. The new dynasty promoted the commercial development of Naples by establishing contact with Iberian Peninsula. Naples is also the center of the Renaissance, and artists such as Francisco Lorana, Antonello da Messina, Jacob Sannazaro and Polly Ciano all came to this city.
150 1 year, King Louis XII of France of France began to rule Naples, and King Friedrich IV der Aufrichtige of Naples was sent to France as a prisoner. Four years later, Spain won the battle of Gariano, and Naples was under the rule of the Spanish Empire throughout the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. Spain sent a governor to Naples to deal with local affairs directly: the most important one was Pedro Alvarez de Toledo, who brought considerable social, economic and urban progress to the city; He also supported the Inquisition.
During this period, Naples became the second largest city in Europe after Paris. It was a cultural power station in the Baroque period, with artists such as Caravaggio, Salvato Rosa and Gian bernini, philosophers such as Bernardino Tlesi, Giordano Bruno, campanella and Gian Batista Vico, and writers such as Gian Batista marino. 1647, the local fisherman Massanillo launched a revolution and established an independent Republic of Naples, but Spanish rule resumed a few months later. Finally, in 17 14, Spain gave up its rule over Naples due to the war of succession to the Spanish throne; Instead, Austrian charles vi appointed a governor from Vienna to manage it. However, the Polish war of succession to the throne made Spain recapture Sicily and Naples, forming a * * * main confederation, which was recognized in the Vienna Treaty of 1738 and gained independence under the rule of Carlos III of Spanish Bourbon dynasty.
During the period of ferdinand iv, the French Revolution affected Naples, and Nelson, an ally of Bourbon Dynasty, warned the city on 1798. However, Ferdinand was forced to retreat and fled to Palermo, where he was protected by the British navy. Lazzaroni, the lower class in Naples, was extremely pious and loyal to the monarch and supported the Bourbon dynasty. They rebelled against the government and the government of Naples, which led to the civil war. * * * and the party occupied the castle of St. elmo, announced the establishment of the Parthenon * * * Republic, protected by the French army. Fabrizio Ruffo formed lazzaroni's religious army and won a great victory. The French surrendered from the castle in Naples and were allowed to return to Toulon by sea.
Ferdinand IV returned to the throne; Subsequently, Napoleon occupied Naples for seven years and appointed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king. With the help of the Austrian Empire and its allies, Ferdinand IV defeated the Bonaparte family in the Napoli War and restored the kingdom and throne again. 18 15 at the Vienna conference, the kingdom of Naples and the kingdom of Sicily merged to form two Sicilian kingdoms, with Naples as its capital. 1839, Naples became the first city with a railway on the Italian peninsula, with factories all over the kingdom, becoming a very important trade center.
Revival movement
After the expedition led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, the controversial siege of Gaeta began (1860). 186 1 year, Naples became a part of the Italian kingdom, ending the rule of the Bourbon dynasty. These two Sicilian kingdoms were once rich countries. At this time, 800 billion dollars worth of money should be taken out of the bank and donated to the treasury of the newly established country. In the process of revival, donations from other primitive countries are far less than this. In the past, the economic collapse of two Sicilians led to an unprecedented scale of immigration. From 1876 to 19 13, it is estimated that at least 4 million people have left Naples or its vicinity.
The Second World War
Naples was one of the Italian cities that suffered the most air strikes in World War II. Although Neapolitans did not resist under Italian fascist rule, Naples was the first Italian city to oppose German military occupation. 1 94310 June1day, Neapolitans held an uprising and set their city free. The symbol of the rebirth of Naples is the reconstruction of the Santachiara Church destroyed by the air strikes of the United States Air Force.
post-war reconstruction
From 1950 to 1984, the Italian government's Southern Development Fund helped improve the economy, including reviving popular voting squares and other city landmarks.