Ren Zi? It is one of the most important systems in the selection and appointment of officials at the grass-roots level in the Han Dynasty, and it is clearly stipulated in the legal provisions of the Western Han Dynasty. History of Han dynasty: Except the Benevolence Act and the Defamation Act? , Yan Shigu note:? English says less:? Ren, hanyi notes:? An official who has worked for more than 2,000 yuan for three years can be appointed as A Lang if he is the son of the same property. ? Do not choose by virtue, so remove it. ? Anyone appointed will be guaranteed. ?
Ren Zi? This is the exclusive privilege of officials in the Western Han Dynasty, which began in the Wendi period and exceeded 2,000 stones. While Emperor Xiaowen ascended the throne, Ange was appointed as a corps commander? (historical records. Biography of Yuan Ang), is this about the Western Han Dynasty? Ren Zi? The earliest record of being an official.
If you are a son, you can be a son with the same property if you work for more than two thousand stones for three years. In other words, an official with a rank of more than 2,000 stones can recommend one of his descendants as an official as long as he has served for three years. In this process, the court can directly elect as long as he recommends, regardless of the virtue and talent of his children. Lang Guan? . Of course, if you are a civilian general who has made outstanding contributions or a relative of the country, can you recommend more than two descendants? Lang Guan? Is it because of his three sons that Ruping stayed in prison? Ren Zi? Have to? Lang Guan? Another example is Wu Yanghou's post, because of his nine sons? Ren Zi? One by one? Lang Guan? Post it.
Lang Guan? It is a general term for negotiator, corps commander, assistant minister and corps commander. Han dynasty? Lang Guan? What are the main responsibilities of a corps commander (changed from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Guang Luxun)? Watch the door and charge the car? ("Han Shu. Guan Bai "or watch"), also served as an adviser to the emperor. Because LangGuan is mostly the emperor's cronies, it is very easy to win the favor of the emperor, so it is very easy to get a high position, such as Liang Wudi's prime minister Tian Fen, who is it? Lang Guan? Born.
Of course, most of it depends on it? Ren Zi? what's up Lang Guan? The aristocratic children of the post still need to pass the examination if they want to get a formal official position. Back then? Lang department? Every year, right? Lang Guan? After the examination, most people who pass the examination can be directly appointed as local county magistrate and chief executive (biography of Hanshu Dong Zhongshu:? Husbands and officials are mostly from doctors and doctors. ), or promote to a higher position, such as Liang Wudi period, Li Guang's son Li Jiao? Ren Zi? After obtaining the title of Langguan, he was directly promoted to the position of Dai Jun magistrate and became a local official.
Because in the early Han Dynasty, there were many satraps and nine ladies? Lang Guan? I went up, so what was it then? Ren Zi? It can be said that it is the fastest shortcut for the children of officials with more than 2,000 stones to become senior officials.
Choice? It was a national official selection system introduced in Wenjing period. What if? Ren Zi? It is the quickest shortcut for aristocratic children to be officials, then? Choice? It is the fastest shortcut for local rich children to become officials.
Hey? Pass? Capital? It means wealth, wealth, so-called? Choice? Is to be an official according to the amount of property. In the early Han Dynasty, except businessmen, husbands and officials who accepted bribes (petty officials who committed corruption), they were eligible to be officials as long as they met the corresponding property conditions and then paid a certain amount of money to the government. For example, during the reign of Emperor Wen, Zhang Shizhi relied on it. Choice? Being an official? Riding A Lang? (The Biography of Han Zhang Shizhi contains:? Take me as a rider and work for Wendi? ), and then gradually achieved the position of Jiuqing. Another example is Sima Xiangru in Jingdi period. Choice? Being an official? Wu qi's long history? (The Biography of Han Sima Xiangru contains:? Take you as A Lang, filial piety as Emperor Jing and martial arts as constant servants? )。
In the early Han dynasty, it took 100,000 yuan to appoint? Lang Guan? After that, because Jingdi thought? Today, there are dozens of officials, and it is not necessary to count the cheap people. You can't be an official with a city hukou, and you can't be an official without a city hukou. ? (History of the Han Dynasty. "Jing Di Ji"), that is, Jing Di thought that it was a bit harsh to restrict rich children from taking 100 thousand yuan as officials in the early Han Dynasty, especially unfair to honest people. For example, according to the original regulations, businessmen are not allowed to take money to be officials, and honest people cannot be officials without money, which is tantamount to completely blocking the way for honest people to want to work for the court.
So in the last four years, Jingdi wrote a letter: Even if you count to four, you are an official. If you die, Lian will be negligent for a long time, and you will be greedy for your husband. (History of Emperor Han Jing) That is, after two years, as long as the wealth reaches 40,000 yuan, then you can pay a small amount of assets? Lang Guan? In this way, we can avoid letting an honest man fail to perform his duties, let a greedy husband take his place for a long time, and let him participate when the family property reaches 40 thousand yuan? Choice? .
Of course, compared with those who don't ask about ability and political integrity? Ren Zi? ,? Choice? The conditions are very bad.
First, choose? Yan Shigu said? You have money, and it's good to worship your family's wealth. That is, if you want to? Choice? Your family must be rich. In this way, the family property in Wenjing period must reach100000 or 40000 yuan? Choice? Qualification, and then what are you doing? Lang Guan? In the meantime, they also need to support a certain amount of funds every year for the use of Lang Department. Lang Guan's story, your son paid for the city wealth, gave the documents, but got the name Shan Lang? ), you have to bring your own pommel horse, clothes, weapons and other items (Historical Records. Shu Tian Chuan contains: Later, the general who chose Wei gave up his position as a doctor. The general chose the richest man among the people and asked him to ride an pommel horse, wear a crimson suit and take a jade sword to fight. ? ), so you were involved? Choice? The cost is definitely not affordable for ordinary families. Choice? A politician must have a lot of money to support the expenses of being an official.
After that, right? Choice? Besides, the Western Han Dynasty also had strict identity regulations. When Emperor Xiaowen was filial, he was clean and corrupt, and Jia people, mother-in-law and officials were all imprisoned and were not allowed to be officials. (Biography of Han Shu Gong Yuchuan) That is to say, businessmen, husbands and collectors registered in this city did not participate? Choice? Qualification.
Still that sentence? Choice? Who needs to be outstanding, such as Wenjing period, crossing? Choice? Both the officials and the scholars were great talents at that time, and they were appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and made an article "Zi Xu Fu". Read Zixu Fu and be good at it, saying:? I can't be with this person at the same time! ? ), Zhang Shizhi was also attracted by his outstanding talents ("The Biography of Hanshu Zhang Shizhi" contains:? A corps commander knows his sage and cherishes his departure. Is it the man who asked for release? ), as can be seen from the above records, if you want to pass? Choice? Being an official depends mainly on talent. If you have no talent, the court will not use you.
So overall,? Choice? Although facing the whole country, but relative to? Ren Zi? Generally speaking, the requirements for property, identity and talent are strict. If you can't meet these requirements, do you want to pass? Choice? Being an official is almost impossible.
To sum up, it can be said that you can sit in the early Han Dynasty? San Gong Jiu Qing? People with high status have money at home, people with high status have rights at home, and ordinary people have no chance. Take the Prime Minister as an example. Over the past 90 years from Gaozu to Wudi, such as Xiao He, Cao Can, Tomb, Chen Ping, Shenshiqi, Zhou Bo, Guan Ying, Zhang Cang and Shentu Jia. Are the founding heroes. After the fierce? . Later, Tao Qing, Zhou Yafu and Liu She were all heroes, and they all inherited the mantle of their ancestors? After the fierce? A title.
It can be seen that there was no mature system of selecting and appointing officials in the early Han Dynasty. At that time, most of the high positions were monopolized by the rich bureaucrats who held power in the early Han Dynasty, and the children of the poor had few opportunities to serve.
This system, which was dominated by the nobles, did play a role in stabilizing the political power in the early Han Dynasty, but it will inevitably affect the rule of the world after the Western Han Dynasty. After all, this? Father dies and son follows? It is easy for a large number of people who have no talent and virtue to enter the officialdom, and under the governance of these people, how can the Western Han Dynasty be good?
So, what did the talented Emperor Wu feel in the period of Emperor Wu? Ren Zi? 、? Choice? Harmful to the Western Han Dynasty, the system of selecting officials in the Western Han Dynasty began to change greatly.
First of all, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu began to formulate irregular imperial edicts? Yan xianliang? Officials from all over the country are required to recommend people with both ability and political integrity to the court in order to select talents who are really useful to the court.
140 years ago, before the winter, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty? Write to the prime minister, the suggestion, and the ministers. Among them, there are two thousand stones, two thousand stones, and the ministers. Who is honest and clean? ("Han Shu? Emperor Wu Ji), that is, let the three fairs, local governors and governors recommend all parts of the country for Emperor Wu? Kind and upright? (good conduct) Frankly? Hui Ji and others (who dare to comment on current politics and give advice to the emperor) are strict in helping? Yan xianliang? Selected by Emperor Wu, and later selected as Chinese medicine. There are more than 100 virtuous people in the county, and Emperor Wu is good at supporting the son of heaven. Then, as a Chinese medicine practitioner, why should you help yourself? )。
/kloc-in may, 34, emperor wudi sent a letter to the whole country to recommend talents. That was this year? Yan xianliang? Among them, the birth was the most far-reaching influence on the feudal history of China for more than 2,000 years? Three strategies for heaven and man? . ? Three strategies for heaven and man? Is Dong Zhongshu there? Yan xianliang? There are three strategies to answer Emperor Wu's three questions, and the contents of these three strategies mainly include the following points: 1) Heaven-man induction, divine right of monarch. 2) Praise Confucius, but restrain a hundred. 3) The Spring and Autumn Period was unified, and Wang Xiangyi respected it. 4) Establish imperial academy, reform the talent selection and distribution system, and oppose the appointment system and appointment system.
Three strategies for heaven and man? Shortly after the birth of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he began to comprehensively reform the selection and appointment system of officials in the Western Han Dynasty according to the opinions put forward by Dong Zhongshu.
Before 134, Emperor Wu held the original activities irregularly? Yan xianliang? Become a regular activity? Procuratorial system? ("The History of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty" contains:? In the winter and November of the first year of Yuanguang, the county was first ordered to show filial piety. ), since then, the Western Han Dynasty gradually adopted Confucianism in selecting officials? Procuratorial system? The selection of officials is based on ability, not simply on dignitaries.
Procuratorial system? Its main feature is that local governors inspect, select talents within their jurisdiction and recommend them to superiors or the central government, and appoint official positions after probation and assessment. Starting from Liang Wudi, local governors can recommend talented and moral students to the imperial court at any time, and then the imperial court will pass the exam, and those who pass the exam can be officials. In this process, the court will choose them according to their talents and virtues, regardless of their origins, status and economic situation. As long as they have virtue, the court will let you be an official.
During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty? Procuratorial system? Divided into two categories: routine and special. ? Chang ke? This is a theme held every year. The conventional themes in Liang Wudi's period are Xiao Jing and Tea Practice. ? Kurt? This is a topic that is often discussed. The special subjects in the period of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty included scholars (in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, Emperor Wudi of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who were afraid to change it? Maocai? ), xian Fangzheng, filial son Li Tian,,, and Yang and other disasters.
Among them? Chang ke? What is the most important thing? Xiaolian? Division (established before 134),? Xiaolian? What do you mean? Filial piety and integrity? People. ? Xiaolian? Is there a difference between being an official under the shadow? Ren Zi? And what about officials who rely on money? Choice? ,? Xiaolian? Don't ask about birth, don't ask about money, just ask about ability and political integrity, so it is regarded as the right way to be an official by Han Sheng and respected by the world.
Starting from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, every county needs to recommend a filial piety and a tea inexpensive to the court every year. After being promoted to Lian Xiao, they will go to Langbu to be Langguan first, and the imperial court will assess these Langguan a year later. Those who pass the examination will be awarded official positions, or appointed as ministers, advisers and historians of the central government, or appointed as local county heads, governors and officials. Those who fail will be replaced and referees will be punished to prevent some local officials with ulterior motives from abusing power for personal gain and making random recommendations.
And then what? Kurt? What is the most important thing? Kind and upright? Division (from 178, Wendi sent a letter:? Give a good man a chance to speak to those who are extremely remonstrant, so as to rectify my incompetence? (historical records. Filial piety biography)? Kind and upright? It refers to people who are talented, virtuous, upright and dare to speak and remonstrate. Han Shi? Kind and upright? Generally, only in times of disaster and danger will the division be held to correct the emperor's mistakes, so it belongs to? Kurt? , not? Chang ke? . At that time, the emperor would send letters to local officials to recommend talented, virtuous and upright people in Zhao's jurisdiction, and then send them to the court for direct assessment. The emperor would award official positions according to their talents.
Let's just say. Procuratorial system? To some extent, the emergence of officials broke the monopoly of bureaucratic tycoons on political power. Although most of the political power in the Western Han Dynasty is still in the hands of powerful people, from then on, personal social background, family background and wealth status are no longer the only basis for selecting and appointing officials in the Western Han Dynasty. At this time, as long as there are real talents and practical knowledge in the local area, no matter how they come from, no matter whether they are poor or not, they have the opportunity to be an official in the DPRK, so at this time, civilians and dignitaries began to have a little fairness.
Are you sure? Procuratorial system? In fact, when Emperor Wu introduced it, it didn't go well. The officials who had the right to recommend at that time were not active in this matter. They are either afraid that their children and grandchildren will not get the official position, or they are afraid that they will be held accountable for improper recommendation. In short, they are right. Recommended? A little careless.
So you came in? Procuratorial system? In the first few years of implementation, I still went to Hexian County without recommending a person. (History of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) It is common that every county and township in China does not recommend anyone these days. Therefore, in order to prevent this kind of thing from happening again, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a letter in 128:? Filial piety, not faith, should be regarded as disrespect. If you are dishonest and incompetent, you will be exempted. (A Brief History of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) After that, every county and country should recommend a dutiful son every year. If there is no punishment, or officials will be dismissed.
So, as far as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is concerned, this decree is used to be implemented nationwide? Procuratorial system? Under the practice of? Procuratorial system? It became the main system of selecting and appointing officials in Han Dynasty.
After 124, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted it? Procuratorial system? Meanwhile, Dong Zhongshu was adopted? May your majesty be promoted to imperial academy, and take charge of raising the people of the world? Suggestions for long-term delivery? Imperial college? , set up Yi, Shu, Shi, Li, Chunqiu and other five classics doctors, and later worked in Gongsunhong? Is it beneficial for scholars to set up disciples for doctors? At the suggestion of ...? Dr Jason Wu? Disciple, name? Doctoral disciple? . Then, no matter what their status is, as long as they are talented, they can pass the exam and become students. Dr Jason Wu? Believers.
Liang Wudi established it, of course? Imperial college? The purpose is not to let poor children learn knowledge, but to select talents for the court. Therefore, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, imperial academy held an exam every year, which was called "imperial academy". New year's exam? As long as that time? Doctoral disciple? Being able to master one of the five classics, and then passing this exam, you can be appointed to an official position.
New year's exam? What is the most commonly used examination method? Shooting strategy? ("Han Shu". "The Scholars" contains: Since Liang Wudi, he has established a doctor of the Five Classics, opened a disciple, launched a social science strategy, and persuaded him to be an official? ),? Shooting strategy? The examination method is that the examiner asks some questions according to the content of Confucianism, and then the examiner is asked by? Doctoral disciple? Take out one or two questions to answer, and then the examiner will set the score according to the students' answers. Can you get a grade directly in the central government? Lang Guan? If you get the second grade, you can get the status of a supplementary official, and then you can be assigned to a local office. Of course, most of them are subordinate to local officials (assisting local officials to manage local officials).
Thus, in? Procuratorial system? And then what? Imperial college? After the establishment of the past dynasties, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once began to form a relatively perfect system of selecting officials: imperial academy's doctoral disciples passed the annual? New year's exam? After that, the person who won B entered the local government as a supplementary official, and then passed the county? Yan xianliang? What are you doing in the central government? Lang Guan? After one year's examination, those who pass the examination will be awarded official positions, or appointed as ministers and advisers of the central government, or as county heads, governors and officials in local areas. And those who get an a can go straight? Lang Guan? And then it's the same? Yan xianliang? Participants will be evaluated together after one year.
So, in? Procuratorial system? And then what? Imperial college? Complementing each other, Liang Wudi's imperial court gradually changed from being controlled by heroes? Heroes honor your government? Has been controlled by scholars. Civilian government? .
At this time, although there were still aristocratic children in the court of Emperor Wu, compared with scholars, they had become a minority. At the same time, the prime ministers' high positions, such as Sangong and Jiupin nobles, have begun to appear, although most of them are dominated by heroes, such as the prime ministers, imperial envoys, Zhang Tang, Du Zhou and Ting Wei. Which ones were chosen by the poor or small officials? San Gong Jiu Qing? .
It can be said that by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the civil servant petty officials group had begun to have the strength to compete with the hero group. At this time, the political affairs of the Western Han Dynasty were no longer monopolized by powerful people, and civilians also had the opportunity to take charge of political affairs.
From the very beginning, I have recruited talented people all over the world. There are many scholars who write about gains and losses, and Qian Qian is absolutely dazzling. I like both handsome and Jane. First, there were Wu, Zhao Taiwei, Wang, Shu, Pingyuan, Wu, Jin 'an Army and so on. And they argued with ministers at all levels, and Chinese and foreign ministers responded with righteous words, and ministers counted their grievances. However, if you are special, you will be lucky to have ci; Shuo and Gao are not rigid in theory, so they are humorous. They are friendly to animals. Although they are rewarded several times, they will never do anything. The new moon also looks at the color and always gives advice. Is it good? (Zi Jian) Under the great reform of the system of selecting officials in the Western Han Dynasty by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appeared? How talented is the imperial court? ,? Can Cheng Qiqi use it, but can't she? Grand occasion
In this way, the Western Han Dynasty gradually became stronger under the employment policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which was eclectic and meritocratic. At this time, the Western Han Dynasty broke the Huns, made an expedition to Dawan, surrendered to the Western Regions, recovered South Vietnam, annexed North Korea, and established China and North Korea at home. Grace order? , built? Year number? ,? Strong man? Fame began to resound through the sky. ? If state and county officials have different talents, can they become people who make the country unique? (History of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) At this time, no matter how rich or poor, no matter how born, as long as they are talented and virtuous, as long as they are willing to work for the court, no matter whether they are children of poor families or businessmen, they have the opportunity to enter the phase.
And it is under the employment policy of Emperor Wu. People who won the Han Dynasty are prosperous here. The grand occasion of "Ni Kuanzan" followed.
At that time, Liang Wudi was full of talents. The people of the Han dynasty flourished here; The fine ones are Gong Sun Hong, Dong Zhongshu and Er Kuan; Faithful are Shi Jian and Shi Qing; Straight are Ji' an and Bo Shi; The wise men are Han Anguo and Zheng Dangshi; Zhao Yu and Zhang Tang issued decrees; The article is Sima Qian and Xiang Ru; Funny is Dong Fangshuo and Gao Mei; The response is Yan Zhu and Zhu Maichen; Tang Dou and Charlotte were recited. ? (Han Shu. GongSunHong Bo Shi ErKuan), at this time Liang Wudi is famous for its martial arts, such as Wei Qing and Huo Qubing, and famous officials such as GongSunHong, Dong Zhongshu, ErKuan, Dong Fangshuo and Sang Hongyang. Because of these talents, Liang Wudi finally finished? Han Xing v. Yuan? A feat.