1. The radical changes of Emperor Guangxu and several scholars offended the whole upper class, including intellectuals, and the abolition of the imperial examination blocked the promotion of some intellectuals. Japan is steadily reforming;

Both the Reform Movement of 1898 and the New Deal of Empress Dowager Cixi were destroyed by foreigners. Japan's reform has been supported by foreigners;

3. Reformists rely on emperors who have no real power and lack the support of central and local officials and people. Imperialism and the feudal die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi are powerful, while the reformists representing the democratic bourgeoisie are weak and unable to compete with them. In addition, the bourgeoisie is weak and divorced from the masses.

Of the above two reasons, the first is the most important. Let me elaborate on my reasons:

As for some people who say that the failure is due to "subjectively, the bourgeoisie in China is not fully developed, and it is weak and compromised. Objectively speaking, the feudal reactionary forces in China are too strong and seriously hindered. " This is the standard answer in textbooks, but it is not the case. In fact, the subjective and objective factors in Japan and the Qing Dynasty also had this problem. The resistance of Japanese feudal reactionary forces is even stronger than that of China. For example, after the Japanese Reform, the feudal forces in Kyushu, Japan launched an armed attack on the new regime.

1895 After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War, 1898, the Reform Movement of 1898 presided over by Emperor Guangxu came into being. Under the influence of textbooks and mainstream media, people basically think that the Reform Movement of 1898 was suppressed by Empress Dowager Cixi, who was the bane of China's progress. But this is not the case. How can Lafayette be indifferent to the fiasco in the Sino-Japanese War? According to Fei Xingjian's biography of Empress Dowager Cixi, as early as the beginning of the political reform, Empress Dowager Cixi said to Emperor Guangxu: "Political reform is an ambition. In the early years of Tongzhi, Zeng Guofan was invited to study abroad, and his children were sent to build ships and machines in order to be rich and strong. " "If you can be rich and strong, you can do it yourself. I don't do it internally." Emperor Guangxu has always been afraid of Empress Dowager Cixi. Empress Dowager Cixi, surrounded by several literati, took bold action when she showed her heart and was depressed, hoping to complete the Millennium task in one week. Haste makes waste, but it backfires, offending a large number of vested interests. The radical changes advocated by Emperor Guangxu and the reformists have caused a strong shock to the whole social structure and threatened many social groups and political forces with interests in the existing society. During the Reform Movement of 1898, there were more than 1 10 imperial edicts, which were dizzying. Local officials complained bitterly. Emperor Guangxu severely punished officials who obstructed political reform and made too many enemies. As for the reform of abolishing stereotyped writing in the imperial examination system, it also caused widespread panic among a large group of scholars.

Facts have proved that Cixi is just a schemer, not a politician. She studied Wu Zetian, but she didn't call herself emperor after all. What several scholars did would lead to the downfall of the Qing Dynasty. Empress Dowager Cixi had to come out to stabilize the political situation and swallow the consequences of the "bloody coup". Empress Dowager Cixi failed in dealing with the Reform Movement of 1898. For various reasons, Empress Dowager Cixi could not be uglier. Empress Dowager Cixi supported the reform, but she didn't begin to react until she knew that the reform had to reform herself. If foreign countries hadn't asked Emperor Guangxu to remain a puppet, I'm afraid he would have died long ago. Moreover, she did not take the initiative to absorb new knowledge, so she showed amazing ignorance on many issues. For example, she thought that building railways would destroy Feng Shui, and trains should be drawn by donkeys and horses. Her ignorance affected the Westernization Movement she supported and the achievements of Tongzhi Zhongxing. More importantly, due to the limitation of education level and times, she did not have enough psychological preparation and overall consideration for the seriousness of the situation, the process and goal of reform, and passively adjusted her policies under the stimulation of external forces. After the implementation of the New Deal, he still made the rash mistake of the Reform Movement of 1898 presided over by Emperor Guangxu. Japan's reform took 20 years to complete, and Empress Dowager Cixi took 8 years. Because the pace of reform is too big and too fast, it leads to political instability and decentralized power. The most obvious example is the road protection movement. It is emphasized here that the demise of the Qing dynasty was not due to corruption, but to its own great leap forward in reform. This is similar to the reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The disintegration of the Soviet Union was not due to corruption, but to radical reform.

Judging from the international environment. The Meiji Restoration in Japan took place in the late 1960s in 19. At that time, the world was still in the period of free competition capitalism, and the climax of colonial conquest had not yet begun. The main target of western powers' aggression in East Asia is China, which has a vast territory and rich resources. In addition, the national liberation movement in Asia, especially the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement in China, contained the western powers and provided a more favorable international environment for the Meiji Restoration in Japan. Japanese reformists themselves pay more attention to the strategy of diplomatic struggle and make great use of the contradictions between Britain and France, Britain and Russia. However, the Reform Movement of 1898 in the Qing Dynasty had reached the end of 1990s, world capitalism had already transitioned to the stage of imperialism, and the great powers basically carved up the world through the climax of the struggle for colonies. China became the "only rich source" that the great powers competed for in the East, and there was a frenzy to carve up China. At this time, the imperialist powers never wanted China to become an independent and powerful capitalist country, and the international environment was very unfavorable to China's reform movement.

Because China has a vast territory and a large population, its development is unfavorable to other countries, and the resources in the world are limited. Other countries are also for their own interests, so it is not important to evaluate whether their aggression is good or bad. The West strongly supported Japanese reform and took destructive actions against the Reform Movement of 1898 in the late Qing Dynasty, precisely to make China, a sleeping lion, never wake up. Therefore, from the perspective of national interests, the West's suppression of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s development began with the first collision between the East and the West, and the West's policy of suppressing China continues now and will continue in the foreseeable future. The suppression of China by the West has nothing to do with Chinese surnames Feng, Zi and She. However, Japan is a small country, and no matter how it develops, it will not pose a serious threat to the West, which is why the West has been supported by the West since the Meiji Restoration, and a powerful Japan controls the development of China.

Another reason for the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898

Yuan Shikai's whistle-blowing was the key plot in the Reform Movement of 1898. The traditional view is that Yuan Shikai's informer led to Cixi's coup. How exactly did Yuan Shikai tell on us? So far, opinions vary, leaving many doubts. The political reform movement began on1April 23, 898 (i.e.1June 898 1 1, hereinafter all are old calendars). Then the imperial edicts of the New Deal flew down like snowflakes and were promulgated frequently, but the conservatives dragged on and tried their best to obstruct them. The New Deal could not be implemented, the imperial edicts were all empty talk, and the two parties were at odds. On July 30th, Emperor Guangxu issued a secret edict to Yang Rui, instructing the reformists to plan well and push forward the political reform. The secret edict said, "I can't guarantee my position, let alone anything else?" Emperor Guangxu realized that there would be changes and the situation was dangerous, showing anxiety and asking the reformists to put forward commercial countermeasures. On the second day of August, Xu Lin issued a second secret edict, so that Kang Youwei "can get out quickly without delay." Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Xu Lin, Tan Sitong and other key reformers knelt down and recited secret edicts, crying bitterly and vowing to save the emperor. They had to take risks, decided to mutiny, surrounded the Summer Palace, and forced Empress Dowager Cixi to hand over power. On the third day of August, Tan Sitong visited Huo Keji at night and met Yuan Shikai, saying that Yuan Jubing killed Rong Lu and surrounded the Summer Palace, but imprisoned or killed Empress Dowager Cixi. Since then, things have developed in different versions. The traditional version thinks that Yuan Shikai is a two-faced man. On the one hand, he pretended to deal with the reformists and tricked Emperor Guangxu into making him an assistant minister. On the other hand, seeing the deep-rooted influence of Cixi, he decided to take refuge in the old party. He coaxed Tan Sitong away with a lie. On the fifth day of August, I asked the emperor for training. On the same day, I returned to Tientsin by train and informed Rong Lu that I betrayed Emperor Guangxu and the reformists. That night, Rong Lu rushed back to Beijing to change clothes. On the morning of the sixth day of August, Cixi lectured in the imperial court, imprisoned Guangxu, arrested reformists and killed six gentlemen. The hundred-day reform failed.