Myth about the Yellow River: 1, people say that the Yellow River is a "bean curd waist with copper head and iron tail". What is a tofu waist? In other words, from Huayuankou to Sunkou in Taiqian County, this section of the Yellow River often overflows, and the levee is as soft as tofu and can't stand the wind and waves.
Why does the Yellow River have a tofu waist? It's a long story. Legend has it that it was caused by * * *.
* * * Gong is a water god, fierce and arrogant. One day, he had a whim, and wanted to cure people all over the world with floods, so that people could taste some hardships and know his power. He used his divine power to make the Central Plains a Wang Yang. The people cried and fled, begging for food and enduring the sun and the moon.
Dayu led the people to control the water, and managed the Yellow River east of Mangshan, but the river further east would be difficult to manage. Why? There are workers at work.
Dayu found * * * workers, put in a good word for him, and advised him not to give orders and send floods to harm the people, leaving them with an open hand and accumulating virtue. * * * Workers don't listen to Dayu's kindness and say that the water I sent me has nothing to do with you. Dayu didn't want to talk to this man much, so he had to come in and go into the water, brave the wind and rain, check the terrain and find a way out for the Yellow River to move eastward.
* * * The workers flew into a rage when they saw that Dayu was bent on harnessing water and diverting water from the Yellow River. In his anger, he showed his skill, and the floods in the Central Plains flooded everywhere and crossed everywhere, making the floods even more rampant.
Dayu blocked the east and the west, draining water here and diverting water there, but the water on the ground gathered more and more, and the Yellow River flowed in all directions. There are * * * workers making trouble, the Yellow River cannot be diverted, and there is no rule of law in floods. It's all white shoes and empty errands. Dayu is determined to repel worker ants and then control the Yellow River.
Dayu went to work for * * * again and said rudely, "To work for * * *, you should leave the Central Plains as soon as possible, and you are not allowed to do evil again. If you don't listen to advice, you will be smashed into pieces. " * * * staff laughed, he didn't put Dayu in the eye! See * * * a wave of his hand, to make waves again. Dayu raised his water-forcing sword and stabbed the worker. Two people are fighting in the water.
Dayu and the workers fought for three days and nights, regardless of the outcome. Dayu stopped and told the workers to fight again later. Dayu summoned Ying Long, Huanglong, Bailong and Black Dragon who were working with him to fight to the death. Usually * * * workers do evil everywhere and have a bad reputation. When people heard that Dayu was going to drive away the workers, they came to help. Dayu took everyone to stop the workers in the water, and the two sides killed each other.
After playing for a whole month, Dayu was outnumbered and took turns to fight; * * * Workers gradually exhausted and fled. Dayu followed closely. * * * The workers looked at themselves and knelt before Dayu, vowing to leave the Central Plains forever and never send water to do evil again. Dayu relented and let the worker go.
Dayu catch * * * after work, Qi Xin together to finish the flood, non-stop the Yellow River to the East China Sea. Dayu was afraid that the Yellow River would be out of control, so he used stones from Taihang Mountain to build dikes on both sides of the Yellow River. The Yellow River levee made of stones is high, thick and strong, so no matter how fierce the Yellow River water is, it will not burst.
* * * The workers ran far away, and it didn't take long for them to be honest, and their bad habits reappeared and they were bent on revenge. As soon as he heard that Dayu diverted the Yellow River, there would be no flood in the Central Plains, and he gnashed his teeth. He saved his strength, cultivated divine power, collected some evil spirits with ulterior motives, and waited for an opportunity to return to the Central Plains.
Years later, Dayu was so tired from managing water that he was sick all over. He is old, weak and gray-haired. * * * workers took the opportunity to kill back to the Central Plains,
* * * The worker ordered his team to jump into the Yellow River and set off a three-foot wave. He walked along the Yellow River levee from west to east, opened his mouth, inhaled repeatedly, sucked the Yellow River levee into his stomach one by one, and spit it out later. Over the years, * * * has been refined into the technology of swallowing the petrochemical land god, and the stones on the Yellow River levee have been sucked into his stomach, and then turned into soil when they spit it out. As soon as the waves of the Yellow River turned over, the soil could not stand the erosion, and the land was reclaimed everywhere, and the Yellow River filled the Central Plains.
Dayu was very angry when he learned that * * * workers came back for revenge and swallowed the stone embankment of the Yellow River. He came at once with his troops. People on both sides of the Yellow River took up swords, spears and harpoons to fight with Dayu and the workers. Back and forth, you come and go, the war lasted for half a year, and the workers were beaten and fled.
Beat * * * workers, it's already cold. Dayu dammed the river on the cold and frozen land. Unfortunately, Dayu had no strength, and besides, there were no stones, so he had to invite many turtles to carry the washed soil back. People on both sides of the strait began to work together in Qi Xin to repair the two sides with mud. At that time, when the Yellow River was blocked, it was not compacted when the embankment was repaired, and it was frozen soil, leaving behind future troubles. Embankments are as soft as tofu, unable to withstand storms and surges, and often burst, endangering the people.
Reply time: March 2006-65438
60. 163.5438+0.* Second floor
It is said that a long time ago, the ancient Yellow River was a wild horse that was difficult to tame. It runs as it pleases, like a grinning monster, growling day and night, devouring thousands of fertile fields. Bite Chung Shan Man, the Hui people on both sides of the Yellow River can only live a slash-and-burn life at the top of the mountain and at the bottom of the ditch.
At that time, Ningxia was not a plain bordered by Ma Pingchuan, but green mountains and valleys. There is no flat field, and no field can be irrigated with Yellow River water.
Legend has it that there are several families living in Niushou Mountain who return to the Han family. They carry water at the foot of the mountain and farm at the top of the mountain for generations. All ages are busy, but they don't have enough to eat and don't wear warm clothes. For a long time, no one could stand this torture. One year, a 70-year-old Hui Hui man named Del opened a melon garden on the mountain and planted some cucumbers. He gets up early every day and goes to the Yellow River to fetch water and water cucumbers. His shoulders are swollen and his feet are skinned. He carefully cultivated cucumbers, and the yellow ones looked tender and sweet.
On this day, the old man was tired and fell asleep at the gate of the vegetable garden.
As soon as he fell asleep, he dreamed that there was a white cloud floating in the sky. Gradually, Baiyun turned into an imam with a white beard, shook his silver beard and said to the old man, "There are two strong winds today, so you should pay attention. There is a yellow wind at noon, which can make cucumbers wither; There is a black wind in the afternoon, which can make cucumber stems fall off. No matter how windy it is, don't pick cucumbers. When the old man woke up, he saw that the white-bearded imam had disappeared, but he saw that the yellow wind in the north was overwhelming and suddenly blew to Niushou Mountain. The old man looked at the cucumbers carefully, and sure enough, they faded one by one. He was very sad. A year's efforts were in vain, but the thought of the white-bearded imam stopped him. In the afternoon, a black wind blew, shaking the earth and shaking the leaves layer by layer. When the old man saw that the cucumber was about to fall to the ground, he was very angry. He picked a cucumber and threw it into the Yellow River. The Yellow River immediately broke a line. As if he had been cut by a fairy with a knife, he clearly saw the bottom of the river. When the old man Gerd swooped down, the river suddenly joined again. The old man was tired and hungry, sitting on the river bank, blinking, and the golden flower danced wildly, knowing nothing. At this time, the old man in Del heard the white-bearded imam say, "This cucumber is the key to conquering the Yellow River. You can cut off the Yellow River and make it listen to people. But now the Yellow River is called Yellow Wind and Black Wind, and these two Iberians are suffering. Don't be impatient, be patient and work harder. Next year, you plant another cucumber garden. When the cucumber is ripe, you pick the biggest one and throw it into the Yellow River. At that time, you walked into the cave at the bottom of the river, took off your jewels, took away the seeds of grains, and had a sword to cut dragons and demons and tame the Yellow River. Where you point, the Yellow River water will flow. "
The next year, the hardworking old man Gerd planted another cucumber garden. He is not afraid of the long journey, and he does not hesitate to sweat like rain, carrying water from the Yellow River to water melons. Everything comes to him who waits. Finally, a three-foot cucumber grows in the garden, which looks like a key. The old man happily slept in the melon garden for a day and a night until the melon was ripe.
On this day, the weather was fine, without a cloud. Old man Wilder picked a three-foot cucumber, read "Taismi" and threw it into the Yellow River. At this time, I only heard the roar of the Yellow River, and I opened a long crack. All the stones at the bottom of the river are clearly visible. When the old man went down to the bottom of the river, he saw a hole near the river bank, where pearls and agates were everywhere. The old man took some and just left, he heard the storm whistling. At that time, the waves on the river rolled and the waves became higher and higher. The old man Gerd picked up his sword and cut dozens of swords on the left and right sides of the black whirlwind and the yellow whirlwind. After a while, black wind and yellow wind blew in the sky.
At this time, the faults of the Yellow River gradually tightened. Del's old man remembered the command of the white-bearded imam, and this sword could conquer the Yellow River. He knew very well, and he thought, I want the Yellow River to fill ditches and level mountains. Holding two swords, the old man plunged into the Yellow River, and the water in the Yellow River stopped flowing at once, as if a Great Wall had been blocked in front, but it was still rising steadily, which was really scary from a distance. Three days later, from Liupanshan in the south to Helan Mountain in the west, there was water everywhere, leaving only a few mountain tips. Only then, the old man, Gerd, drew his sword and told the Yellow River to flow forward.
Since then, Ningxia, a deep mountain valley, has become Ma Pingchuan, and the Hui people living on both sides of the Yellow River have dug ditches for farmland with hard-working hands and lived a happy life.
Present situation and trend of yellow river cutoff
The Yellow River was cut off from Lijin, Shandong Province on 1972, and then it became more and more serious. During the 27 years from 1972 to 1998, there were 2 1 times of water cut-off in the downstream, especially in the 1990s, the first time of water cut-off was advanced, and the time and distance of water cut-off were continuously extended. 1997 Shandong Lijin Station stopped water 13 times, for a total of 226 days. No Yellow River water enters the sea for 330 days, and the starting point of cutoff extends to the vicinity of Liuyuankou in Kaifeng, with a total length of 704 kilometers, accounting for 90% of the length of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Not only that, the main tributaries of the middle reaches of the Yellow River have also been cut off. The headwaters of the Yellow River began to cut off in 1997, and the first cut-off occurred in the spring of Zhaling Lake to Eling Lake 1999, with a completely exposed reach of 8 kilometers.
Reply time: March 2006-65438
60. 163.5438+0.* Third floor
(2) The influence of the Yellow River cut off.
The cut-off of the Yellow River has caused the imbalance between supply and demand of water resources along the Yellow River, and the contradiction between industrial and agricultural production, urban life and ecological environment has become increasingly acute, which has greatly affected the social and economic development and ecological environment along the Yellow River and increased the hidden dangers of flood control in the downstream.
The production and life of industry and agriculture in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are seriously endangered 1972 ~ 1996. The total economic losses of industry and agriculture caused by water cut-off and insufficient water supply are about 26.8 billion yuan, with an average annual loss of more than 1 1 billion yuan. In the 1990s, due to the increasingly serious cut-off, the average annual loss has reached 3.6 billion yuan. The drought-affected area of farmland was 4.7 million hectares, and the grain output was reduced by 9.86 billion kilograms. Shengli oilfield has reduced its production by several hundred thousand tons due to the reduction of water injection. The Yellow River brings economic benefits of 654.38+000 billion yuan to Shandong every year, and its interruption affects Shandong's economic development. The longest interruption in the history of 654.38+0997 has caused tens of billions of direct economic losses to Shandong Province. During the seven years from 1992 to 1998 in Binzhou, the industrial and agricultural losses caused by water stoppage and pollution were 158 billion yuan, including 400 million yuan in agricultural losses and 350 million yuan in drought relief funds. The interruption of the Yellow River makes the delta face a serious water crisis, which will directly affect the implementation of the sustainable development strategy. The interruption of the Yellow River has also disturbed people's normal life and work order. Dongying, Binzhou, Dezhou and other cities in Shandong often adopt limited water supply because of insufficient water supply.
It has a great impact on the ecological environment along the Yangtze River, especially in the estuary delta. This influence is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, coastal erosion and retreat. Due to the decrease of sediment entering the sea, the coastline of the Yellow River Delta has been dominated by net erosion, which has led to the coast retreating. The second is the deterioration of groundwater environment. Due to the decrease of surface fresh water supply, the increase of underground fresh water consumption, the decline of groundwater level, seawater intrusion and salt water intrusion, the water quality deteriorated. Third, the environmental capacity of surface water is reduced and the pollution is aggravated. Due to the increase of sewage discharge and the decrease of surface water, the concentration of pollutants in major rivers not only exceeds the water quality standard of fishery water, but also reaches or exceeds the lethal concentration of fish in the middle and lower reaches of some tributaries, and many rivers are basically extinct. Fourthly, the salinization and desertification of the land in the estuary have degraded the wetland ecosystem. The surface vegetation in the Yellow River Delta is very fragile and easy to succession. The vegetation is mainly grassland, with grassland 2180,000 square kilometers, including natural grassland185,000 square kilometers. Due to the cut-off, not only the soil is salinized, the grassland degenerates into halophytes, but also the growth of artificial grassland is affected. Fifth, the biodiversity of estuaries and offshore waters decreased, and the biological population and genetic diversity were lost. Due to the interruption of water flow and the imbalance of water environment, the delta wetland seriously threatens the survival and reproduction of thousands of aquatic organisms, hundreds of wild plants and 180 birds in the wetland reserve, resulting in a decrease in the number of biological populations and a simple structure. Cut-off has deprived the Bohai Sea of important food sources, affected the reproduction of marine life, and made it impossible for more than ten kinds of fish to migrate.
The shrinkage of the river channel changes the scouring pattern of the river channel. Sediment deposition makes the river channel shrink, the riverbed rise, and the lower reaches of the Yellow River become a suspended river on the ground, which reduces the flood discharge capacity, increases the risk of breach diversion, and threatens the safety of people's lives and property downstream.
(3) The main reason of the Yellow River cut off.
Hydrologically, the Yellow River cutoff belongs to seasonal variation of water quantity. But in essence, stopping water is a reflection of the contradiction between human needs and fragile ecological environment.
The sharp increase in water consumption is the fundamental reason for the interruption of the Yellow River. Most areas of the Yellow River Basin belong to arid and semi-arid areas. Especially since the 1990s, rainfall runoff is less, and the per capita and per mu water consumption is far below the national average. Drought is the natural cause of the interruption of the Yellow River.
The industrial and agricultural production in the Yellow River basin has developed rapidly, and the water consumption has increased sharply. 90% of the Yellow River water is used for agricultural irrigation, and the irrigation area of Yellow River diversion increased from 800,000 hectares in the early days of the People's Republic of China to 73 1 10,000 hectares in 1994. The water consumption of agriculture, industry and life in the whole basin has increased year by year:17.4 billion cubic meters in 1949, 124 billion cubic meters in 1950s and 29.6 billion cubic meters in 1990s. At present, the actual water consumption in the Yellow River Basin has exceeded 37 billion cubic meters, which can't guarantee the ecological water consumption for river scouring (265.438+0 billion cubic meters). At present, the development and utilization rate of the Yellow River runoff has exceeded 50% of the average natural runoff for many years, exceeding the utilization level of other rivers in China and developed countries such as the United States and Japan. It can be seen that the sharp increase in water consumption is the fundamental reason for the interruption of the Yellow River.
The deterioration of ecological environment in the headwaters and middle and upper reaches Qinghai is the largest runoff-producing area and water conservation area in the Yellow River basin, with the basin area accounting for 19.6% of the total basin area, while the runoff accounts for nearly 1/2 of the total runoff of the Yellow River. Vegetation destruction leads to grassland desertification and water conservation function decline. Since the mid-1980s, the runoff in the upper reaches of the Yellow River began to decrease year by year, and the decrease became more obvious after 1990s. 1997 from June to March, the runoff decreased by 23% to the lowest point in history, and it stopped flowing for the first time, and the downstream was the most serious in history. In the loess plateau area of the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, soil erosion is serious and sediment keeps falling. The annual sediment input into the Yellow River is 65.438+0.6 billion tons, and the annual sediment deposited in the downstream riverbed is 400 million tons. The riverbed is raised by 65.438+00 cm every year, which is 3 ~ 65.438+00 meters higher than the land on both sides of the river, forming a "suspended river" of nearly a thousand miles on the ground, and the downstream banks are becoming more and more dangerous.