Cover the paper with characters and images with transparent glass, high-energy electromagnetic radiation, and then use short-wave ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays to make the glass automatically "read" the characters and images. Long-wave sunshine, etc. The preserved glass can interpret the text and copy the image in a dark background. This magical glass was successfully developed by a research team led by Academician Su Qiang of Changchun and Dr. Li Chengyu. This is a new red long-lasting luminescent material made of specially treated glass. And the research team discovered its memory function for the first time in the world.
The so-called long afterglow luminescent materials store sunlight, fluorescent lamps or other high-energy electromagnetic radiation and energy during this period, and then release the stored energy to emit light at night. People call it "luminescence is a long afterglow phosphor, but it can only emit yellow-green light, and the luminescence time is generally only two hours, and the brightness is low." In the past, in order to maintain its luminous intensity, radioactive elements were added to the method, but this would lead to harm to human health and the environment. How to find a more lasting science of luminescent materials has always been a concern of people.
From 65438 to 0996, Su Qiang's research team began to study new and lasting luminescent materials. Successfully developed a long afterglow material with green, blue, purple and red light, which has longer luminous time, higher brightness and better light resistance, and can be seen for more than dozens of hours in the dark; They also made different phosphorus modules, such as glass and ceramics. In the darkroom of our laboratory, Su Qiangli, the reporter saw the glass-ceramic emission module made of these long-lasting luminescent materials, with thorns and a large number of various shapes, emitting all kinds of dazzling brilliance. The long afterglow red glass changes from transparent to opaque green or yellow to emit red light, and the crystal can be red with long afterglow time, which has the magical characteristics of writing, storing and reading words and images.
According to Su Qiang, the main raw materials of these long-lasting luminescent materials are extracted from rare earths, and China's rare earth reserves account for 80% of the world. The research and development of long afterglow luminescent materials can not only promote the comprehensive development and utilization of rare earth resources, but also, because of not doing so, electric power will be able to emit long afterglow luminescent materials, which are widely used in industrial and civil fields. Chu's glass technology in the high-tech field is mature and has unlimited prospects. Encyclopedia "writes" a thumb-sized glass disc, and the dynamic stereoscopic image is well preserved for a long time.
Flat glass:
Flat glass is not treated separately. Flat glass is the most widely used building glass, mainly used for doors and windows, lighting (visual glass products, also known as white glass or clean glass). Different production methods can be divided into ordinary flat glass and float glass. The light transmittance exceeds 85% to 90%), as well as envelope structure, heat preservation and sound insulation. The original glass sheet, window glass and decorative glass are further processed into other technical glasses.
According to the national standards Ordinary Flat Glass (GB487 1- 1995) and Float Glass (GB11614-89), flat glass can be divided into the following specifications:
Ordinary flat glass produced by pulling glass by pulling method is 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm according to its thickness.
Float glass: 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm10mm12mm.
In terms of production, the size of glass should be no more than 2.5 mm and 2.3 mm thick, no less than 400mm×300mm, the size of glass with thickness of 4, 5 and 6 mm should be no less than 600 mm× 400 mm, and the size of float glass should generally be no less than 5600mm× 1200mm to 3000mm×4000.
Classification and grading According to national standards and the appearance quality of flat glass, ordinary flat glass is divided into three high-grade products, first-class and B-class float glass is divided into three grades, high-quality products and qualified products, and the provided glass curvature shall not exceed 0.3%.
The solid box, heavy box and standard box of ordinary flat glass, with a thickness of 2mm, is a standard box for every10m; For flat glass with other thickness specifications, it should be converted into standard container units. The actual boxes are used to transport single products. The thickness of different glasses varies according to the actual packaging quantity of each can. The actual number of blocks multiplied by the square cumulative number of the same thickness coefficient is the weight of a. 2mm thick flat glass per TEU, and some coefficients can be changed for other thick aromatic glasses.
Flat glass has two aspects: 3? Generally, 5 mm flat glass is directly used for lighting doors and windows, and 8 to 12mm flat glass can be used for cutting, and another important use is as steel plate original plate, lamination, coating and insulating glass.
Safety glass:
Compared with ordinary glass, the varieties of safety glass include glass making, high mechanical strength, impact-resistant glass, tempered glass, laminated glass and titanium glass. When the safety glass is broken, the fragments will not hurt people, but also prevent theft and fire. The original film and safety glass have a certain decorative effect.
(1) Tempered glass:
Tempered glass, also known as tempered glass, is formed on the surface of glass by physical or chemical methods. The glass itself has high compressive strength and will not be damaged. Under the action of external force, laminated glass can offset some tensile stress and avoid glass breakage. The tensile stress state in tempered glass is large, but the glass defects will not be destroyed, so as to improve the strength of glass.
Tempered glass secondary processing flat glass products, tempered glass processing methods and technologies can be divided into physical tempering methods.
Physical tempered glass, also known as quenched tempered glass, is heated to near the softening temperature of glass (600℃) in a furnace to eliminate internal stress when it is an ordinary glass plate. Through self-deformation, the glass is moved out of the furnace, and then the glass surface blown by high-pressure cold air from multiple nozzles is quickly and uniformly cooled to room temperature, thus obtaining strengthened glass. This kind of glass is in an internal tensile state, and once the local fracture stress is released, the glass is removed.
Chemically toughened glass is an application in the general ion exchange method of glass and steel by changing the chemical composition of the glass surface. In this method, silicate glass containing alkali metal ions is immersed in molten lithium (Li+) salt, so that Na+ or K+ ions on the surface of the glass are exchanged with Li+ ions. In the Li+ ion exchange layer formed on the surface, the expansion coefficient of Li+ is smaller than that of Na+ and K+ ions. Therefore, during the cooling process, the shrinkage of the glass is smaller than that of the outer layer, while the shrinkage of the inner layer increases. After cooling to room temperature, the glass will be in a state where the inner layer is pulled and the outer layer is pressed, and the effect is similar to that of physically tempered glass. high
The strength and compressive strength of tempered glass reach 125MPa, which is 4? 5 times, the impact strength is also very high. With the steel ball method, the height of 0.8kg steel ball decreased from 1.2, and the glass remained unchanged.
Toughened glass is much more elastic than ordinary glass. For a piece of tempered glass with 1200×350×6mm, the force deflects to 100mm, and even returns to its original state after the force is removed, while the bending deformation of ordinary glass is only a few millimeters. okay
Thermal stability is another characteristic that tempered glass is not easy to burst due to thermal shock, because the compressive stress of tempered glass can offset part of the tensile stress caused by thermal shock, so that the thermal shock of tempered glass can withstand the highest safe working temperature of 288℃ and 204℃.
Tempered glass has good mechanical properties and thermal stability, and is widely used in engineering construction, transportation and other fields. Flat tempered glass is usually used in doors and windows of buildings, walls, glass curtain walls and windows, furniture, curved glass and automobiles, trains and airplanes.
It should be pointed out that tempered glass cannot be cut, extruded and polished, and the corners cannot collapse. Need to be closed and have ready-made choices. For large-area glass curtain wall, the glass is made of steel, and the processing size or specific design drawings are customized. It is necessary to control whether the stress of semi-tempered glass is too large to avoid self-explosion caused by wind load and vibration.
According to the purpose of the original glass plate, it can be made into ordinary tempered glass, endothermic tempered glass, natural colored tempered glass, tempered hollow glass and so on.
Item (b):
Silk glass, wired glass, also known as shatterproof glass or laminated glass, is made by calendering, that is, the steel wire or steel wire mesh of molten glass is pressed into the middle of the glass for annealing, and then preheated. The incision is embossed or polished by the surface of laminated glass, and the colorless and transparent color can be made into lines or colors.
Silk glass is characterized by safety and fire prevention. Because the glass has the skeleton of steel wire mesh, it is not only to improve the strength of the glass, but also to avoid the fragment damage of the glass when it is attacked or mutated, and the fragment damage when it is destroyed by temperature. When a fire breaks out, the glass of the flame extension line is subjected to thermal shock, and the glass can still maintain a fixed and isolated flame due to the role of the wire mesh, which is also called fire-proof glass.
According to the national industry standard JC433-9 1, the thickness of laminated glass is 6,7, 10 mm. When the size is generally not less than 600mm×400mm, it is not more than 1200 mm. 2000 mm ×.
At present, there are two types of clip glass: clip embossed glass and clip polished glass. Glued glass can be used for inverted doors, windows, skylights, lighting roofs, balconies and other parts of buildings.
Laminated glass:
Laminated glass is the original film of the original composite product after two or more pieces of glass PVB (polyvinyl butyral) resin film and flat or curved glass are heated and pressed. The laminated glass can be ordinary flat glass, float glass, tempered glass, colored glass, heat absorbing glass or heat reflecting glass. The layers of laminated glass are 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9, and the thickness of the original laminated glass plates of these two layers is commonly used (mm): 2 +3, 3 +3, 3 5, etc. The structure of laminated glass is shown in Figure 8- 1.
The transparency and impact resistance of laminated glass are several times higher than those of ordinary flat glass, multi-layer ordinary glass or toughened glass composite materials, and it can be made into PVB film adhesive for bulletproof glass. Even if the glass is broken, the fragments will not fly and hurt people. By using different original glass and laminated glass, it may also have the characteristics of durability, heat resistance and moisture resistance.
With high safety, laminated glass is generally used as doors and windows, skylights, shops, banks, jewelry display cabinets and partitions of high-rise buildings. Titanium glass
(D):
Titanium glass, also known as armored film glass that will never break. The foil film of acetic acid is close to any of the above glass substrates, so it is combined into new glass. Acetate fiber glass has high compression resistance, high heat resistance and ultraviolet resistance, and has different base glass. Titanium foil films can be combined into titanium glasses with different colors, properties and specifications. Common colors of titanium glass: colorless, transparent, brown, brown reflective, copper reflective.
, energy-saving glass:
Traditional glass is used in architecture and lighting, and its size is getting bigger and bigger, so the requirements for doors and windows, doors and windows and thermal insulation of buildings are also improved accordingly. Energy-saving decorative glass is the glass that can meet this requirement, which is energy-saving and decorative. Energy-saving decorative glass has bright colors and beautiful shapes, and also has special light and heat absorption, transmission and reflection capabilities, which can play a significant energy-saving effect. Glass curtain wall facade is widely used in various high-rise buildings. Energy-saving building decorative glass, heat absorbing glass, heat reflecting glass, insulating glass.
Heat absorbing glass:
There are two ways to produce heat-absorbing glass from flat glass that absorbs specific infrared radiation and maintains high visible light transmittance: one is to increase the heat-absorbing characteristics of ordinary soda-lime silicate glass by adding a certain amount of colorant; The other is to spray one or more metal or metal oxide films on the surface of flat glass. Grey, brown, blue, green, bronze, bronze, pink, golden yellow and other heat-absorbing glasses. At present, the first three colors of the heat-absorbing glass we produce are four thicknesses of 2, 3, 5 and 6 mm, and the heat-absorbing glass can be further processed into polished, toughened, laminated and insulating glass.
Compared with ordinary flat glass, heat absorbing glass has the following characteristics:
1. absorbs the radiant heat of the sun. The 6mm thick transparent float glass, the total light passing through the overheated sunlight is 84%, while the total light passing through the heat-absorbing glass is 60% under the same conditions. Absorption degree of solar radiation heat by heat-absorbing glass with different colors and thicknesses.
2. Absorb visible light in sunlight and reduce the intensity of sunlight to resist glare. about
It is transparent and can absorb some ultraviolet rays.
The heat-absorbing glass described in this paper has been widely used in doors and windows, exterior walls of buildings and as windshields of automobiles and ships, playing the roles of heat insulation, glare prevention, lighting and decoration.
(2) Heat reflective glass:
Heat reflective glass is a kind of flat glass with high heat reflective ability and good translucency, which is used in pyrolysis, vacuum evaporation, cathode sputtering and so on. Coating a metal or metal oxide film on the glass surface, such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, chromium, nickel and iron, or replacing metal ions with original ions on the glass surface layer by electro-flotation, ion exchange, etc. Colored heat reflective glasses such as purple, brown, gold, bronze and light blue have high reflectivity. For example, under the same conditions, the total reflection heat of 6mm thick float glass is only 16%, the total reflection heat of heat absorbing glass is 40%, and the heat reflecting glass may be as high as 6 1%, so insulating glass or laminated glass is often used to increase its heat insulation. Metallized thin-film heat-reflecting glass is made of glass quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone as main raw materials, and amorphous inorganic materials through melting, molding, cooling and curing. It has the characteristics of transparency that ordinary materials are difficult to have, and has excellent mechanical and thermal properties. In addition, glass needs the development of modern architecture and maintains the development of multi-functions. Glass deep processing products have the functions of controlling light, adjusting temperature, preventing noise and improving architectural art decoration. It is no longer just the structure of glass materials, modern building materials and decorative materials.
(3) Heat reflective glass
Heat reflective glass has high heat reflective ability, while maintaining good translucent flat glass. This is a thermal decomposition method, a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method or the like used for shooting. It is coated with metal or metal oxide film, such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum, chromium, nickel and iron. On the glass surface, or by using electro-flotation and ion exchange methods, metal ions replace the original glass surface ions to form a heat reflection film,
High thermal reflectivity, such as the total reflection of 6mm thick float glass is only 16%. Under the same conditions, the reflection of total heat absorption glass is 40%, and the heat reflection glass can reach 6 1%. Therefore, it is usually made of insulating glass or laminated glass to increase its thermal insulation performance. The glass with metallized heat reflection film has a way of image transmission, that is, during the day, you can see indoor and outdoor scenery, indoor scenes, but outdoor.