Ruby is mainly produced in marble, calcium-bearing feldspar, vermiculite and ordinary pegmatite, strength layered plagioclase complex, basalt, gneiss, granulite and mica schist of deep metamorphic rock series. Famous producing areas are Gu Mo, Myanmar, Afghanistan, Pamirs of the former Soviet Union, Thailand, Viet Nam, etc. According to different places of origin, rubies can be divided into the following categories: 1 Ruby in Myanmar: Myanmar is the most famous ruby producing area, which has been famous since ancient times. In particular, a ruby called "Pigeon Blood Red" produced in Gu Mo, northern Myanmar, is the best among rubies. It is bright and dazzling, just like the chest blood of a local pigeon bird, so it is named' pigeon blood red'. The color distribution of Burmese rubies is uneven. 2. Ruby in Thailand: Thailand is also an important producer of rubies. Most rubies in Thailand are dark in color, ranging from purple to brown. In addition, there are almost no rutile inclusions, so there are no varieties in the star ruby. 3. Ruby in Sri Lanka: Ruby is slightly lighter in color, mostly pink, and contains a lot of rutile and zircon inclusions. 4. Vietnamese ruby: The color is between Burmese ruby and Thai ruby. The overall color is darker than Burmese ruby, but lighter than Thai ruby, showing purple and light purple. 5. Ruby in China: At present, there are as many as seven or eight ruby producing areas in China, mainly distributed in Qinghai, Anhui, Xinjiang, Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Qinghai and other provinces, among which Yunnan ruby is the best ruby mineral discovered in China in recent years. There are only a handful of ruby producing areas in the world, mainly including Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand, Cambodia, Viet Nam and China, as well as Australia. The most famous origin of ruby is Gu Mo, Myanmar, which is located in the east of Qin City, Dabek, northern Myanmar, with a mineralization area of nearly 1000 square kilometers. It is the most famous' Marco Polo Belt' in the world, and the primary ruby is produced in magnesium calcite skarn (that is, ruby silicified marble). After weathering, anti-weathering corundum and other minerals remain in the river bed, forming famous ruby and spinel residues and alluvial deposits. Its economic value is extremely high. Gu Mo is an ancient crystalline rock (Precambrian gneiss) area, which is interspersed with some granitoids. Simple identification and origin of sapphire The biggest feature of sapphire is uneven color, with flat bands and growth lines arranged in parallel hexagonal cylinders with different shades. Poly-sheet has the development of bimorph, and the bimorph pattern of louver is common. Cleavage often cleaves along double crystal planes. Dichroism is strong. In addition to the above characteristics, sapphires all over the world have their own characteristics due to different places of origin. According to different geological causes, it can be divided into two categories: one is sapphire produced in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Kashmir, India. The other is sapphire produced in Australia, Thailand and China. Sapphire produced in Myanmar and other places is bright blue because of its titanium content, and contains spun rutile and fingerprint-like liquid inclusions. Filamentous rutile inclusions can produce six or twelve starlight, which belongs to high-quality gemstone varieties. Sapphire made in Australia, Thailand and China contains a lot of iron, so the color of sapphire is very dark, and the reflective effect of faceted gemstones is not very good. Generally, it needs heating treatment before it can be used. The characteristics of sapphires from different origins are briefly described as follows: sapphire from Kashmir, India. The color is cornflower blue, which is purplish indigo. The colors are bright and bright. Milky white reflection effect of foggy inclusions. It is a high-quality sapphire variety. However, because the mining area is located at the northwest end of the Himalayas, more than 5000 meters above sea level, it has been shrouded in fog all the year round and has not been produced in recent years. Sapphire from Myanmar ancient animal husbandry. It is produced in the same mining area as ruby, and has the same characteristics except different colors. The inclusions are as follows: spun silk rutile inclusions, parallel hexagonal cylinders arranged closely, intersecting at 60 degrees and 120 degrees. If the contents of vertical spun silk are cut, six or twelve stars can be displayed after being polished into arc-shaped gems; The area of bubbles in the gap of fingerprint liquid inclusion is small, about 30%; Solid inclusions such as corundum, spinel, uranium pyrochlore and apatite are common. Sri Lankan sapphire. It belongs to the same mining area as ruby, and has the same characteristics except different colors. The inclusions are as follows: spun silk inclusions are similar to Burmese sapphires, but the difference is that the fibers are thin and long, which can show six starlight; Liquid inclusions are in the form of amorphous layered genus distribution or fingerprint distribution; Solid inclusions include zircon, apatite and biotite. Thai sapphire. It's black blue and gray blue. There is no spun silk inclusion in the crystal, but the fingerprint liquid inclusion is developed. The most characteristic is that there are lotus-leaf cracks around the black solid inclusions. Three groups of agglomerates have twins and cleavage cracks along twin planes. China sapphire. In 1980s, many sapphire deposits were discovered in basalt along the eastern coast of China. Among them, Shandong (Changle) sapphire has the best quality. The crystal is hexagonal barrel-shaped, with large particles, generally above 1cm, up to several kilograms. Sapphire is mostly indigo, blue, green and yellow, which is close to charcoal black because of its high iron content. Mainly indigo. There are few inclusions in gem-grade sapphire, except for black solid inclusions, fingerprint inclusions can also be seen. There are no spun silk rutile and dispersed liquid inclusions. In sapphire, the straight band is obvious and the polycrystalline twin is not developed. The growth lines of parallel hexagonal cylinders can be seen at the outer edge of large crystals. Shandong sapphire belongs to high-quality sapphire because of its few internal defects. Heilongjiang sapphire. Bright color, transparent blue, light blue, gray blue, light green, rose red, etc. , no inclusions or less, can be applied without discoloration. The disadvantage is that the particles are fine. Sapphire from Hainan Island and Fujian. Crystals with similar characteristics are generally less than 5mm in diameter, beautiful and transparent in color, and rarely contain other defects except degassing fluid inclusions and flat simple twins. However, the outer edges of crystals with particles larger than 5mm all contain a layer of ivory, opaque and parallel hexagonal columnar bands to varying degrees. Development of three groups of parallel rhombohedral flaky twins in crystals. There are also many agglomerates and rutile inclusions in the crystal. Jiangsu sapphire. The colors are beautiful and transparent, mostly blue, light blue and green. However, when ejected from the earth's surface, the eruption force of the volcano is strong, so sapphire crystals often crack along the axial plane, showing a thin plate shape, so it is difficult to obtain this substance. Australian sapphire. Australia is rich in sapphires. However, due to the high iron content, the color of the gem is dark. Most of them are dark blue, yellow, green or brown close to carbon black. Dust inclusion. Its gem features are the same as those of Thailand and China, and it can only be used after it changes color. Ruby Identification of Ruby from Myanmar Ancient Pasture. Gems are mostly pigeon blood red, rose red and pink. The color is bright but uneven, and straight ribbons are often seen. Polychromaticity is obvious. When you look at the gem from different directions with the naked eye, you can see two different colors. Twin crystals appear in the polymer sheet, and straight louver twin crystals can be seen. Cleavage often cracks along the double crystal planes of three groups of chips. These gems all contain the following inclusions to varying degrees: rotational rutile inclusions; Generally, fibrous rutile inclusions are distributed in parallel with the hexagonal cylinders of ruby crystals, forming three groups of surface nets, and the intersection angles are 60 degrees and 120 degrees respectively. When the surface net parallel to this group of inclusions is cut and polished into arc-shaped gems, when the light shines on the arc-shaped surface, there will be six starlight, that is, star-shaped rubies. If the fiber contents are irregular and dense, they will appear translucent milky white floc patches. Diffuse gas-liquid inclusions: dispersed in gemstones, in which gas occupies a small area, about 30%. If gas-liquid inclusions gather together and spread like fingerprints, they are called fingerprint gas-liquid inclusions. Short columnar and granular network inclusions: Ruby often contains mineral inclusions such as spinel, calcite, sphene and hematite. The edges and corners of these small minerals are rounded by melting. Ruby from Sri Lanka. The characteristics of gemstones are similar to those of Burmese rubies, but they are lighter in color and brighter in brightness. The inclusions in Sri Lankan rubies are similar to those in Burmese rubies, and there are two unique mineral inclusions: apatite inclusions, which are hexagonal columnar with smooth edges, appear as single crystals or clusters; Filamentous rutile inclusions are thinner than those in Burmese rubies. Thailand pointed bamboo spinning ruby. The gem is reddish brown or rose red. Multi-flakes have bimorphs, and the strips and growth lines are straight. There are few inclusions, and there are no rutile inclusions in spun silk. Common fingerprint inclusions. Tanzanian ruby. Ruby is slightly darker because of its iron content.

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