When she was a child, she was cute and naughty. She is elegant, lively and generous, and treats people kindly and gently. On the other hand, however, she is proud and headstrong. Although she is gifted in aesthetics and art, she has hardly received any real education. The Austrian royal family provided her with the best learning environment, but she didn't cherish it. She always uses all her cleverness to avoid her lessons. As a result, French, a necessary language for a French crown princess, has made no progress for many years. She doesn't care at all about articles full of typos and lacking basic historical knowledge, as if speaking German is enough (some even say that she is actually a mess of German).
One more thing about Princesse Marie's childhood is worth remembering:
Seven-year-old Marie Antoinette met six-year-old Mozart. He played his best little star for the royal family. Later, when the Queen asked him what he wanted as a reward, Mozart replied: He wanted to kiss the Queen's youngest daughter at the wedding. The queen was amused and laughed her head off.
Austrian biographer Stefan Zweig described it as: Mozart was surprised to see Antoinette and solemnly proposed to her, saying, "I will marry you in the future!" " "Because of the success of Zweig's book, this description is widely read. It is impossible to test which of these two statements is correct. The world-famous luxury wedding was forced by the political environment at that time. Austria and France signed a new peace treaty, which made it possible to end the intermittent war that began in 1494. Louis XV's successor is his grandson Louis Auguste de Bourbon. In the plan, he should marry a daughter of Mother Maria Teresa. The original candidate was Mary's eighth sister, johanna. But in 1762, johanna died of smallpox, and Marie Antoinette became the next candidate. As mentioned above, the French royal family formally proposed marriage in 1766 and was accepted.
In fact, not only Marie Antoinette, but also her sisters became pawns in this political game, and they married the royal families in Europe. The fourth sister Maria Cristina married the future Dutch governor, the sixth sister Maria Amalia married the Duke of Parma, and Marie Antoinette's best tenth sister Maria Carolina married King Ferdinand of Naples.
When Queen Maria Teresa asked the prophet whether her daughter would be happy in France, he replied, "There is a cross to ensure this."
1770 In April, Marie Antoinette left Vienna before her 15 birthday and embarked on a marriage journey. The Queen's farewell message to her weeping daughter was: "Farewell, my dearest child. Very kind to the French people, so that they can say that I sent them an angel. "
Of course, this is fake. What she should have said was, "Farewell, my dearest child. Be nice to the French prince, so that they can say that I sent them an angel. "
In fact, it is hard to say whether this marriage is good or bad. Louis XVI was weak, indecisive and unresponsive, but at the same time he was very gentle, kind and generous. He is bloated and I'm afraid he is not handsome compared with Louis XV when he was young (refer to the portrait of Louis XVI). And it is said that there were some problems in his early husband and wife life. This rumor was widely circulated at that time, and it is unknown whether it is true or not. But it is a fact that the reaction is slow and the interest is lacking. He likes smelting iron, making locks and hunting, while Marie Antoinette is in her prime. She likes carnival, fashion, dance, music and art, and she should be as eager for feelings as ordinary girls. In the face of such a husband, whether she is satisfied or not, although it is impossible for future generations to speculate, it is not difficult for us to get our own answer by caring about each other.
Even so, from the beginning to the end of this marriage, they were very harmonious, and there was no fierce conflict between the husband and wife. Moreover, France at that time also expressed its greatest enthusiasm and welcome to this "most beautiful Austrian princess".
There are different opinions about the ostentation and extravagance of the wedding of two young royal families. But one thing is certain: this is a rare luxury feast. The royal families of Austria and France, in order to express their wedding joy and expectation of peace (which may also mean showing off their national strength), spared no expense to make the wedding perfect. All the royal families in France come to welcome the little princess, and only real aristocratic families are eligible to attend the wedding.
1770 May 16, Versailles, France, Marie Antoinette officially became the crown princess of France. On May 0, 1974, Louis XV was infected with smallpox, Louis XVI ascended the throne and Marie Antoinette became the queen. At this time, Marie Antoinette, who is only 18 years old, has too heavy responsibilities and pressures to face. To deal with aristocratic ladies older than her, to know how to survive in the luxurious place of Versailles, to adapt to the intrigue between Austria and France, to correctly use the rights of the Queen, and to know what to do and what not to do ... This is really a great test for her frankness and enthusiasm.
Of course, none of this is a problem for the young queen. She is straightforward by nature and doesn't bother to think about it at all. She doesn't want to give a good face to people she doesn't like, no matter how noble they are (for example, Louis XV's mistress, Madame Dubali, who used to be in power, is said to have had enough of Mary's indifference and contempt). "There are so many people coming to Versailles today." This is the first and last sentence that Marie Antoinette, the future queen of France, who is only 16 years old and has not yet ascended the throne, said to Madame Dubali, the mistress of the then French king (Louis XV). She doesn't even ask or care about the intrigue between politicians. Doing what she shouldn't do has always been her hobby, and breaking the royal rules makes her enjoy it.
As for the queen's rights, she used them to satisfy her extravagant desires. Numerous expensive gems and fashions gathered in her palace, and the luxurious fashion atmosphere swept through the aristocratic life circle of France under her leadership. She is happiest when she invites the nobles who hit it off with her to participate in all-night gambling, carnival and dancing.
Whenever there is any whimsical new idea, she acts like a child, crying and making trouble, forcing her husband to realize it for her. And it often works. The cowardly and soft Louis XVI could not rule this charming little queen at all. She turned a deaf ear to his advice and gently reminded her not to go too far. Moreover, he is not the kind of person who can show the majesty of the king and criticize each other with one expression.
As a result, amazing money was spent on her pleasure again and again. One of the most expensive projects may be the reconstruction of Little Trianon Palace, which was a gift from Louis XVI to the Queen, and the Queen made it more interesting with endless creativity. Later, according to statistics, the money spent on this palace is about 766 thousand francs! In France at that time, this was definitely an amazing number.
While indulging in extravagance, she alienated those who really helped her, but got close to those young people who were keen on pleasure, and constantly used the power of the Queen to seek illegitimate interests for them. One of them, Mrs. pauline, benefited her family and even distant relatives and friends by tricking the Queen. The French Ministry of Finance spends as much as 500,000 yuan a year for the Paulina family!
Of course, among these people, there are also "real friends" who appreciate Mary's personality and are willing to associate with her. For example, the gentle and sentimental Mrs. Lambard, after the outbreak of the French Revolution, Mary was imprisoned as a prisoner. Regardless of her own safety, Mrs. Lambard stood firmly on Mary's side and tried to help her, so that she died suddenly.
Another person who played an important role in Marie Antoinette's life was Asid Fei Sen, a Swedish aristocrat. It is said that they met at a masquerade party when Mary 16 years old. At that time, Mary was still the crown prince. According to the regulations, she is not allowed to go out casually, but she happened to be there. Filson is handsome, humorous, witty and charming. At the same time, he is a political genius and can lead troops to fight. Filson, who is versatile and has leadership ability, deeply fascinated Mary and led her to have a relationship with him.
Marie Antoinette's extravagant and frivolous style gradually spread, which triggered the famous "necklace incident" in history. Although it was later proved that Queen Mary was innocent in the necklace incident, her reputation declined. At this time, an anti-royal atmosphere is brewing among the French people. Mary became the target of public criticism because she rashly ordered the "execution of the bishop". The epitome of Mary in others' eyes. This incident should have broken out around August 1785, when Marie Antoinette was 29 years old. The jeweler got an expensive ruby necklace from the supplier, which was clumsy and ugly. Hugo described it as worn only around the horse's neck (another said it was a diamond necklace with a very unique and exquisite design in Gu Zhuo). It is extremely expensive, inlaid with more than 3000 rubies of different sizes. The jeweler tried to sell it to the Queen of Spain and some other nobles, but all failed. He heard that Marie Antoinette was a luxurious woman, so he thought that she might be willing to pay for the necklace, and even offered her a sky-high price of 6,543.8+0.6 million francs. But Marie Antoinette was no fool. He knew it was not worth it, so he sent someone to drive him away.
At this time, I have to mention a key person: Jenny de Varol. She is a former British princess. Because her ancestors failed in the battle for the throne, she was demoted to a civilian and lived a miserable life. With the help of a marquise who was very sympathetic to her, she was trained and brought into the upper social circle. However, the princess has long lost her royal dignity. She often uses various means to defraud all kinds of people of their money, but she is really smart, and most of the deceived people don't know it.
Jenny's husband is De Ramo, the head of the King's Guard. With Jeanne's efforts, De Moura won the title of Earl and Jeanne became the Countess. With a decent identity, Jenny began to show off her hands and feet in society. I don't know whether it is because of her own boasting or misunderstanding, she is gradually regarded as "Queen Marie Antoinette's best friend" by social circles-although it is not the case.
Later, this rumor reached the ears of Cardinal Teresa. Rouen is the French ambassador to Austria. Because he insisted on wrong opinions in the Austrian court, he offended Mother Teresa and was sent back to France. At the same time, Teresa wrote to her daughter, asking her to use the queen's privilege to persuade her husband Louis XVI not to promote him. Ron's political future in France was ruined. He felt remorse and wanted to ask Queen Marie Antoinette to spare his life. But Marie Antoinette listened to his mother, not only refused to face to face, but even gave Ron a bad look for fifteen years in a row.
When the cardinal heard of Jeanne's special status, he immediately believed it and asked Jeanne to put in a good word for him in front of the queen. Joan lied to him that the queen wanted him to apologize to her in the form of a written report, so he wrote it. The queen's answer began with a cold apology, and then her tone finally softened several times. The cardinal was very happy. He kept in touch with the Queen by letter for three years, and constantly provided money to "good-hearted" Jenny to express his gratitude.
During these three years, Jenny didn't idle away her time. She seduced Leto, the cardinal's confidant and former dragoon captain, and made him an insider. Later, in order to save time, Jenny asked Leto to pretend to be the queen and write back to the cardinal. Such a long-term scam will inevitably go wrong, and the cardinal began to doubt it, because although the queen was very kind in her letter, she was still cold to him in public. He asked Jeanne anxiously, and Jeanne lied to him that the queen could not show her true attitude in front of her former enemies for political reasons. The cardinal begged her to let the queen see him to prove that she was not lying.
Jenny decided to find someone to act in a play. She tricked/Kloc-Miss Eleanor, a prostitute of 0/5 years old, into wearing a headscarf and veil, putting on clothes copied from the portrait of the Queen and pretending to be the Queen. Accompanied by Leto pretending to be a servant, he met the cardinal on a dark night and gave him a letter and a rose. Jenny also taught her to say a line, showing the queen's anger and arrogance. "Now you should know."
Miss Eleanor found it interesting to fool an adult and be a high official, so she readily agreed. But when improvising, she was really nervous. Trembling, she gave something to the bishop. She stammered in fear, "Let's forget the past."
At this time, Count Deramaux brought the Countess of Joan to the stage in time, kissed the hand of the "Queen", and then four people left. This move is not only to save the scene and prevent leaks, but also to show that the Queen is really close to herself. Objectively speaking, the performance was really a failure, but the cardinal believed it and did not express any doubts for a long time. Although he was always surprised that Leto's handwriting on official documents was similar to the reply of the queen he kissed many times, he almost recognized Leto as an attendant pretending to be the "queen" that day.
What happened next went well. Joan lied to the cardinal that the queen wanted to buy a necklace of 1.6 million francs, but the king refused. She wants to buy it with her own money, but she is short of money and afraid of being blamed by the king. Therefore, the Queen hopes that the Cardinal will act as a middleman and conclude an installment agreement.
The cardinal finally found the opportunity to be loyal to the queen, and of course he wouldn't let it go. The jeweler, Jenny and the cardinal met and reached an agreement that 6,543.8+6,000 francs would be paid in four installments. The necklace was taken to the Queen by Joan of Arc-of course, the result was that it went directly into Joan's own pocket, and then it was dismantled and sold on the black market of jewelry.
The first payment date of this necklace is 1785 August 1. At that time, the cardinal failed to raise this huge sum in time because of his luxurious life and heavy debts. Jewelers who can't get the money go directly to Queen Marie Antoinette to complain. As a result, it is conceivable that the queen was furious and this shocking scam was uncovered.
It is said that Louis XVI originally wanted to hide this matter and deal with it privately. But the queen refused, and her resentment against the bishop blinded her, thinking that the bishop was the culprit, in order to frame her with this scam. She used the privilege of the Queen to persuade Louis XVI to order the bishop to be brutally arrested and sent to the Supreme Court for public trial, and constantly urged the court to execute the bishop.
3 1, 65438, in may, 786, the bishop was acquitted, but he was also dismissed and exiled. Jenny, a female liar, was flogged, branded and imprisoned for life. But then she miraculously escaped from prison and went to England, and wrote a memoir. It's not hard to imagine how she denigrated the Queen in her book.
To be fair, the queen is a complete victim in this matter, and she knows nothing about it. But we also have to say that Marie Antoinette, as the queen, has some indiscretions. If everyone knows that she is extravagant, who will believe that a country will buy jewelry by installment? During the French Revolution, Marie Antoinette's fate took a tragic turn. In this irresistible wave of anti-royalty, the king and queen became the primary targets of the attack-especially the queen. A gentle and kind king is not so harmful to the people, but a profligate queen is unbearable. According to statistics, during the twelve years of Louis XVI's reign, France's debt was as high as1250 million! The king himself is diligent and thrifty, and the answer is self-evident. At that time, people described her as an evil witch and a shameless prostitute, and people's anger was almost entirely concentrated on her. On the other hand, Louis XVI was described as a kind and loving monarch, but she was tired.
On July 1789, 1 1 day, the French Revolution officially began. Subsequently, on 14, the Bastille was captured. Louis XVI understood the significance of revolution, but he couldn't handle it. Queen Mary, on the other hand, decided that "revolution is rebellion" and resolutely refused to bow to revolutionaries. When the whole French aristocracy fled in succession, and even some people voluntarily gave up their aristocratic status to join the revolutionary ranks, Marie Antoinette still defended the throne with his meager strength. This woman who only knew pleasure at first finally broke out with amazing willpower. As the French politician Mirabeau said, "She was the only man in Versailles at that time".
However, even if the queen is so strong, on the one hand, the nobles do not cooperate, on the other hand, the revolutionary wave is irresistible, and the king and his wife will still be defeated. 1789, 10 year 10 5 October, Versailles was captured by women (and men dressed as women) revolutionaries. On the 6th, Louis XVI, the queen, the prince and the princess were taken to Paris and lived in the Tuileries Palace.
Here, all the actions of the king's family are monitored to prevent them from escaping at any time, and all communication and information transmission are strictly monitored. But Antoinette never gave up. She used all her intelligence to contact with the outside world and ask for help from foreign countries and exiled nobles. It's a pity that everyone wants to be independent and even want to profit from it. No one really cares about their lives.
Only loyal Fei Sen stood up bravely at this moment. He designed a precise escape plan for Antoinette, but ultimately failed because of the king's lack of contingency knowledge and other accidental factors. They were found in the border city of Wallen and escorted back to Paris.
After returning to Paris, Louis XVI accepted the constitution formulated by the revolutionary masses and established the National Assembly. Marie Antoinette agreed on the surface, but still refused to give in at heart. She supported the king's refusal to hold a three-level meeting, which only made the public's anger higher.
1792, Flantz, nephew of Austrian emperor Antoinette, ascended the throne. In the same year, Austria and France formally declared war.
The war gave Marie Antoinette new hope. She constantly used domestic advantages to transmit information to the Austrian military with various passwords. There is no doubt that she expects her nephew's army to enter Paris, rescue his aunt and help them regain the prestige of the royal family.
Although Mary destroyed all the letters and hid all the actions very well, the story was finally revealed. In addition, at that time, the commander-in-chief of the Puo-Austrian Coalition forces, Brunswick, issued a declaration asking the French revolutionary masses to respect the royal family, in which his words were fierce and his attitude was arrogant, which greatly angered the revolutionaries. In August 1792, 10, angry Parisians poured into Tuileries Palace and threatened to kill the king's family. The frightened king and queen had no choice but to take the prince and princess to the National Assembly for protection.
After1August 792 13, the king's family was moved to Fort Dimpley and lived as a prisoner. On September 2 1, the Legislative Assembly announced the abolition of the monarchy. The next day, the first Republic of France was founded. The kingship that Antoinette tried to maintain finally disappeared. With the progress of the revolution, a large number of documents hidden in Tuileries Palace were discovered. These documents colluded with foreign enemies and plotted to suppress the revolution. Louis XVI was sentenced to death by the National Association for treason. 1October 20th, the last time he saw Marie Antoinette, he was guillotined the next day. Antoinette became a widow. Legend has it that she still refused to give up and ran away several times, all of which ended in failure.